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The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and organization of

production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age

Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria

Duistermaat, K.

Citation

Duistermaat, K. (2007, March 21). The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and

organization of production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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Fig. VI.1: a bronze carinated bowl (M97-50).

K9 70-195: P93-199 burnished gypsum inlay

K9 70-252: P93-276 K9 72-197: P93-198 K9 70-264: P93-294

K9 70-213: P93-278

K9 70-251: P93-309 K9 70-278: P93-285 K9 70-254: P93-283 K9 70-255: P93-282 K9 70-222: P93-284

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Fig. VI.3: a storage room in square H8, and some examples of pottery shapes found there.

Line drawings scale 1:10.

H8 13-142: P97-264

H8 13-121: P97-273 H8 13-96: P97-279

H8 13-78: P97-301 H8 13-116: P97-281

H8 13-93: P97-313 scale 1:10

H8 13-179: P97-261 scale 1:10

H8 13-61: P97-283 scale 1:10

H8 13-132: P97-278 burnished H8 13-133: P97-282

H8 13-175: P97-284 hole in the side

scale 1:10

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Fig. VI.4: installation in square K13 made of a large jar base and a mud platform.

Fig. VI.5: remains of contents. Left: gypsum paste in carinated bowls from the pottery workshop in square M11 (Level 5 East), right: bitumen in a bowl and a small jar base (P96-465 and P96-510, both Level 5).

Line drawings scale 1:4.

H10 22-129: P96-465

inside completely covered in bitumen outside rim covered in bitumen drippings

gypsum repair

H10 22-124: P96-510

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Fig. VI.7: an example of a cremation burial using jars to contain the ashes.

Fig. VI.8: an example of a child burial inside a large jar.

Fig. VI.9: two large jars in pot stands. The pot stands provide stability when the jars stand alone.

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Fig. VI.10: a rare example of burnished and decorated pottery.

K8 102-270: P97-221

Fig. VI.11: special features related to vessel function: bowl P97-221 with base hole and internal strainer.

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L12 20-36: P93-315

Fig. VI.12: special features related to vessel function: some vessels with holes in the base. Small carinated bowl P93-315, and large pot P93-178 together with its stand (P93-177). Line drawing at scale 1:4.

Fig. VI.13: special features related to vessel function: a selection of vessels with handles, suitable for hold- ing and pouring liquids (P97-157, P97-123, P97-195, P93-294).

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Fig. VI.14: special features related to vessel function: more vessels with handles and spouts (P97-182, bowls P93-295, P93-203, P93-197, goblet with spout P03-199).

Fig. VI.15: vessel shape related to vessel function: stackability. This stack of carinated bowls shows that the carination does not facilitate the stacking of these bowls.

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L8 34-110: P97-291 TOP 1026-28: P92-21a+b

Fig. VI.16: special shapes. Lamp P92-21, small bowls with burning traces at the rim, perhaps used as a lamp (P97-63 and P96-225), and incense burner (stand) P97-291. Line drawings scale 1:4.

L8 40-127: P97-63 burning traces

H9 14-42: P96-225 burning traces

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Fig. VI.17: Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

1. Cooking

K9 72-167: P93-308

I11 27-61:6

K9 48-113:7

M13 2-25:7 burnished

I7 14-49: P98-169

2. Serving, eating and drinking

dry liquid

L8 40-128: P97-151

H10 22-87: P96-577

K8 147-335: P98-111

H9 40-83: P96-442

H9 24-49: P96-358

K9 70-195: P93-199 burnished gypsum inlay

K13 4-37: P93-193

L11 71-153: P93-408 H9 18-46: P96-253

M9 34-202: P97-191

M12 30-47: P96-195 L11 71-153: P93-409 H10 34-75: P96-477

M9 34-131: P97-195 burnished K12 32-64 : P93-447

M9 34-229: P97-193 gypsum and bitumen repairs of cracks and damages

ca. 8 - 44 l.

0.09 l.

0.31 l.

1.05 l.

2.45 l.

ca. 1 l.

ca. 4 l.

ca. 9 l.

0.36 l. 1.26 l.

0.24 l. 0.31 l.

6.4 l.

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3. Processing

H10 22-87: P96-577

K8 147-335: P98-111

H9 40-83: P96-442

H9 24-49: P96-358

K12 32-64 : P93-447

K8 102-242: P97-234

K12 32-61: P93-446 gypsum plug with two holes in spout,

traces of handle at the side

gypsum gypsum

K9 70-214: P93-203 burnished

K8 102-270: P97-221

L8 40-114: P97-184 scale 1:10

K13 21-69: P96-118

rim broken in antiquitiy

M13 3-33:1

Fig. VI.17 (cont.): Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

0.31 l.

1.05 l.

ca. 1 l.

ca. 4 l.

ca. 9 l.

small: 2.84 l.

large: 12.5 l.

ca. 3.8 - 10.5 l.

18.91 l. 8.86 l.

ca. 97 - 212 l. ca. 11 - 65 l.

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4. Storage: short-term dry storage

4. Storage: short and long-term storage (dry or liquid)

K12 32-64: P93-445 K8 102-242: P97-234

H8 13-116: P97-281

L8 40-114: P97-182

H11 25-38: P96-532

H10 21-117: P96-570 L11 71-153: P93-408 M9 34-217: P97-166

M9 34-193: P97-160

K9 70-232: P93-296

K9 72-197: P93-198 H10 22-87: P96-577

K8 147-335: P98-111

H9 40-83: P96-442

H9 24-49: P96-358

K12 32-64 : P93-447

0.31 l.

1.05 l.

ca. 1 l.

ca. 4 l.

ca. 9 l.

Fig. VI.17 (cont.): Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

2.84 l. 12.5 l. 0.36 l. 1.26 l. 6.6 l.

7.16 l. 29.53 l.

22.79 l.

8.9 l.

5.14 l.

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5. Long-term storage in bulk

L8 40-125: P97-158 scale 1:10

H8 13-103:1 scale 1:10

H8 13-147: P97-285

scale 1:10 H8 30-232:6

inside smeared with bitumen scale 1:10

Fig. VI.17 (cont.): Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

ca. 151 l. (97 - 212 l.)

closed shapes: ca. 200 l. (106 - 293 l.)

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6. Transport

Short distance Long distance

K8 102-242: P97-234 K12 32-64: P93-445

L8 40-125: P97-157

K8 102-235: P97-295

9. Lamps

M11 13-168: P96-406 burning traces

8. Strainers

10. Lids and covers

L12 20-36: P93-315

L8 40-128: P97-151 H10 22-87: P96-577

L11 54-120: P93-32 K9 70-163: P93-179

J11 30-131: O96-45 J12 20-53: P99-55

K8 169-388: O99-39 lid TOP 1026-28: P92-21a+b

7. Pot and jar stands

M9 25-138: P97-45 K8 37-73: P93-177

Fig. VI.17 (cont.): Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

2.84 l.

12.5 l.

25.88 l.

7.29 l.

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12. Measuring vessels?

M11 33-163:P96-413 gypsum layer inside

0.24 liter (ca. 1/3 qu) 0.30 liter (ca. 1/3 qu) 0.27 liter (ca. 1/3 qu)

Total capacity 1.01 liter (measured up to the rim)

K9 72-197: P93-198

0.97 liter (ca. 1 qu) 0.41 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) 0.45 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

Total capacity 1.83 liter (measured up to the rim)

L12 29-129: P93-188

0.43 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) 0.49 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) 0.79 liter (ca. 1 qu)

H11 30-51:7

0.41 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) 0.43 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

L8 35-132:1

0.86 liter (ca. 1 qu) estimated 0.60 liter (ca. 3/4 qu 0.39 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

top 1016-18: P92-10

0.42 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) estimated 0.38 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

0.39 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

11. Burial, ritual

L8 40-128: P97-151

H10 22-87: P96-577

I10 18-30: P93-134 I + II inside of vessel wall damaged

H10 40-98: P96-460 hole in wall repaired with gypsum

scraping traces near base L8 34-110: P97-291

J10 21-36: P96-87

cremation burial child burial Fig. VI.17 (cont.): Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad,

indicating the capacity in litres. All drawings at scale 1:10.

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Fig. VI.18: Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes All drawings at scale 1:10

nazzītu

a large vat with a hole in the base

K8 102-270: P97-221

L8 40-114: P97-184 scale 1:10

K13 21-69: P96-118

rim broken in antiquitiy

ildu

kaldu

both are legs or stands for kallu-vessels

kannu

a wooden rack or metal stand for pots, usually not from pottery

K8 37-73: P93-177

diqāru

rounded base, cauldron used for heating and brewing capacity of at least 2 sūtu?

K9 72-167: P93-308

I11 27-61:6

K9 48-113:7

43.56 l. = ca. 5 sūtu

18.91 l.

64.47 l. 102.29 l.

est. 8.27 l. = ca. 10 qû

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saḫḫarru

a small bowl, smaller than a kallu?

Fig. VI.18 (cont.): Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes All drawings at scale 1:10

kallu

a very common bowl in the shape of a tortoise shell, a small and a large variant exist.

L8 40-128: P97-151

H10 22-87: P96-577

K8 147-335: P98-111

H9 40-83: P96-442

H9 24-49: P96-358 K9 70-195: P93-199 burnished gypsum inlay

K12 32-64 : P93-447

L11 71-153: P93-408

M9 34-131: P97-195 burnished

kāsu

a very small cup or drinking vessel, not very common in MA period, capacity ca. 1/10 qû

mākaltu

a shallow plate, usually from wood, capacity ca. 1 qû ?

0.09 l. = ca. 1/10 qû 0.31 l. = ca. 1/3 qû

1.05 l. = ca. 1 qû

2.45 l. = ca. 3 qû

mean capacity ca. 1 l. = ca. 1 qû

mean capacity ca. 4 l. = ca. 4.5 qû

mean capacity ca. 9 l. = ca. 1 sūtu

K8 57-128: P93-242

1.60 l. = ca. 2 qû

L8 40-128: P97-151

0.09 l. = ca. 1/10 qû

kāsu

a very small cup or drinking vessel, not very common in MA period, capacity ca. 1/10 qû

pursītu

(cultic and drinking bowl)

maqqû

(libation bowl/goblet)

H10 22-87: P96-577

0.31 l. = ca. 1/3 qû

kukkubu

libation jar or drinking flask, capacity ca. 5 qû ?

laḫannu

bottle for beer and other liquids, capacity ca. 1 qû ?

tarīḫu

(a serving vessel?)

M12 30-47: P96-195

0.24 l. L11 71-153: P93-4090.31 l.

0.36 l.

H9 18-46: P96-253

1.26 l. = ca. 1.5 qû

= ca. 1/3 qû

H10 21-117: P96-570

6.6 l. = ca. 8 qû

ḫuruppu

(dish for a banquet, normally made of metal)

makkusu

(a bowl)

malītu

(a bowl, ca. 1 qû?)

maqqû

(libation bowl/goblet)

pursītu

(cultic and drinking bowl)

qulli’u

(bowl for food)

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Fig. VI.18 (cont.): Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes All drawings at scale 1:10

agannu

a large bowl or basin, sometimes with a stand. Capacity perhaps 2.5 sūtu?

ḫersu

a deep bowl, used in perfume preparation for decanting. Capacity at least 2 sūtu?

kallu

a very common bowl in the shape of a tortoise shell, a small and a large variant exist.

qulli’u

(bowl for food)

kirru

a large (storage) vessel for dry and liquid materials.

kūtu

a container for the storage and serving of liquids, sometimes with a spout.

marsattu

a large soaking or mixing vat, also used for storage.

sūtu

a container or measuring vessel with a standard capacity.

mean capacity ca. 151 l. (97 - 212 l.) = ca. 18 (11-25) sūtu

L8 40-114: P97-182

22.79 l. = ca. 2.5 sūtu

K12 32-64 : P93-447

mean capacity ca. 9 l. = ca. 1 sūtu

K9 70-214: P93-203 burnished

ca. 3.8 - 10.5 l. = ca. 0.5 - 1.25 sūtu

H11 25-38: P96-532

8.9 l. = ca. 1 sūtu

K8 102-242: P97-234

12.5 l. = ca. 1.5 sūtu

H8 13-78: P97-301

42.61 l. = ca. 5 sūtu

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Fig. VI.18 (cont.): Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes All drawings at scale 1:10

kirru

a large (storage) vessel for dry and liquid materials.

kukkubu

libation jar or drinking flask, capacity ca. 5 qû ?

laḫannu

bottle for beer and other liquids, capacity ca. 1 qû ?

kūtu

a container for the storage and serving of liquids, sometimes with a spout.

šapputu

a storage jar for liquids, sometimes with a stand. Capacity be- tween 2 qû and 42 qû ?

tallu

An oil vessel, possible capacity 8 qû?

M9 34-217: P97-166

1.26 l. = ca. 1.5 qû

M9 34-193: P97-160

7.16 l. = ca. 8.5 qû

H10 21-117: P96-570

6.6 l. = ca. 8 qû

K9 70-232: P93-296

mean capacity 29.53 l. (ca. 19 - 50 l.)

= ca. 35 qû (22.5 - 60 qû)

L8 40-125: P97-157

25.88 l. = ca. 31 qû

K8 102-235: P97-295

7.29 l. = ca. 9 qû

M9 34-202: P97-191

6.4 l. = ca. 7.5 qû

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H8 13-147: P97-285 scale 1:10

L8 34-110: P97-291

mašḫulu (

a strainer)

K9 70-163: P93-179

J12 20-53: P99-55

Fig. VI.18 (cont.): Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes All drawings at scale 1:10

kirru

a large (storage) vessel for dry and liquid materials.

ḫari’u

a large (closed?) storage vessel, sometimes with a stand

H8 13-103:1 scale 1:10 capacity ca. 200 l. (106 - 293 l.) = ca. 2.5 imēru (1.25 - 3.5 imēru)

nignakku, šēḫtu (

censer, censter-stand). Usually of metal

ḫupā’u

(“broken” vessel of 1/2 qû)

mišlu

(a half-size container)

top 1016-18: P92-10

0.42 liter (ca. 1/2 qu) estimated 0.38 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

0.39 liter (ca. 1/2 qu)

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Fig. VI.19: Collon 1987: no. 295, p. 69.

BM 89417, grey chalcedony cylinder seal, 3.1 x 1.5 cm (broken).

The subject matter, style and material reflect Middle Assyrian influence.

Fig. VI.20: Collon 1987: no. 811. See Porada 1978 for a detailed discussion.

Tyre, Lebanon. Middle Assyrian. Brown stone, 3.3 cm.

A female worshipper (princess? priestess?) brings a libation to a seated god (Ninurta?).

Fig. VI.21: Kist 2003: no. 279. Tan stone, 2.8 x 1.3 cm. Middle Assyrian.

A robed worshipper stands, facing left, before an incense burner, a laden offering table, with a star above it, and a large jar on a stand.

Fig. VI.22: Moortgat 1942: no. 74. VA 5362. Assur.

Priest in front of an incense burner, a table laden with food and a ziggurat.

Fig. VI.23: Mayer-Opificius 1986: ill. 5. British Museum. Dated to Tukulti-Ninurta I.

Priest before god. Incense burner and a small jar (or pomegranate?) and a table (?) are between them.

(22)

Fig. VI.24: a: Moortgat 1944: no. 36; b: Feller 2005: no. 20. VAT 9673. Assur. Seal of Aššur-šuma-iddina.

A person offers a bowl to Ishtar standing on the lion. Between them is a table with a small jar on top, and a deep bowl on a foot or stand.

Fig. VI.25: Fischer 1999: no. 1. VAT 18017. Assur. Seal of Uṣur-namkūr-šarri, a eunuch and governor of Kar- Tukulti-Ninurta. Libation scene in front of a seated king or god? In the middle is a table laden with objects.

Fig. VI.26: Orthmann 1975: no. 255a. Assur, Middle Assyrian.

Fragment of a marble circular lid for a pyxis. In the lower left corner, the seated king is raising a bowl in his hand. Perhaps a ritual scene.

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Fig. VI.27: Moortgat 1942: no. 73. VAT 8939. Assur. 13th century BC.

Two worshippers bring food and drink to a seated god (?).

Fig. VI.28: Collon 1987: no. 296, p. 69. Adana; reddish stone, 2.5 x 1.0 cm. The subject matter, style and material reflect Middle Assyrian influence. Two seated persons engaged in some ceremony.

Fig. VI.29: Tell Sabi Abyad. Composite drawing of seal impressions on sealings O97-219, 263, 268.

A seated figure raises a cup to his mouth, a person stands before him.

Fig. VI.30: Pritchard 1954: no. 624. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk, detail.

The king brings offerings to the temple.

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Fig. VI.31: Börker-Klähn 1982: abb. 4. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk. Found to the NE of the Palace of Sanherib, out of context. Dated to the 11th century BC? The friezes describe military campaigns against Kashiari and Danuna. These are four details showing vessels.

Fig. VI.32: Börker-Klähn 1982: ill. 132 a-d. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk.

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Fig. VI.33: Barnett 1975: no. 165. BM no. 124919, 1.69 x 0.65 m. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal.

The sacking and destruction of the Elamite city of Hamanu. Assyrians carry off metal furniture and other booty.

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Fig. VI.34: Barnett 1975: no. 167.

Room S. BM no. 124794, 0.55 x 0.67 m. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal.

Amid the Assyrian officials wav- ing their fly-whisks, Elamite princes bring in the king’s food, while Baby- lonian princes prostrate themselves to beg for their lives.

Fig. VI.35: Barnett 1975: no. 172.

BM no. 124922, 1.68 x 0.51 m. Nin- eveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Room S. The male orchestra with vertical and asymmetric harps plays in the garden enclosure before two youth- ful officials.

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Fig. VI.36: Pritchard 1954: no. 168. Louvre. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Neo-Assyrian.

Two men (Elamite prisoners?) sit under a loaded wagon and eat their meal from a common dish.

Fig. VI.37: Frankfort 1956: pl. 107, p. 96. BM no. 124919. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal.

The sacking and destruction of the Elamite city of Hamanu. Elamites eating in the prisoners’ camp.

Fig. VI.38: Pritchard 1954: no. 170. VA 965, Berlin. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Neo-Assyrian.

A tent in an Assyrian military camp. A meal and a bed are prepared for a returning officer.

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Fig. VI.39: Pritchard 1954: no. 171. IM 31065 Baghdad. Neo-Assyrian.

Cross section of a tent, two men busy preparing food.

Fig. VI.40: Curtis 2001: fig. 14. Neo-Assyrian, from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal, Niniveh.

Gypsum relief of an Assyrian fortified camp. Small jars are set in a rack or on a table.

Fig. VI.41: Stronach 1996: fig. 12.2a. Nimrud, incised ivory strip, Neo-Assyrian.

Nobles at a banquet. Small jars are shown hanging in a rack and attended by a servant with a fly whisk.

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Fig. VI.42: Collon 1987: no. 338, p. 75. BM 89465, serpentine, 3.2 x 1.2 cm. Nimrud, Neo-Assyrian.

Banquet scene, seated king with a cup in his hands, before a jar in a stand and a servant with a fan.

Fig. VI.43: Ravn 1960: no. 144. Unknown provenance, dated to the 1st millenium BC.

Person in front of a seated god. Between them is a large jar on a stand.

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vessels in Neo-Assyrian art vessels in Middle Assyrian art

scale person

Fig. VI.44: line tracings from vessels depicted in iconography, all on the same scale relative to the height of a person.

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