The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and organization of production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria

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The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and organization of

production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age

Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria

Duistermaat, K.

Citation

Duistermaat, K. (2007, March 21). The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and

organization of production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER I

Fig. I.1 Map of Syria, showing the location of the kingdoms of Assyria and Hanigalbat in the 13th- 12th century BC and the site of Tell Sabi Abyad.

Fig. I.2a Settlement patterns in the Balikh valley in the 14^th century BC (after Lyon 2000: fig. 4).

Fig. I.2b Settlement patterns in the Balikh valley in the 13^th and 12^th centuries BC (after Lyon 2000:

fig. 7), including possible identifications with Assyrian place names. The catchment area of Sabi Abyad is indicated by a red circle (after Wiggermann 2000: fig. 5).

CHAPTER II

Fig. II.1 The sherd yard at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1994, showing working benches and sherds packed for storage, and Olivier Nieuwenhuyse.

Fig. II.2 The sherd yard at Tell Sabi Abyad in 1994, Kim Duistermaat, Lauren Brüning and Wendy Richter.

Fig. II.3 The sherd yard at Tell Sabi Abyad in 2003, Renske Dooijes (restorer), Stefania Facco, Daan Isendoorn, Ewout Koek, Tonny de Wit.

Fig. II.4 Salem al-Mughlif counting sherds, 2003.

Fig. II.5 Salem’s daughter Fatima and her friend washing the sherds, 2003.

Fig. II.6 Code sheet for pottery description.

Fig. II.7 Explanation of the coding system for the code sheet.

Fig. II.8 The “stacked cylinders” method for calculating the capacity of a vessel.

CHAPTER III

Fig. III.1 Contour map of Tell Sabi Abyad, showing the areas of excavation.

Fig. III.2 Sketch plan of level 7.

CHAPTER IV

Fig. IV.1 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 111, 113, 117, 121).

Fig. IV.2 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim type 122).

Fig. IV.3 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 123, 125).

Fig. IV.4 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 129, 1210, 1213, 1214, 132, 143, 144, 145).

Fig. IV.5 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 211, 212 (cooking wares).

Fig. IV.7 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 225, 2211, miniature, tray).

Fig. IV.8 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 312, 314, 315, 318, 319).

Fig. IV.9 Shape catalogue, level 7 (rim types 322, 326, body sherds).

Fig. IV.10 Shape catalogue, level 7 (base types 712, 721, 731).

Fig. IV.11 Shape catalogue, level 7 (base type 741).

Fig. IV.12 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 111a).

Fig. IV.14 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 111a, 111b).

Fig. IV.15 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 111b, 111c).

Fig. IV.16 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 111c, 112b).

Fig. IV.17 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 113, 114, 118).

Fig. IV.18 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 112c, 123, 125, 1217, 131).

Fig. IV.20 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 132a, 132b, 134, 135).

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Fig. IV.24 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 148, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413).

Fig. IV.26 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 212, 2110, 213, 221a).

Fig. IV.27 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 221b, 222a, 222b, 225, 227).

Fig. IV.28 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 222b, 311a, 311b).

Fig. IV.29 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 321).

Fig. IV.31 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 322, miniatures and miscellaneous).

Fig. IV.32 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 323, body sherds).

Fig. IV.33 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim types 411, 421, 511, 911, base types 711, 712, 751).

Fig. IV.34 Shape catalogue, level 6 (rim type 611, base type 721).

Fig. IV.35 Shape catalogue, level 6 (base types 731, 741).

Fig. IV.39 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 111b).

Fig. IV.40 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 111b, 111c).

Fig. IV.41 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 111c).

Fig. IV.42 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 111c).

Fig. IV.43 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 111c, 112a, 112b, 113).

Fig. IV.47 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, 123).

Fig. IV.51 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 132, 132 glazed).

Fig. IV.61 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 151, 211a).

Fig. IV.62 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 211b, 212a (cooking wares).

Fig. IV.63 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 211b, 212a).

Fig. IV.65 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 212b; drawings scale 1:10).

Fig. IV.66 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 212b, 213).

Fig. IV.67 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim type 213; drawings scale 1:10).

Fig. IV.71 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 222b, 224).

Fig. IV.75 Shape catalogue, level 5 (rim types 311b, 312, 314).

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Fig. IV.95 Shape catalogue, level 5 (miniatures and miscellaneous).

Fig. IV.96 Shape catalogue, level 5 (base types 731, 741, 751, miscellaneous).

Fig. IV.97 Shape catalogue, level 5 (body sherds).

Fig. IV.98 Shape catalogue, level 5 (body sherds).

Fig. IV.99 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim type 111a, b, c).

Fig. IV.100 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 111c, 112a, b, 113).

Fig. IV.101 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 121, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 131).

Fig. IV.103 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 141, 142, 143, 148, 149, 1412, 1414, 1417).

Fig. IV.104 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 145, 1411, 211b).

Fig. IV.105 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 212a, b, 214).

Fig. IV.106 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 221a, b, 215).

Fig. IV.107 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 222a, b, 225, 226, 229, 2210, 232).

Fig. IV.108 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 311a, b, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 321).

Fig. IV.110 Shape catalogue, level 4 (rim types 411, 421, 511, 611, base types 711, 712).

Fig. IV.112 Shape catalogue, level 4 (varia and body sherds).

Fig. IV.113 Shape catalogue, level 4 (base types 721, 731, 741, 751).

Fig. IV.114 Shape catalogue, level 3 (rim types 111a, 111b, 111c, 112a, 112b, 113).

Fig. IV.116 Shape catalogue, level 3 (rim types 141, 142, 143, 145, 211a, b, 212).

Fig. IV.117 Shape catalogue, level 3 (rim types 221a, 226, 231, 311b, 312).

Fig. IV.119 Shape catalogue, level 3 (rim types 333, 411, 421, 431, 611, varia).

Fig. IV.120 Shape catalogue, level 3 (base types 711, 712, 721, 731, 741, 751).

CHAPTER V

Fig. V.1 Geological map of northern Syria (after Toloczyki and Trurnit 1998).

Fig. V.2 Sketch plan of the level 6 pottery workshop.

Fig. V.3 Suggestions for room functions in the level 6 workshop.

Fig. V.4 Overview of finds on the floor of room 1 in the level 6 pottery workshop in square O12. The overfired warped jar P03-384 is in the middle of the image.

Fig. V.5 Overview of the level 6 pottery workshop in square N11. The remains of kiln Q are just appearing under the white arrow.

Fig. V.6 Overview of the level 6 pottery workshop in square N12. The remains of kiln L are just becoming visible north of the white arrow.

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Fig. V.7 Wedgeshaped clay objects, perhaps used in the kilns to stabilize the kiln load. From left to right: O04-305 (unbaked, from the gutter in square O10), O03-105 (from the area south of kiln Q in square N11), O03-198 (from the fire chamber of the level 5 kiln AR in square L8), O03-63 (in the fill of the Assyrian moat in square O12).

Fig. V.8 Basalt pottery wheel bearing S03-608, from room 1 in the level 6 workshop.

Fig. V.9 Two small baked bricks from room 1 in the level 6 workshop, perhaps used in pottery production or as stabilizers in the kiln.

Fig. V.10 Rounded and abraded sherd used as a scraping tool in pottery production. O03-120, from room 2a in the level 6 workshop.

Fig. V.11 Schematic drawings of different potters’ wheels. Top: a simple stick wheel, middle: a double or kick wheel with two bearings (left) and with conical axle (right), bottom: a kick wheel constructed in a pit.

Fig. V.12 Reconstruction drawing of a potter working at a simple (stick) wheel, illustrating the way Sabi Abyad potters may have worked. (adapted from Roux 1990, photo 4).

Fig. V.13 Sketch plan of the Level 5 East workshop.

Fig. V.14 Suggestions for room functions in the Level 5 East workshop, including the use of the open area outside the fortress.

Fig. V.15 Overview of the level 5 East workshop, room 1 (left) and courtyard 2 (right) with the remains of kiln T/U.

Fig. V.16 Floor context in courtyard 2 of the level 5 East workshop. The remains of kiln T/U are visible in the back. Around it are large amounts of bowls, goblets and other vessels. At the bottom of the picture, fragments of unbaked pottery vessels are concentrated.

Fig. V.17 A pottery jar base dug into the floor of courtyard 2 in the level 5 East workshop, near kiln T/U. North is towards the right side of the picture.

Fig. V.18 Detail of the floor context in courtyard 2 of the level 5 East workshop. The corner of kiln T/U is visible in the left of the picture.

Fig. V.19 Ring base O96-119, reused as a scraping tool. From room 1 in the level 5 East workshop.

Fig. V.20 Sketch plan of the level 5 West pottery kiln location.

Fig. V.21 Overview of room 14, with kiln H/AE in the back. Floor F and the grey ashy deposits on top of it are clearly visible in the eastern and southern section.

Fig. V.22 Sketch plan of the level 5 North pottery kiln locations.

Fig. V.23 Sketch plan of the level 4 pottery kiln location.

Fig. V.24 Overview of Tell Sabi Abyad, with kiln K in square J7 in the lower left of the picture.

Fig. V.25 Examples of shapes locally produced at Tell Sabi Abyad.

Fig. V.26 Examples of shapes (probably) imported to Tell Sabi Abyad.

Fig. V.27 Spiral direction of opening the clay on the inside of goblet P03-212 (also showing an S- shaped base crack), and string cutting on the base of bowl P03-219.

Fig. V.28 A guide to reading the original wheel direction from spiral traces on the inside or outside of pottery vessels.

Fig. V.29 Rough scraping traces on the lower body and base of small jar P99-140, obliterating the spiral wheel throwing traces.

Fig. V.30 Technology group A: throwing from the cone.

Fig. V.31 Technology group A: throwing from the cone (goblets).

Fig. V.32 Technology group B: throwing from one lump of clay.

Fig. V.33 Technology group C: throwing large jars in two parts.

Fig. V.34 Traces of shaping on the surface of a large jar.

Fig. V.35 Right: an extra layer of clay with many organic inclusions was added to the inside of a base of a large jar (O11 27-125:3) to cover the deep throwing ridges and make the base thickness more even. Also, the clay used for this vessel was not very well kneaded, as is shown by the air bubble in the vessel wall. The line drawing (scale 1:4) of large jar base H8 28-221:1 shows a large air bubble as well.

Fig. V.36 Different ways to finish a base.

Fig. V.37 Shaping a pot stand from one piece of clay.

Fig. V.38 Technology group E: handmade shapes. In slab building, the upper part of the previous slab is often pinched to provide a better attachment of the subsequent slab.

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Fig. V.39 Technology group E: handmade shapes. Examples of sherds in which the attachment of slabs or rims could be clearly seen in the fracture.

Fig. V.40 Technology group E: handmade shapes. The attachment of the rim.

Fig. V.41 Technology group E: handmade shapes. The separate attachment of the rim is clearly visible in this fracture.

Fig. V.42 Technology group D: thrown closed.

Fig. V.43 Unfired pottery fragments: bowls.

Fig. V.44 Unfired pottery fragments: deep bowls, pots, jars, goblets, strainer, handmade shapes and body fragments.

Fig. V.45 Unfired pottery fragments: bases.

Fig. V.46 Unfired pottery fragments: leftovers from the shaping process.

Fig. V.47 Unfired pottery in the level 5 workshop, square M11, just north of kiln AC/AI. The fragments on the right belong to bowl O96-226 on fig. V.43.o.

Fig. V.48 Discs left over from pottery production. On the left: O04-398a and b; on the right: O01-59, O01-54, O03-185 and O03-170. The spiral cutting traces are clearly visible. The top two discs on the right show clear marks from cutting with a sharp object along the top edge.

Fig. V.49 Unfired carinated bowl P98-116 with the last bit of the cone still attached.

Fig. V.50 Unfired clay cylinder O03-104.

Fig. V.51 Smooth unfired clay cone O04-395. From square O11, level 6. Perhaps, these cones were used on the wheel head as a support, when goblets were put upside down back on the wheel to finish the base.

Fig. V.52 Completely overfired and molten base fragments of a middle-sized carinated bowl.

Fig. V.53 Large jar P03-285 (type 322) from the pottery workshop in level 6 (room 1, square O12 31- 142). The top of the jar and the rim are completely overfired and have collapsed.

Fig. V.54 Overfired and collapsed pot stand (I8 29-75 obj.66).

Fig. V.55 A selection of pottery from the pottery workshop in square M11 (level 5), including many cracked, deformed and repaired vessels, as well as vessels containing gypsum paste used for the repair of cracks.

Fig. V.56 Two deformed and cracked vessels from the pottery workshop in square M11 (level 5).

Fig. V.57 Holes drilled for repair in body sherd K9 34-29:1.

Fig. V.58 Strainer P93-246. The broken rim was smoothed so that the strainer could still be used.

Fig. V.59 Bar graph showing the relative shares of each technology group in each level. A: throwing from the cone, B: throwing from one lump of clay, C: throwing from two pieces, D:

throwing closed, E: handmade.

Fig. V.60 Graph showing the cumulative percentages of the first ten most popular rim types per level.

Fig. V.61 Graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of selected bowl types per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

Fig. V.62 Graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of selected jar types per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

Fig. V.63 Graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of goblets and pot stands per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

CHAPTER VI

Fig. VI.1 A bronze carinated bowl (M97-50).

Fig. VI.2 A room in square K9 identified as the staff kitchen, and some examples of the pottery shapes found there.

Fig. VI.3 A storage room in square H8, and some examples of pottery shapes found there.

Fig. VI.4 Installation in square K13 made of a large jar base and a mud platform.

Fig. VI.5 Remains of contents. Left: gypsum paste in carinated bowls from the pottery workshop in square M11 (level 5 East), right: bitumen in a bowl and a small jar base (P96-465 and P96- 510, both level 5).

Fig. VI.6 “Grain measure” P93-198 together with the colourful stones and half-finished beads found inside.

Fig. VI.7 An example of a cremation burial using jars to contain the ashes.

Fig. VI.8 An example of a child burial inside a large jar.

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Fig. VI.9 Two large jars in pot stands. The pot stands provide stability when the jars stand alone.

Fig. VI.10 A rare example of burnished and decorated pottery.

Fig. VI.11 Special features related to vessel function: bowl P97-221 with base hole and internal strainer.

Fig. VI.12 Special features related to vessel function: some vessels with holes in the base. Small carinated bowl P93-315, and large pot P93-178 together with its stand (P93-177).

Fig. VI.13 Special features related to vessel function: a selection of vessels with handles, suitable for holding and pouring liquids (P97-157, P97-123, P97-195, P93-294).

Fig. VI.14 Special features related to vessel function: more vessels with handles and spouts (P97-182, bowls P93-295, P93-203, P93-197, goblet with spout P03-199).

Fig. VI.15 Vessel shape related to vessel function: stackability. This stack of carinated bowls shows that the carination does not facilitate the stacking of these bowls.

Fig. VI.16 Special shapes. Lamp P92-21, small bowls with burning traces at the rim, perhaps used as a lamp (P97-63 and P96-225), and incense burner (stand) P97-291.

Fig. VI.17 Functional groups of pottery at Tell Sabi Abyad, indicating the mean capacity in litres.

Fig. VI.18 Middle Assyrian vessel names from texts, and possible identification of vessel shapes.

Fig. VI.19 Collon 1987: no. 295, p. 69. BM 89417, grey chalcedony cylinder seal, 3.1 x 1.5 cm (broken). The subject matter, style and material reflect Middle Assyrian influence.

Fig. VI.20 Collon 1987: no. 811. See Porada 1978 for a detailed discussion. Tyre, Lebanon. Middle Assyrian. Brown stone, 3.3 cm. A female worshipper (princess? priestess?) brings a libation to a seated god (Ninurta?).

Fig. VI.21 Kist 2003: no. 279. Tan stone, 2.8 x 1.3 cm. Middle Assyrian. A robed worshipper stands, facing left, before an incense burner, a laden offering table, with a star above it, and a large jar on a stand.

Fig. VI.22 Moortgat 1942: no. 74. VA 5362. Assur. Priest in front of an incense burner, a table laden with food and a ziggurat.

Fig. VI.23 Mayer-Opificius 1986: ill. 5. British Museum. Dated to Tukulti-Ninurta I. Priest before god.

Incense burner and a small jar (or pomegranate?) and a table (?) are between them.

Fig. VI.24 a: Moortgat 1944: no. 36; b: Feller 2005: no. 20. VAT 9673. Assur. Seal of Aššur-šuma- iddina. A person offers a bowl to Ishtar standing on the lion. Between them is a table with a small jar on top, and a deep bowl on a foot or stand.

Fig. VI.25 Fischer 1999: no. 1. VAT 18017. Assur. Seal of Uṣur-namkūr-šarri, a eunuch and governor of Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. Libation scene in front of a seated king or god? In the middle is a table laden with objects.

Fig. VI.26 Orthmann 1975: no. 255a. Assur, Middle Assyrian. Fragment of a marble circular lid for a pyxis. In the lower left corner, the seated king is raising a bowl in his hand. Perhaps a ritual scene.

Fig. VI.27 Moortgat 1942: no. 73. VAT 8939. Assur. 13th century BC. Two worshippers bring food and drink to a seated god (?).

Fig. VI.28 Collon 1987: no. 296, p. 69. Adana; reddish stone, 2.5 x 1.0 cm. The subject matter, style and material reflect Middle Assyrian influence. Two seated persons engaged in some ceremony.

Fig. VI.29 Tell Sabi Abyad. Composite drawing of seal impressions on sealings O97-219, 263, 268. A seated figure raises a cup to his mouth, a person stands before him.

Fig. VI.30 Pritchard 1954: no. 624. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk, detail. The king brings offerings to the temple.

Fig. VI.31 Börker-Klähn 1982: abb. 4. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk. Found to the NE of the Palace of Sanherib, out of context. Dated to the 11th century BC? The friezes describe military campaigns against Kashiari and Danuna. These are four details showing vessels.

Fig. VI.32 Börker-Klähn 1982: ill. 132 a-d. BM 118807. Nineveh, White Obelisk.

Fig. VI.33 Barnett 1975: no. 165. BM no. 124919, 1.69 x 0.65 m. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal.

The sacking and destruction of the Elamite city of Hamanu. Assyrians carry off metal furniture and other booty.

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Fig. VI.34 Barnett 1975: no. 167. Room S. BM no. 124794, 0.55 x 0.67 m. Nineveh, Palace of

Ashurbanipal. Amid the Assyrian officials waving their fly-whisks, Elamite princes bring in the king’s food, while Babylonian princes prostrate themselves to beg for their lives.

Fig. VI.35 Barnett 1975: no. 172. BM no. 124922, 1.68 x 0.51 m. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Room S. The male orchestra with vertical and asymmetric harps plays in the garden enclosure before two youthful officials.

Fig. VI.36 Pritchard 1954: no. 168. Louvre. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Neo-Assyrian. Two men (Elamite prisoners?) sit under a loaded wagon and eat their meal from a common dish.

Fig. VI.37 Frankfort 1956: pl. 107, p. 96. BM no. 124919. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal. The sacking and destruction of the Elamite city of Hamanu. Elamites eating in the prisoners’

camp.

Fig. VI.38 Pritchard 1954: no. 170. VA 965, Berlin. Nineveh, Palace of Ashurbanipal, Neo-Assyrian.

A tent in an Assyrian military camp. A meal and a bed are prepared for a returning officer.

Fig. VI.39 Pritchard 1954: no. 171. IM 31065 Baghdad. Neo-Assyrian. Cross section of a tent, two men busy preparing food.

Fig. VI.40 Curtis 2001: fig. 14. Neo-Assyrian, from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal, Niniveh. Gypsum relief of an Assyrian fortified camp. Small jars are set in a rack or on a table.

Fig. VI.41 Stronach 1996: fig. 12.2a. Nimrud, incised ivory strip, Neo-Assyrian. Nobles at a banquet.

Small jars are shown hanging in a rack and attended by a servant with a fly whisk.

Fig. VI.42 Collon 1987: no. 338, p. 75. BM 89465, serpentine, 3.2 x 1.2 cm. Nimrud, Neo-Assyrian.

Banquet scene, seated king with a cup in his hands, before a jar in a stand and a servant with a fan.

Fig. VI.43 Ravn 1960: no. 144. Unknown provenance, dated to the 1st millenium BC. Person in front of a seated god. Between them is a large jar on a stand.

Fig. VI.44 Line tracings from vessels depicted in iconography, all on the same scale relative to the height of a person.

APPENDIX B

Fig. B.1 Scatterplot showing size groups for rim type 111 carinated bowls.

Fig. B.2 Histogram showing rim diameters for rim type 111 carinated bowls.

Fig. B.3 Scatterplot showing size groups for complete rim type 112 carinated bowls.

Fig. B.4 Histogram showing rim diameters for rim type 113 carinated bowls.

Fig. B.5 Histogram showing rim diameters for rim type 121 bowls.

Fig. B.9 Scatterplot comparing rim diameter and vessel height for rim type 131 bowls.

Fig. B.11 Scatterplot showing size groups for rim type 132 bowls.

Fig. B.12 Histogram showing rim diameters for rim type 141 deep bowls.

Fig. B.13 Bar graph showing the distribution of rim diameters in rim type 141 deep bowls and rim type 221 pots.

Fig. B.16 Histogram showing rim diameters for rim type 211 pots.

Fig. B.19 Scatterplot comparing rim diameter and vessel height for rim type 221 pots.

Fig. B.20 Scatterplot comparing rim diameter and vessel height for rim type 222 pots.

Fig. B.22 Scatterplot comparing vessel height and rim diameter in jars.

Fig. B.23 Scatterplot comparing vessel height and rim diameter in rim type 311 jars.

Fig. B.24 Histogram showing rim diameters of type 312 jars.

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Fig. B.31 Histogram showing rim diameters of type 411 goblets.

Fig. B.32 Histogram showing rim diameters of type 421 goblets.

Fig. B.33 Histogram showing rim diameters of type 511 strainers.

Fig. B.34 Histogram showing rim diameters of type 611 pot stands.

APPENDIX C

Fig. C.1 Kiln Q in square N11 (level 6), top plan.

Fig. C.2 Kiln Q in square N11, section (W-E).

Fig. C.3 Kiln Q in square N11, reconstruction drawing.

Fig. C.4 Kiln Q in square N11. View from above, part of the pottery chamber floor and flue holes are visible.

Fig. C.5 Kiln Q during excavation, showing the depth of the fire chamber.

Fig. C.6 Kiln Q, the plaster on the inside of the fire chamber and the flue holes. The highly burnt bright green plaster has been re-applied a number of times. Sherds were used to fill gaps in the mud-brick arches.

Fig. C.7 Kiln Q, the burnt plaster layers on the inside of a flue hole.

Fig. C.8 Kiln L in square N12 (level 6), sketch plan.

Fig. C.9 Kiln L in square N12, section (E-W).

Fig. C.10 Kiln L in square N12, section (N-S).

Fig. C.11 Kiln H in square N13 (level 5?).

Fig. C.12 Kiln T/U in square M11 (level 5), sketch plan.

Fig. C.13 Kiln H/AE in square H8 (level 5), top plan.

Fig. C.14 Kiln H/AE in square H8, section A.

Fig. C.15 Kiln H/AE in square H8, section B: section through the kiln fill.

Fig. C.16 Kiln H/AE, top view (section B is at the bottom of the picture).

Fig. C.17 Kiln H/AE, section B.

Fig. C.18 Kiln I in square H8 (level 5), top plan.

Fig. C.19 Kiln I in square H8, section W-E.

Fig. C.20 Kiln I in square H8, view to the north. At the left of the picture, the cut made by the burial can be clearly seen.

Fig. C.21 Kiln CJ/V in square K8 (level 5), top plan.

Fig. C.22 Kiln CJ/V in square K8, section E-W.

Fig. C.23 Kiln CJ/V in square K8, front view of fueling hole.

Fig. C.24 Kiln CJ/V in square K8 (level 5), view towards the east.

Fig. C.25 Kiln CJ/V in square K8, view from the top. The north is on the right of the picture.

Fig. C.26 Kiln K in square J7 (level 4), schematical top plan.

Fig. C.27 Kiln K in square J7, view from above.

Fig. C.28 Kiln K in square J7, section B, looking north.

Fig. C.29 Kiln K in square J7, reconstruction drawing.

Fig. C.30 Kiln K in square J7, section B, looking north.

Fig. C.31 Kiln K in square J7, section A, looking south.

APPENDIX D

Fig. D.1 Line drawing of the vessel shape of unfired pottery sample SN96-130.

Fig. D.2 Unfired pottery sample SN96-12.

Fig. D.3 Unfired pottery sample SN96-130.

Fig. D.4 Sample SN96-130 fired.

Fig. D.5 Piglet tail test for sample SN96-12.

Fig. D.6 Piglet tail test for sample SN96-130.

Fig. D.7 Testbars made of unfired pottery samples SN96-12 and SN96-130.

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Fig. D.8 – D.57: Thin sections, microscope pictures of fractures, and line drawings of samples. All thin- section photographs were made under crossed polarised light (xpl).

Fig. D.8 Sample 02 Fig. D.9 Sample 05 Fig. D.10 Sample 32 Fig. D.11 Sample 42 Fig. D.12 Sample 44 Fig. D.13 Sample 45

Fig. D.14 Sample 45, enlargement Fig. D.15 Sample 12

Fig. D.16 Sample 01 Fig. D.17 Sample 03 Fig. D.18 Sample 04 Fig. D.19 Sample 11 Fig. D.20 Sample 13 Fig. D.21 Sample 14 Fig. D.22 Sample 16 Fig. D.23 Sample 17 Fig. D.24 Sample 18 Fig. D.25 Sample 21 Fig. D.26 Sample 22 Fig. D.27 Sample 26 Fig. D.28 Sample 29 Fig. D.29 Sample 31 Fig. D.30 Sample 47 Fig. D.31 Sample 09 Fig. D.32 Sample 10 Fig. D.33 Sample 15 Fig. D.34 Sample 24 Fig. D.35 Sample 25 Fig. D.36 Sample 40 Fig. D.37 Sample 43 Fig. D.38 Sample 08 Fig. D.39 Sample 35 Fig. D.40 Sample 46

Fig. D.41 Sample 46 with quartz filter Fig. D.42 Sample 34

Fig. D.43 Sample 23 Fig. D.44 Sample 39 Fig. D.45 Sample 41 Fig. D.46 Sample 38

Fig. D.47 Sample 38, enlargement Fig. D.48 Sample 48

Fig. D.49 Sample 33 Fig. D.50 Sample 36

Fig. D.51 Sample 36 with quartz filter Fig. D.52 Sample 07

Fig. D.53 Sample 07 Fig. D.54 Sample J730 Fig. D.55 Sample 37 Fig. D.56 Sample 06 Fig. D.57 Sample J728

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APPENDIX E

Fig. E.1 Impressed crescent 1.

Fig. E.2 Impressed crescent 2.

Fig. E.3 Impressed figure.

Fig. E.4 Geometric stamp seal impressions on the wall of carinated bowl P01-122.

Fig. E.5 Incised five-pointed stars.

Fig. E.6 Incised St. Andrew’s cross.

Fig. E.7 Incised Greek cross.

Fig. E.8 Incised “plough” shape.

Fig. E.9 Various incised crossing lines.

Fig. E.10 Incised trident.

Fig. E.11 Incised “tree.”

Fig. E.12 Incised star.

Fig. E.13 Incised crescents.

Fig. E.14 Incised notches.

Fig. E.15 Painted triangle with point up.

Fig. E.16 Painted triangle with point down.

Fig. E.17 Painted crescent closed on top.

Fig. E.18 Painted crescent.

Fig. E.19 Painted circle (fragmentarily preserved).

Fig. E.20 Painted circle with cross.

Fig. E.21 Painted square with cross.

Fig. E.22 Painted comb (fragmentarily preserved).

Fig. E.23 Painted Y-shape.

Fig. E.24 Painted “triangle.”

Fig. E.25 Painted rectangle.

Fig. E.26 Painted crossing lines.

Fig. E.27 Painted cross.

Fig. E.28 Painted rectangle (fragmentarily preserved).

Fig. E.29 Painted vertical lines.

APPENDIX F

Fig. F.1 Obverse and reverse of cuneiform tablet T98-131.

Fig. F.2 Transcription of cuneiform tablet T98-131.

Fig. F.3 Obverse and reverse of cuneiform tablet T93-3.

Fig. F.4 Transcription of cuneiform tablet T93-3.

Fig. F.5 An inscribed fragment of a carinated bowl (P99-21). Cf. fig. IV.43.j.

Fig. F.6 A cuneiform sign (T98-46) inscribed on a large storage pot (H8 30-232:6). The inside of the pot is smeared with bitumen.

Fig. F.7 A cuneiform sign inscribed on a large storage pot (P99-339).

Fig. F.8 Possible cuneiform sign on a body sherd (I9 48-110:2).