of a Rai language of Eastern Nepal
Doornenbal, M.A.
Citation
Doornenbal, M. A. (2009, November 3). A Grammar of Bantawa : grammar, paradigm tables, glossary and texts of a Rai language of Eastern Nepal. LOT dissertation series. LOT,
Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14326
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Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).
C Word list
For each entry, the Bantawa word list below contains the following information.
a) The entry, for verbs in the infinitive. b) For verbs: a bracketed conjugated form.
For each verb, the infinitive and third person singular forms suffice to derive all the forms in the paradigm. c) The part of speech or category, see below. d) Additional categorisation in brackets. For verbs, this field may be `antip', i.e. antipassive, which means that if the transitive verb is conjugated intransitively, it is interpreted as an agentive verb without object. The field may also be `middle', in which case a transitive verb in intransitive conjugation would mean that the subject of the form is the undergoer of the action. e) English description in italics, f) Nepali description preceded by a capital N, g)S . Scientific Latin description for some plant and animal names. h) Examples, with translations in italics i) Cross references to other records in the dictionaries. Types of cross references are listed below.
The following parts of speech are known (with additional information):
p-o-s meaning sub-categories
n noun
vi verb (intransitive)
vt verb (transitive) middle / antip / none
pro pronoun poss (possessive)
adj adjective adv adverb nm proper name conj conjunction
The following types of cross reference are used:
Code meaning
cf compare
root root, i.e. allofam root, derivational root caus causative
appl applicative ben benefactive
syn synonym
pair paired item, e.g. husband and wife opp antonym, i.e. opposite
off other relationship that is not otherwise qualified
Y
Ylencin cardamom. N al{\cF.
Ysuron Snapdragon plant. N asro. S Adhatoda vasica.
a
a-nfl ergative case ending.
abhadv now.
acc°hKaadv before, previously; a few days before. N aEG aE-t.
ac°imbaddoKn the year before last year (two years ago). N prAr sAl.
ac°osan the day before yesterday. N aE-tko Edn. ac°osa hbuyu `before two days ago'.
adeKconj later, after that. N pEC.
ad°iwaKadj big, particularly in the sense of 'important' - as applied to humans. N Wlo; mh(vpZ . ad°iwaK mhna `big guy (Nepali: `t#hklo m nche')'.
akma (akta)vi to feel pain, strong pain; to suffer heavily; almost die. N shn.
aktudoloadv like dead.
akwan oil. N tl.
ak°iran finally, at last. N aAEKr.
ak°omaKadv yesterday.
alaKnepart thanks, goodbye. N DyvAd; nm-t (CV^dA). alaKne sewa”o ne hKnic°a! `thanks and bye, brother!'.bYdd°e alaKne `thanks very much'.
amposspfx- your, 2nd person singular possessive noun prefix.
amcopro (poss) your, of you (two persons); independent pronoun. N EtmFh!ko.
amkopro (poss) your, of you (one person); possessive pronoun. N Etm}o.
amma (amsu)vt to shoot aimlessly. N hAn. root apma.
amnopro (poss) your (plural).
anca”opro (poss) our (excl. dual).
ancopro (poss) our (incl. dual).
andolYnn agitation, upheaval, tumult. N aAdoln.
anemnhKn last year. N pohor.
ankacipro we (incl. dual). N hAmF (dI яnA). syn hKkaci.
ankanpro we (inclusive plural). N hAmF (m aEn EtmFh!).
ankaninpro we (inclusive, plural).
ankankapro we (exclusive, plural).
anka”opro (poss) our, our (plural, exclusief). N hAm}o.
ankopro (poss) our (incl. plural).
anma (alu)vt (middle) to turn over, to lie down. N pESVn.
anma (anta)vi to snap (by the wind, of bamboo). N PV^n. cf Kanma.
aKma (aKa)vi to tolerate. N shn. syn aKma.
aKma (aKsu)vt (antip) to tolerate. N shn. syn aKma. aKsaK `I bore it'. aKsu `he bore it'.
aKman pine tree. N sSlo.
apma (aptu)vt to shoot at (with arrow, gun), to hit. N hAn. root apma.
apma (au)vt to shoot, shoot at (with arrow, gun). N hAn. caus amma. appl apma.
appin self; myself, yourself, himself. N aAP{. api k°atKa `I'll go myself'.
araK araKadv long ago.
araKn once, long ago, before. N uEhl. araK hkc°a k°okpa k°imda yuwaKa `once there was an old man in a house'.araKyuKkaKa `from long ago...'.
asenn somewhere before the day before yesterday; a while ago, not specific. N aE-t. asenyuKka kaci maddhK `for a couple of days there has been no work'.
att°un before, a bit earlier; earlier, previously today; earlier, but just for today. N aEG. att°u hwayhK `earlier this morning'.
awetadv later, later today. N Br. awet hnamphk `tonight'.
ayhn today, this day. N aAя. cf awet.
ayhdoKadv this year. N yhF vq . ayhmitn nowadays. N aAяBoEl.
b
bYdd°eadv many.
bYVan festival. N cAX vA ErEtErvAя.
bYgYran (dry) river bed. N bgr.
bacan magic charm; promise, pledge, oath. N bAcA. baca hpaktacu `they put on a charm'.
badd°eadj many, much; more. N Dr{; bYF. badd°e mhnaci `many people'.
bajiyoKman cricket; cicada. N $yAu kFrF.
bakqual qualifier for flat things; as a noun signals a flat surface; not usual independently but frequent in combinations.N c=to. demka bak cak°uK batma? `how many plates should I take?'.
bakuloKn clay marble, clay pellet. N mVR^g}A.
bakwan S 1. porridge. N Kol. bakwa hopma `to eat porridge'. S 2. leaf; used as a suffix rather than independent (in which case sumbakwa is used).N pAt.
bak°an clay, soil, mud; sand. bak°ada k°ela muyaK `he is playing in the sand'. bak°a tuma `to dig in the ground'.bak°a b°aVa banemuma `to make a clay pot'.
bak°awensin Himalayan (wild) strawberries. cf wensi.
balamn window. N $yAl.
bama (bo)vt to weave (socks, basket or a web, as by a spider). N bn. yag°aKma t°ali bayaK `the spider makes a web'.soya bama `to make a basket'. hktet soya boK `I made one basket (and it's finished)'.hktet soya baK `I have been making one basket (and it's not sure whether it's finished)'.
bamnan Bahun, Brahmin caste member.
bamKan eel.
bamon bamboo shoots. N kEllo bA s. N tAmA.
bann weapon. N hEtyAr.
banc°u bic°un hand weapon. N hAt hEtyAr.
banma (bana)vi to come (level). N aAun. yaniKka ... banyaK / bana `from there ... he comes / came'.caus batma.
bantawanm Bantawa. N bAtAvA.
bant°eK n thunderstorm; thunder and lightning. bant°eK d°akina guVuK patyaK `as the thunderstorm comes, it cries 'Gurung''.
baKan uncle, father's younger brother. N kAkA.
baKgan cotton. N kpAs.
baKma (baKtu)vt to cross. laK baKma `cross your legs'. shK baKma `to join wood'.
baKma (baKtu)vt to weave, to make (e.g. of nests). N bn. yaK baKma `to make a nest'.
barasin jackfruit. N kVhr.
bak°a barasin pineapple. N Bi kVhr.
bashKn bamboo wood.
batan a pointed vessel, put on top of the stack of vessels used in distilling liquor. N sAno BA Xo.
batma (bara)vi to bloom. N PSn.
batma (battu)vt S 1. to bring. N SyAun. cf banma. root banma. S 2. reach (as of age).
N p`n. demka doK nubattiyen `how many years old are you?'. demka doK thbattu `how
many years old are you?'.
bayhn spirit, particularly one affecting the stomach. N Bt.
bayun bamboo rope, the soft tissue that can be bent. samba”o bayudaKka k°eK bama `to make a basket out of bamboo'.
bebbhkhkn flat basket for carrying small amounts of food; shopping bag, typically square cornered and carried as a handbag; made of bamboo strips.N pzgo.
becukkusin ginger leaf. cf becuk kusi.
bec°ukn ginger, ginger root. N advA. k°okli bec°uk `wild ginger (Costus speciosus)'. bec°uk ni”o j°arakdaKka hd°iwaK shKsi `the ginger is the most important fruit'.
bekma (bektu)vt to fold (of clothes, and paper and folding stuff only). syn b°ekma.
bek°an bag. N JolA. bek°ac°a `a small bag'.
benn hour, o'clock. N GXF; bя.
benc°un musical instrument. N cA p.
bendasin tomato (the fruit of a tomato plant). N golB\XA. cf k°okli bendasi.
beKwan left, left-hand side. moko beKwa pYˆˆi yuKna `he sits on the left side'.
berawan parrot. N sgA.
besaran eagle. N cFl.
bhbhn familiar form for elder brother. pair nic°a.
bhchkhlhkn earthen vessel. N hA XF. cf b°h.
bhhomman turban; also: cloth, used in the distillation process. N pgrF.
bhkbhkeadv delirious.
bhkma (bhu)vt to sweep. N bYAn .
bhKkun sorghum; a kind of large millet. N яnlo. S Sorghum vulgare.
bhKk°awan gun. N bdk.
bhKma (bhKsu)vt (middle) to blast, explode. N pX^kAun. bhKsa k°ara `it exploded'. bhKsuK `I blasted it'.syn b°hKma.
bhtma (bhttu)vt to serve (your guests).
bhwan elder brother; also used for all elder male cousins. abhwa `o, brother!'.
bihan marriage. N EbhA.
biha mumavt to marry. N EbhA gn .
bihann advice. N sSlAh. yayok-bihan munne `let's advise well'.
billeadj faded (Nepali). N EblAi. bille liyaK `it is fading, wasting away'.
bimn clip; pin. N hpEsyo.
bitma (bitta)vi to walk, to go. hKbuda / iKbuya bitta `go in front, go first'. bitma yakma `to keep going'.
bitma (bittu)vt to milk.
boVan long bean, cowpea. N boXF.
bokma (bou)vt to plough. N яo(n. k°atni thk°atyaKo? whk boksi `where are you going? to plough the field'.cf d°okma.
boksi n spirit, witch. N Bt; bo?sF. boksi”a mhKeucikinalo bhkbhke mhliyaK `they will go delirous after a spirit has bitten'.
bolon horizontal beam in the house. N blo.
bomakn sesame, sesame seed. N Etl.
bombokn eggplant. N <yAVA.
bombolekman butterfly, of the bigger kind (not a moth). N ptlF. cf p°optikiri.
bomkaadj round, with the round side up. N Go=to. cf bomma.
bomma (bomsu)vt (middle) to bend, to warp; to make round. N bR^`yAun; bAER^gn.
bomma (bomta)vi to put on top, wear a cap or put on a lid.
bonwan watersource; well; permanent source. N inAr. cf wapun.
boKkoloKn apricot. S Prunus armeniaca.
bopqual qualifier for counting round things. N dAnA. hk bop lYttYm `One guava'.
bopboyoKman termite. N DEmrA.
bopk°an S 1. yeast to make millet ferment. N яA X bnAun aOqDF; mcA . S 2. lid, cover. N YknF.
bopma (boptu)vt S 1. to cover, as a chicken in a basket; put a lid on. wa boptu `the chicken was covered'.S 2. to make round, e.g. to make clay marbles. caus bomma.
boptitn clothes, at least covering the body; a long shirt. N dOrA kpXA.
boptoman type of mouse that eats clothes. N prk mso. boptoma chkyh `city mouse'.
bopt°hrhtn (unknown) type of root.
bun front. hKbu hKbu kola `walk in front of me'. amco”o bubu kola. `walk in front of us!'. buya bi”a! `go first!'. buya kaˆmasVYuda yuKaK `earlier, I lived in Kathmandu'.
budunan type of fish (approx. 20 cm long). N mACAko яAt. buduna Ka `buduna fish'.
bukn belly, stomach.
bukk°undima n pregnant, pregnant woman. N gB vtF. YspYtalda badd°e buk°undimaci mhtayaK `in the hospital many pregnant women come.'.
bukluKn yard, the yard in front of the house. N aA gn. bukluK seKsu! `clean the yard!'.
bukma (buktu)vt to expose to heat. N tA=n. mi bukma `expose to the fire'. cf b°ukma.
bukma (buu)vt to request, ask for help. N anroD gn . bukpan barbet bird. N crA.
buktaKn cave. N gPA. mo mhnaci buktaKda mhyuwaKa ni `it is said that those people lived in caves'.
bulakin nose ring. N mdýo.
bumbulin pangolin, scaly anteater. N sAlk. syn bwasa.
bumma (bumtu)vt to fold. cf bupma.
bumsuman fly. N mAKA.
buKk°an outside; the yard (outside of the house). N bAEhr; aA gn. cf bukluK. cf hutda.
buKma (buKsa)vi to sow seed; prepare in the nursery.
buKwan flower. N Pl. hile buKwa `mud flower, trumpet flowers: Datura suaveolens'.
buKwak°an flower garden, garden. N PlbArF.
buKwasen flower bat, medium sized bat, reportedly eating from flowers. N Pl KAn cmro.
bupma (buptu)vt to fold; huddle up, pull in the legs. cf bumma.
busuniman sister-in-law, elder brother's wife. N BAuя.
butma (buttu)vt to call. N bolAun. butma rhnaKna”o de, butnaKna”o yuwaKa. `If I could have called you, I would have called you.'.
but°uruppaadj grey, whitish. N sto; Ps}o. but°uruppa ˆiura `white balsam'.
buyaadj previous, former; also in the sense 'the first, the best'. previously, formerly.
bwasan pangolin, scaly anteater; this animal has the habit of rolling itself up and rolling downhill when it senses dangers.N sAlk. cf bumbuli.
b°
b°YgYtanm Bhagat , a mythical follower of Milarepa in Sindrang. N BgtA.
b°Yln endeavour, effort. N pryAs; koEff. b°Yl / bYl pakma `to put in the effort'. cf b°ala.
b°akn pig.
b°aktaKn shoulder.
b°alan practice; effort. N pryAs. hKka”a amyhK lema b°ala paktuKyuK `I am practising to learn your language.'.
b°alan spear. N BAlA.
b°an+jan nephew; (younger and elder) sister's son. N BAяA.
b°anjin niece, sister's daughter. N BAяF.
b°anmavi to be tall, to be high. N a`lo hn. dem b°anyaK `how tall! how high!'.
b°aKma (b°aKsu)vt (middle) to cook; to boil; also to prepare food. N umASn; pkAun. b°aKsa `it boils; it is cooked'.
b°atma (b°attu)vt to fetch water. N pAnF Bn . cakwa b°atma `to fetch water'. cakwa b°assi k°atma `to go to fetch water'.
b°aˆan bamboo bar, rafter. N BAVA.
b°en arrow; spear, lance. N BAlA. b°e d°upma `to pierce with an arrow'.
b°ekma (b°ektu)vt to fold (sheets, clothes). syn bekma.
b°ema (b°esu)vt to fart. N pAd gn . appl b°etma.
b°emma (b°emsu)vt to embrace (people also), carry (heavy things, as opposed to p°ama - light things).N a gAlo hASn.
b°emma (b°emsu)vt to fill (e.g. a glass with water). N B yAun. b°emsuk°o `fill it, please'. root b°epma.
b°enn root, foot (of mountain). N яrA. b°hrh”o hb°en `the foot of the hill'. hb°en hcaimin `we do not eat its root'.cf com.
b°enan brother-in-law, elder sister's husband. N EBnAя. syn p°eyabuK.
b°eKma (b°eKtu)vt S 1. to eye someone (as a boy to a girl, or in despise). N c² aA KAl hn . S 2.
to be crooked, to be tilted.N bAEgn; VEYn. ram”a kYlYm b°eKtu `Ram bent the pen'.
b°eploadv all, full, completely. N BEr. haKhon b°eplo `all of our country'. cf b°ep.
b°epma (b°eptu)vt (middle) to fill. N Bn . caus b°emma.
b°epsan sheep.
b°etma (b°ettu)vt to fart at someone. root b°ema.
b°etman a fart. cf b°etma. hKb°etma lonyaK `my fart came out'.
b°ewan maggot. N kFrA.
b°hn earthen vessel. N hA XF. cf wai b°hma.
b°hksan elk; a big type of deer. N яrAyo.
b°hman artificial pond: lit. 'big earthen vessel'; used in catching fish. cf wai b°hma. cf b°h.
b°hKma (b°hKsu)vt to blast, fire. N pX^Ekn; pX^kAun. bYnduk b°hKma `fire a gun'. adiwo, nampa”o ht°ala b°eplo mYkYi b°hKpa mhyuKyaK `granddad! the sun father's plate is full of popcorn (i.e. the stars are out)'.syn bhKma.
b°hrcokn hilltop. N XA XAko V=po.
b°hrhn hill. N XA XA. b°hrh tola `hill top village'.
b°inma (b°ilu) vt to squeeze (for juice). N Encon . kagYti b°inma `to squeeze a lemon'. syn pinma.
b°iran precipice; steep slope of rock. N BFr.
b°itma (b°ittu)vt to squeeze for someone else (for juice); milk. N dD EnkASn; EncoErEdn. cf b°inma.root b°inma.
b°ittan wall around the fields, separating terraces from one another. N EBVo.
b°okma (b°oktu)vt to mend, to patch. N VASn.
b°omn bundle; in figurative sense: a packet, a packed lunch. N poko; KAяA. cf b°omma.
b°omma (b°omtu)vt (middle) to make bundle, parcel. N poko pAn . hKka b°omtaK k°araK `I got all stiff'. to be round (of this size).N golo hn. unb°omko `this round'.
b°oKma (b°oKu)vt to make sheaves.
b°opn circle, round. N bAVlo; c?kr.
b°opkoropn toad (frog). N pAhA. cf b°orop paKtok.
b°opma (b°optu)vt to make round. N XSyAun.
b°oropn frog. cf b°orok.
b°ukma (b°uktu)vt to bury, to cover with mud or stones; as in landslide, but also by human action.
N pn .
b°ukmavt bask. nam b°uksa cepma haima `talking and chatting while basking in the sun'. cf nam.
b°unma (b°unsu)vt to reject, to be dissatisfied (hoping to get better). N WE-kn.
b°unma (b°untu)vt to husk. N DAn, kodo kV^n; Ko-V^yAun.
b°uKma (b°uKsu)vt to heap, to pile up. N TpAn .
b°uKma (b°uKsu)vt (middle) to destroy, break down. thb°uKsu `you broke it'. b°uKsa k°ara `it was destroyed'.N B(kAun.
b°usan chaff; dandruff. N Bs.
b°utma (b°uttu)vt to go white (of hair). to go mouldy (by fungus).
b°uwan owl, bigger type (N ullu). N uSl.
c
cYppYre khKn front teeth. N agAEXko dA t. cf khK.
caconk°eKn a round winnowing tray (made of bamboo). N nAR^lo.
cahan a need, a wish or want. N cAhnA. caha metma `to wish for'. caha dotma `to be required, to be necessary'.
cahtloadj stricken, troubled, suffering. sarima”a cahtlo `suffering a disease'.
cakan honeycomb. N cAkA. cunwa caka bille liyaK `the honeycomb is melting'. cf sunwa.
cakab°an demon, fiend; giant, monster. N rA"s.
cakawalawan spirits (bad spirits).
cakkomaluKn flint. N ckmk.
cakma (caa)vi to bathe. N nhAun. wacakma `to bathe'. waca”a `he bathed'. caus caKma.
cakwan water. N pAnF. cakwa phwaKk°aK `please, give me water'. cakwa lonk°a `water source'.
cakwakalekn Chetr+, 'water-licker'. N "/F.
cakwak°amn pit, well. N inAr.
cakwalamn pipe, irrigation canal. N nlF.
cak°aKn millet paste. N EY\Xo.
cak°uKn utensils (plates and bowls). N TAlbVkA.
calhn greed. N loB. hKcalh kara `I feel greedy'. k°o calh muyaK `he is greedy'.
camavt to eat. N KAn. off catma.
camaKwan right, right hand side. N dAyA . camaKwa c°uk `the right hand'.
camac°ukn the right hand, the 'eating hand'. N KAn hAt.
camma (camsu)vt to listen attentively; to sharpen (a blade). N udyAun; EtKo pAn .
canampotn gullet. S oesophagus.
canma (canta)vt to feed, graze. N crAun. root cama. pit goKdok mhcanyaK `the cows and bulls are grazing'.pit caisi k°arinne `let's go graze the cows'.
caran festival. N cAX.
casukukn kitchen. N BAsA.
casumn grain, corn. N an.
casumlan the name of a month. N ek mEhnAko nAu .
catma (caru)vt to ferment; to dye. N EC=n; pA?n. caru”o k°aca `fermented millet pulp'.
catma (cattu)vt to eat habitually; to be fit for drinking. N KAn. root cama.
catma (cattu)vt to hit, to hit the mark. N hAn; lA`n. naKsi”a hcattaK `I was hit by a hailstone'.
cekcurin starling bird, N rupi bird. N zpF; XAR^g}.
cekma (cektu)vt to arrange the marriage, to ask and fix the time for getting the bride. N dlhF Edn.
cekma (cektu)vt to cut, chop up. N tAC^n.
cemma (cemtu)vt to grind; to hit with rocks in order to kill. N Ep-n.
cenchkwan type of bird (Nepali: p de bird). N pAd crA.
cenma (centu)vt to splice (firewood). N Ecn . ceKma (ceKsu)vt to warn, to counsel. N sJAb gn .
cepma (cewa)vi to talk, to speak. N boSn. cf hanma. cewine `let's talk'.
cetma (ceru)vt to be clever. N clAK hn. root cetma.
cetma (cettu)vt to be clever, strong. N clAK hn; tgXA hn. root cetma.
chbuKn koiralo tree, which has edible flowers. N koirAlo. S Bauhinia variegata.
chkn side, vicinity; close by, close to. N nEяk. dabyachkda `close to the fireplace'. amchk `next to you'.-”o hchkda yuKma `to sit at the side of ...'.
chkakn horse chestnut. S Aesculus indicus. N nAz.
chkhyaKn ant. N kEmlA. chkhyaK”a bak°a tuKu `the ant digs in the soil'.
chkk°ann a type of plant (N tãk+). N tA kFko boV. chkk°anraK `tanki plant'.
chkma (chktu)vt to economise, to save. N sA Qn.
chkma (chktu)vt (antip) S 1. to dye. S 2. to bind, to strap. N VnA bA @n. ˆuna chktu `bind your strap'.chkta k°ara `it became a hard knot'.
chkniadv fast, immediately; jerkily. N яz?k, tzt{.
chkroKn demon, incorporeal being (not a spirit as of the deceased). N Bt. chkroK dipma `to be possessed by a demon'.
chktaKn muskrat, shrew, mole. N Ccdýo.
chkyh khKn front teeth, 'rat teeth'.
chkyhn rat. N msA. chkyh khK `incisors'.
chlokadv many; more. N Dr{. nepalada”o chlok t°aKna warisaci nihaKhon mhk°atyaK `Nepal's many boys and girls are going abroad'.
chma (cuwu)vt (antip) to do. N gn . de thchyaK `what are you doing?'.
chnma (chnta)vi to wrinkle, curl up. N KEMcn. chntudo”o k°okpa badd°e patyaK `the wrinkled old man is screaming a lot'.
chKn exit point, as in k°hchK: anus.
chKma (chKsu)vt S 1. to hang up (also: to hang someone else). N JX^yAun. chKma setma `to kill someone by hanging him'. k°olai makyh”a hchKsa sera `they killed him hanging him with a
rope'.S 2. to string. N un.
chrpan anger. N Ers. badd°eK hKchrpa kara `I am very angry'.
cikiwan small leopard. N EctvA. cf kiwa.
cilitaKn squirrel. N loKk . cilokn a little bit. hcilok `a little bit'.
cimn scales, slivers. N k(lA. Ka”o hcim; ph”o hcim `fish, snake scales'.
cima (cia)vi (antip) to finish, to end. N EsEdn. hKka kama ciuK `I finished my job'. yaK cia k°ara `the money is finished'.cf waKma talama. caus citma.
cinma (cia)vi to end. N Esd^@yAun.
cinma (cintu)vt toteach. N EskAun. c°aci cinmaci mhdot `childrenmustbetaught'. cinmancin dora `to have to learn'.
cinma (ciu)vt to finish. N Esd^@yAun.
cipma (ciptu)vt S 1. to pinch, to cut with tongs. N QyA=n. boka”o hd°in cipma `to cut a he-goat's testicles'.S 2. to hold to oneself, to stick s.th. in between the arm and body. cipma kara `he was disgusted'.
cipman disgust. N EGn. k°oso”o hcipma kara `he is disgusted'.
cit-qual qualifier for humans.
citkoadj small. N sAno. o citko muyaK `that one is smaller'.
citma (cittu) vt to finish, to finalise. N Esd^@yAun. to be small; collocates with un- . uncittaKyaKhida `when I was small'. unmhcittaKahida `when they (pl) were small'.
uncittaKacihida `when they (du), or we (du) were small'.
codumn talk.
cokn S 1. top. N EfKr; V=po. yaKshKraK cokdu `in the top of the cilaune tree'. S 2. level; floor in a house; step in a stairwell.N tlA.
cokma (cokta)vi to leak. N cEhn. cokd°a `it will leak and go out'.
cokma (coktu)vt to join, to attach. N gA -n.
comn S 1. top, peak of a hill or moutain. N V=po. b°hrh”o hcomdu `on the top of the hill'. cf b°en.
S 2. kind, type (of). N KAl, EkEsm. badd°eka com”o pYsuci `many kinds of animals'.
comcurin mountain, snow mountain. N EhmAl.
comma (comsu)vt to make sharp, to make pointed. N EtKo pAn . como lima dot `it must be pointed'.
conn chin.
conma (contu)vt S 1. to stick up; to pick up with a hook. N un. to flatter, praise. S 2. N PkA un.
coKgen bamboo cup, cut out of a thick bamboo pole. N YR^g}o.
coKma (coKsu)vt to please, accommodate.
copma (cou)vt to see; to look at, to watch. N hn . cowu `he looked'. k°ana”a thsenaK”o yhKci”o juwapa hyuna co”u hYy! `See the answers to the questions that you asked me below, hey.'.
coppen drongo, a kind of bird (N cibhe car ). N EcB crA.
cotan wound. N coV. b°ala”a hd°uwaki cota lisa `striking a spear, he was wounded'.
cotma (cotta)vi to move. N sAn . cuklon few, less; shortage. N kMtF; km.
cukma (cukta)vi to be small. N sAno hn. cuktaKa `he was small'. opp d°ima.
cuktenn a smaller village (in comparison). N sAno gAu . opp d°iten.
culon more. N Dr{.
cumma (cumsu)vt to shrink. N cAuErn.
cumma (cumsu)vt S 1. to clean up, to terminate, to remove. N hVAun. S 2. to prepare. N tyAr gn . cummancin `to be prepared'.
cumma (cumu)vt to remove. N hVAun.
cuncurukwan snow, or snow mountain. cuncurukwa d°a `it snowed'.
cunma (cuntu)vt to shrink, to wrinkle. N cAuErn. hKalhK cuntudo”o k°okpa badd°e patyaK
`an old man with a wrinkled face is screaming loudly'.
cuKn the cold, winter; as of weather (not of liquids). N Ecso. ai badd°e cuKluyaK `today it's very cold'.
cuKwan the cold, coldness. N яAXo. cuKwa yam `the cold season'. cf cuKma.
cupma (cuptu)vt to interrupt, to close up, e.g. to stop defaecating. N bADA gn . cuptaKn left.
curin small knife, one that comes with a khukuri (stuck in the handle). N kd . cutma (curu)vt to tease. N Eя-kAun.
cuwan heart, the physical heart. N mV.
cuwaraKn type of plant.
c°
c°a-nfl ever, also, too. cf c°aK.
c°a-qual person qualifier. hkc°a `one person'.
c°an child. N bQcA. c°a tokma `to give birth'.
c°abakn larvae house; place where the bee's larvae are in a honeycomb. N mOErko GAr. sunwa c°abak `part of beehive'.
c°adiman mother-in-law. cf c°adiwa. cf dima.
c°adiwan father-in-law. cf c°adima. cf diwa.
c°adiwaraKn the house of the in-laws, i.e. the family of one's wife (for a woman, her in-laws would be considered her own family).N ssrAlF. hKc°adiwaraKci `my in-laws'.
c°akma (c°akta)vi to be hard, to be difficult. N gAhro hn; sAhro hn. luK c°ak `stone is hard (general fact)'.
c°akma (c°au)vt to chisel into shape. N tAC^n. talhk c°akma `to cut a bow'. luK c°akma `to cut a stone'.
c°amn song. N gFt.
c°am luma vt sing. N gAun. hKka”a c°am lusa k°imda k°araK `I went home, singing'.
k°osa”a c°am luma manrhdo `he can't sing'. hKka”a c°am manlummaK k°imda k°araK
`not singing, I went home'.
c°ama (c°asa)vi to get a child. N EbhAun.
c°ama (c°asu)vt to cook, to bring to the boil (of porridge). N Kol pkAun. ben c°atma.
c°amalekn smooth, black lizard; looses tail when growing mature. N kAlo EcSlo CpAro.
c°amlan voice. N -vr.
c°amma (c°amsu) vt to splice (with an axe). N Ecn (bcrol). shK c°amma `to splice the firewood'.
c°anma (c°antu)vt to pile, stack up (of stones or books). N K=Vn.
c°aK part also, too; a particle indicating inclusion of the previous phrase, or, when used in correlatives or negation, indefiniteness.N pEn.
c°aKc°aKtiadv clear. N Cl g. c°yaKc°yaKti datyaK `it is clearly visible'. cf c°yaKga.
c°aKma (c°aKtu)vt to stack up disorderly, pile unequal things onto one another. N K=Vn.
c°apdanin pen. N klm.
c°apkamin writer. N lKk.
c°aplan letter, writing; something in writing. N EcWF.
c°aplak°an book.
c°aplatwan letter, notice; brief piece of text. N EcWF.
c°apma (c°aptu)vt to write. N lHn. c°apma lesuKyuK `I can write'.
c°atma (c°attu)vt to benefactive for heat water. N pkAiEdn. cf c°ama. root c°ama.
c°atma (c°attu)vt to carry a load with a heap on top of it (as in a doko full with grass). N XokomA BArF bo?n.
c°ayukn youth, childhood. N bAlk kAl.
c°ekc°elemman paradise flycatcher, jungle bird with long tailfeathers. N lAmpQC^r.
c°eklabuKn mulberry. N DovFkA Pl.
c°ekma (c°ekta)vi to be blocked, to be locked in. N bd hn.
c°ekma (c°ektu) vt (middle) to block, lock up. N bd gn . lam c°ekma `to block the road'.
mhnalai hlawaki hc°ekta `grabbing the man, they locked him in'.cf lapma.
c°ekmin prisoner. N $yAlKAnAmA prko &yEkt.
c°ema (c°esa)vi to wish for, to want; to strongly desire. N rhr lA`n.
c°eman interest. N rhr. c°apdani tokma hc°ema kat `he likes to get that pen'. kaˆ°masVu k°atma hc°ema katyaK `He wants to go to Kathmandu'.cf c°ema.
c°emma (c°emsu)vt to taste. N cAHn.
c°emma (c°emtu)vt to attract, to call. N XA?n. lemc°okwa k°aK metsa c°aci c°emtuKchK
`showing sweet things, I attracted the children'.
c°enbin property, possession, wealth. N sMpEtt.
c°enchkhkn storage basket, hung to the walls of houses to store utensils and the likes; woven from bamboo strips.N rAHn XAlo.
c°engaran goat. N bAHrA. c°engarapa `billy-goat'.
c°enk°ad°amn toilet; a place to urinate. N EpsAb Pn WAu . ek°ad°am c°enk°ad°am `toilet'.
c°enma (c°ensu)vt to urinate. N EpsAb gn . caus c°etma.
c°enma (c°entu)vt to select, to pick, to choose. N CAn.
c°ennakn Amaranthus. S Amaranthus.
c°enwan siblings, one's one family (N m it+). N mAitF.
c°enwaraKn the father's house, the parent's family for a married woman (N m it+). N mAitF.
c°epan urine. N EpsAb. c°epad°am `toilet'. hKc°epa badd°e yhyaK `my pee comes down (i.e. I need to pee).'.
c°epin onion. N =yAя.
c°epma (c°eptu)vt to roast meat or maize. N skAun.
c°eren diarrhoea. N pKAlA. hKka c°ere liKaKa `I have diarrhoea'.
c°eskan splinter. N C-ko.
c°etkuman female kin; sisters, daughters. N clF. hKc°etkuma mhta `my sisters are coming'.
c°etkuma c°aci `daughters'.
c°etma (c°ettu)vt to make urinate; causative for to urinate. N EpsAb gErEdn. root c°enma.
c°euadv side, aside. N Cu. c°eu k°im `the house at the side'.
c°hb°hrhn the hill closer by. N vSlo XA XA. cf d°ib°hrh.
c°hkn poison. N Evs.
c°hkma (c°hu)vt to pinch. N EcmoV^n.
c°hk°an knot, lace (for fastening a garment). N tnA.
c°hma (c°hsa)vi to be expensive. N mh go hn. opp notma.
c°hma (c°hsu)vt to bind, to tie someone to something. N bA @n. ben c°htma.
c°hnan aunt, father's younger sister or father's younger brother's wife. N kAkF; Pp.
c°hnma (c°hntu)vt to filter, to purify (as of beer). N CAn. wac°hn c°hnma `filter local beer'.
nak°hwa c°hnma `blow your nose'.
c°hnma (c°hru)vt to nudge (as someone off a chair); to thrust, to poke. N WSn.
c°hKn deal. N tLy. hc°hK mhmuwa `they made a deal'.
c°hKma (c°hKta)vi to get blocked. N aX^Ekn.
c°hKma (c°hKtu)vt to block, to stop. N aX^kAun.
c°hpma (c°hptu)vt to suck (to chew until you get the juice). N c-n (cbAun).
c°htma (c°httu)vt to bind for someone else; causative for c°hma. N bA EDEdn. cf c°hma. root c°hma. to not fit.N n aX^n. manwaK, c°htta `it does not go in, it does not fit'.
c°hwan uncle, mother's younger brother. N mAmA.
c°imma (c°imtu)vt to wrap around, to fix (of a sari). N kMmr bA @n.
c°immaKadv the year after next year. N prAGO\. cf nammaK.
c°inma (c°intu)vt to wrap around, fix (as of sari). N kMmr bA @n. cf c°imma.
c°ipmayaKn girdle, cloth tied round the hips. N pVkA.
c°itma (c°iru)vt (antip) to leave alone, to part (of food, places or people); also to break with habits.
N CoX^n. amdum”a hKko hKnhKa c°iraKa `your words made me angry'. ak°omaK modu badde mhnaci j°YgaVa mhmuki hhwaK mhnaci hchnhKa c°iraKa `as yesterday up there many people fought, two people were angry'.hKsoma karaki hKka hara bokma c°iruK `being lazy, I stopped ploughing'.ben c°itma.
c°itma (c°ittu)vt S 1. to leave (for someone else). N CoX^n. nhKa c°itma `to hate someone'.
hbuwacia hco nic°a nhKa hc°ittacu `the older brothers hated their younger brother'. hKka k°analai hKnhKa c°itnaKna `I hate you'. k°ana”a amnhKa thnosaK he thc°ittaK `do you like me or not like me?'. mashK pashK c°it muwaci `the couple have split up'. root c°itma. cf c°itma.S 2. to wrap (for someone else). N lpEVEdn. root c°inma. cf c°inma.
c°okc°an nephew; (elder and younger) brother's sons. N BEtяA.
c°okc°aman niece, (younger and elder) brother's daughter. N BEtяF.
c°okc°enn sieve, made of bamboo strips, used for sieving beer. N CpnF.
c°okma (c°oktu)vt to present, give (in person!); to hand. N p yAun. oko kitab ram c°oktuKdoK
`I handed that book to Ram'.asenKa c°oknadana”o `earlier already, I have given it to you'.
c°okma (c°ou)vt to collect by scraping it off; to take off the top layer, e.g. of oil (on water) or cream.
N яMmAun. akwa t°oakina hKc°uka c°ouKloisuK `the oil spilt, and I collected it up again'.
c°okma (c°ou)vt to move, to be contageous (of disease). N sAn . saKko hsarima c°o”utaru `whose disease did he bring (who did he get it from?)'.caus c°oKma.
yhK c°okmavt to deliver a message, to pass on the message. cf c°oKma. yhK kac°ok `the messenger'.
c°okmavi to evaporate. N hAvA hn. c°okd°a `it will evaporate'. wac°ok `dew'.
c°okuman nettle, stinging nettle. N Es-n. S Urtica dioca.
c°okwasi n orange, mandarin. hKtenda c°okwasi siyaK / kuKyaK `in my village, oranges are grown (lit. gives fruit / hangs)'.
c°oma (c°osa)vi to be strong. N Eя(n. c°oyaK `he is strong'. nam c°osa `the sun is burning'.
c°oma (c°osu)vt (antip) to plough. N яo(n. jYmmaKe whk c°oKsuciuK `I finished ploughing all of the land'.
c°oma (c°ou)vt (antip) to plough. N яo(n. nulok c°owa Yi `plough well, hey!'.
c°omasin competition, match. N prEt-pDA .
c°omma (c°oma)vi to romp, to play with (physically); to stir. N EJ-kn.
c°omma (c°omsu)vt to make dry; to let something dry (e.g. in the sun). N skAun. hhk”a nam”a c°omsu `the wind and sun dried it up'.root c°opma.
c°onma (c°oru)vt to pay. N Etn . c°onsi k°ara `go to pay for me'.
c°onma (c°oru)vt to sting, give a burning sensation (as of salt in a wound). N ch yAun.
c°oKn above - not physical right on top of things, but `at a higher elevation'. N mAET. lam”o hc°oKda `above the road'.
c°oKn top. yuKaKa”o hc°oKda `on top of where he was...'.
c°oKn wheat, grain. N gh .
c°oKma (c°oKsu)vt to deliver, make sure that it reaches the person (whether or not in person). N p yAun. ram”o hk°imya c°oKsuKdoK `I delivered it at Ram's house (but not in his hands)'.
root c°okma.
yhK c°oKmavt to deliver a message, to pass on the message. cf c°oKma.
c°oKwan bird (generic term).
c°oKwalakn dance movements; ritual dance. cf sili.
c°opma (c°oa)vi to dry (intr); to be dry, to go dry; to wither. N s?n. caus c°omma.
c°osapan a strong man, a healthy man. N bElyo.
c°otma (c°ottu)vt to pay for someone else; to pay. N EtrAiEdn. hKka k°ana juwapa c°otna”o yuwaKa `I had given you an answer'.
c°ukadj five. N pA c.
c°ukn hand. N hAt.
c°ukkusin finger. cf kusi.
c°ukma (c°ukta)vi S 1. to jump, land (birds, planes). N b-n; urr Jn . d°odroyu c°ukta disani
`he jumped into a hole, it is said'.S 2. to be, in a landed position; to fall; to belong, to be in a certain relational role.N pn . oko dem c°ukta? `How much does this cost?'. d°akko c°uk `it is up'.k°akko jillada thc°uk `in which district do you live?'. hKka bantawa rai c°ukKa `I am a Bantawa Rai'.k°ana bhbh thc°ukta `you are my older brother'.
c°uma (c°usa)vi to be fat, greasy. N bEsSlo -vAd aAun. cf Komma. to grease someone; to flatter; to stir up.N skA un; PkA un. hKka hKyawacia mhna mokma nhc°usaK `my friends stirred me up to beat that man'.
c°uman `saal' tree, Shorea robusta. N sAl. S Shorea robusta.
c°umashKn main pillar in the house. N ml KMbA. cf mulok°abo.
c°umbulikn navel, umbilical cord. N nAiVo.
c°umma (c°umsu)vt to bind, to tie up. N bA @n.
c°umma (c°umtu)vt to dip, sink, drown. N XbAun.
c°unan father's sister; wife of father's brother. N kAkF.
c°unma (c°unta)vi to refuse, disobey, not agree to the suggestion. N n mAn. ram bYjar k°atma c°unta `Ram refuses to go to the bazaar'. battunuc°aK c°unta”a `even if he calls, don't listen'.
c°uKma (c°uKsa)vi to cough. N Ko?n.
c°up (c°uptu)vt to dip, sink; to make wet. N EBяAun. hKka wac°uptuK `I sank it in the water'.
wa c°uptashwa `he drowned (khumma is better, though)'.cf k°umma.
c°upn handful, fist. N mWF. hkc°up `one handful (e.g. of rice)'.
c°upma (c°uu)vt to take out (in the hand, or fist). N mW^yAun.
c°utma (c°uttu)vt to send (a man, not letters), to order. N arAun.
c°yamc°yami adv with one stroke, cutting with one big stroke. N ek{ coVmA kAV^n kAm.
c°yamc°yam d°eru `cut it in one stroke'.
c°yaKc°yaKtiadv clearly, distinctly. N Cl g.
c°yaKgadv clearly, obviously. N -p V. c°yaK nu `he is clearly better'. awet c°yaK k°adat `today, it will be clear'.
d
dYsVYn punishment.
da-nfl locative, case ending after noun and pronoun.
dabin khukuri, big knife. N KkEr. hKka dabi k°isi banaK `I came to buy a khukuri'.
dabyan fireplace. N agno. dabyachkda yuKma dot `one must put it close to the fireplace'.
dakn S 1. rhodondendron. N lAElgrA s. S 2. warp, weaving instrument. N tAn.
dakbuKn rhodondendron. N lAElgrA s. S Rhodondendron arboreum.
dalan lentil. N dAl.
dama (da)vi to finalise, to effect. N rAHn. shma dama `to die'. imma dama `to fall asleep'.
k°atma dama `to bring'. inma dama `to sell'. setma dama `to kill'. senma dama `to ask'.
dambaraKn mimosa. N bhArF (boV). S Mimosa rubicaulis.
damcan bark, of a banana tree; layers of bark. N TMbA.
damma (damsu)vt to thrash. N pCAn . cf d°amma. syn d°amma.
danin vessel, pot; thing. N BA Xo. cf c°apdani.
danma (dantu)vt to make fall, trip. N KsAun. cf d°anma. root d°anma.
daKma (daKu)vt to organize in order. N hAr lgAun.
daren punishment. N dX.
datma (dara)vi to be seen. N dEKn. hcit k°adara `it became bright, clear'. k°adara `it got bright'.
sankenci mhdatyaK `the stars can be seen'.cf kutma.
k°a datmavi rise, sunrise. nam k°adatki kama musi k°atKa `I will go to do work right after sunrise'.nam k°adara `the sun rose'.cf namma.
dawan water jug. N G{\Vo.
dawabuKn type of flower, flowering in springtime, in strings in trees; white flower.
dayan right, right hand side.
depro what?.
dekiadv why. deki setma”o `why kill?'. deki nhmok”o `why did he hit you?'. deki mhlok `why?'.
dekinaloconj because.
dempro how much; how many. o kYp dem c°ukta? `how much does this cup cost'.
deman paternal aunt, father's elder sister or wife of father's elder brother. N WlF aAmA. pair dewa.
demkaadj how many. demka bYje `what time is it?'. k°ana demka sale `how old are you?'.
demko pro how much, in exclamations: how big is he!. N kEt. demko wa ta, k°unkoKa wadupma k°ara `as much rain falls, that much it will flood'.
demk°apro when. N kEhl. demk°ac°aK `whenever'.
deKn S 1. after, afterwards. N pEC. mum”o deKda `after we have done that'. S 2. back; with locative: at the back, behind, after.opp buk.
deKma (deKtu)vt to weave. N bn.
deKsaadv reverse, backwards. N uSVo. hk°ainmin; deKsa kon ni. `We don't see it; he walks backwards, they say.'.
detniadv how, why.
dewan paternal uncle, older brother of father, or the husband of an older sister of father. N Wlo bA. adewa `o, uncle'.pair dema.
dhkc°an (younger) brothers; brothers as a group; a clan. N BAih!. dhkc°abhwa `younger and older brothers'.pair c°etkuma.
dhma (dhsu)vt to make fall, to lie down. N lXAun.
dhKma (dhKa)vi to be in a hurry. N htArmA hn. bYjara k°atma dhKKaKa `I was in a hurry to go the bazaar'.
dhpma (dhu)vt to make clay; to knead. N mAVo bnAun.
dipro what?. N k.
dibun (Indian) chestnut. N kVs. S Castanopsis indica.
dicc°aKpro anything, whatever.
dicipro what (non-singular).
dic°aKpro anything; in negated contexts: nothing. mosa”a dic°aK htoktuK `he will get nothing'.
mosa”a dic°aK mantokyuktu `he received nothing'. dic°aK atta! `oh, whatever!'.
didaadv in what?. N kmA?.
dikkun uncle, mother's older brother. N mAmA.
dima (disa)vi to reach. N aAip`n. tadisa `he reached'. c°ukta disani `he threw himself in'.
dima (disu)vt to reach. N aAip`n. hmiri k°untu disuni `he stuck his tail in'.
diman grandmother, father's father or mother's mother. cf dima.
diman great-grandmother; mother's mother's mother. adimo! `my grandmother! oh old woman!'.
dinn egg (generic); also used for testicle. N aXA.
dinin aunt; mother's older brother's wife. N mAiя.
dinma (dintu)vt to lay eggs. N aXA PSn. wa d°inta `the chicken laid eggs'.
dipma (diptu)vt to cover. N Co=n.
diwan grandfather, father's father or mother's father. cf dima. adiwa `o grandfather!'.
diwan great-grandfather.
diwaman foremother. N Ept. cf diwapa.
diwapan forefather. N Ept.
don mouth.
docikirokn snail. N s²kFrA.
dokekn beak, bird's beak. N cQco.
domhwan beard, hair around the mouth.
domma (domta)vi to be senseless, think without direction, be amazed. N VolAun. domma dama `think very hard'.
domma vt to surprise, to amaze. N acMm lA`n. hKkana hdomtaKdaK `I was surprised'.
k°anacina nhdomtadaci `you (pl) were surprised'.middle domma.
dommakn grasshopper. N PVR^g}o.
dommaKn in three years, three years later. N tFn vq pEC. cf c°immaK.
donma (dontu)vt to fish with a rod. N mACA mAn .
doKn musical instrument. N Ebnyo; bFn.
doKn year; a year. N sAl; vq . hKc°a toppotet nYuka doK battu `my oldest son is nine years old'.
doKdikitman firefly. N яnkFrF.
doKma (doKsu)vt to spin (thread). N YAgo bnAun.
dopma (doptu)vt to worship. N pяA gn . dosiwan lip. N aoW.
dotn request. N mAgn. cf dot.
dotma (dora)vi to must, obligation. N pn . tama dora `we have to go'. cama dotyaK `we should eat, will have to eat'.
dotma (doru)vt to beg, ask for. N mA`n. middle dotma.
dowan religious officiant; shaman, sorcerer; also: sorcery. N DAEm. dowa muKane `let me do sorcery...'.
du-qual step; quantifier of distance, operates are a numeral qualifier. N pd. hkdu hwadu `one, two steps'.
dun moment; time, turn. N ECn; coEV, pSV. hkdu huKaK `wait a moment for me'. hkdukina
`after a moment'.hk duniya `a moment please, hey'.cf k°epi.
dudan milk (human, cows, any); also: used for breast. N dD. cf yamsi. duda duKyaKo `he drinks milk'.
dukcipn mint tree. N Bsr. S Leukosceptrum canum.
dukdeKhaK nm Dukdenghang, a Bantawa clan. N dkdRhAR, bAtAvA Trko euVA pACA (hA gA).
dukma (duu)vt to flood. N Bl hn.
duk°an trouble, give trouble. N d:K.
duk°a phmavt trouble, give trouble.
duk°an trouble.
duk°upn drowsiness, sleepiness. N EndýA. hduk°up yiyaK `he got sleepy (lit: his sleepiness came down)'.
dumn thing, language, speech; in general, an item, business, act. N krA.
duma (dusa)vi to collect, gather. N BlA gn . dunma (duntu)vt to to make short. N CoV^yAun.
duKn top, head. N mAET. moso”o hduKdu `on top of that...'.
duKgribuKn pink daisy. N dER^g} Pl.
duKma (duKu)vt (antip) to drink. N Epun.
duKmetmavt to feed (as for a mother her child: give a drink), to drench. N Epun Edn.
duKtimn pride, arrogance. N GmX. duKtim k°unma `behave with pride, arrogantly'. cf duK tim.
dupk°awan landslide (as a consequence of flood). N pEhro.
dupma (duu)vt S 1. to make a utensil, ornament. N kmAun. S 2. to wrap (e.g. around the head).
N bn .
dutma (duttu)vt to sense, feel. N cAHn; shn. detni duttu `how does it feel (taste)'.
duwac°an son, boy, male person. N CorA. duwac°ac°a `little boy'. pair mec°ac°a.
duwarik°amn doorway; doorposts. cf duwari k°am.
dyapro or what? a particle to express wonder, happiness, uncertainty, and annoyance; possibly a
variation on di, analogous to Nepali ke -- kya..N ?yA. cf di.
d°
d°Ymiran termite. N DEmrA.
d°YrmYc°an adopted child. N Dm p/.
d°akkoadj the upper, the one above. d°akko tola `the upper village'. cf hyukko.
d°akma (d°aktu)vt to be constipated. N aX^kAun. k°olai hk°ha d°aktu `he got constipated'.
hKk°ha hd°aktaK `I got constipated'.
d°amavi to go down, to climb down; to fall down. N Jn . yutni d°ayaK `he goes down'. ak°omaK yutni d°a `yesterday he went down'.
d°amma (d°amsa)vi to tumble down. N lX^n.
d°amma (d°amsu)vt (middle) to throw to the ground. N pCAn . syn damma.
d°anaadv up there, above. N mAET. cf hyuna.
d°anasen fruit bat, small bat. N sAno cmro.
d°aniKkaadv from up. cf d°ani Kka.
d°anma (d°antu)vt to take sth down; to drop. N JAn . caus danma.
d°aKn part; half. N BAg. hk d°aK k°ana k°attu, hk d°aK hKka yuKsuK `you take one part, I'll keep one part'.
d°aKvt to stack, to pile. N TAk lAun.
d°aKma (d°aKsu)vt to divide; to break. N bA X^n.
d°apma (d°aptu)vt to wash clothes usually beating with a club. N Dn. wad°apma `to wash'.
d°apma (d°au)vt to kick with the leg. N kV^n. hKlaK”a d°apnaki amb°usa lonna `I will bring your dandruff out by kicking you'.
d°aran tap. N DArA.
d°atk°an beating, pummeling. N kVEpV. cf d°atma.
d°atma (d°attu)vt to hit; to beat, to strike (e.g. with stick). N EpV^n.
d°atniadv up there, in upwards direction; upwards. N u mAsEtr. opp hyutni.
d°aucokn upper floor. N mAETSlo tSlA. opp hyucok.
d°ekma (d°ektu)vt to block, to close (e.g. the door). N C?n. lam d°ektu `close the door'.
d°enma (d°elu)vt to uproot; to pull out. N uKSn. syn tenma.
d°eKn back, behind. amd°eK, hKd°eK `your back, my back'. yawaci hKdeKya mhbanyaK `our friends are coming behind'.
d°eKyhwan backbone. N YAX. amd°enyhwa otna `I'll break your backbone'.
d°eran across, at the other side; suffix indicating 'side of a hill', cf. compounds with this suffix. N pEÓ.cf d°etma.
d°etma (d°eru)vt to cut object; to cross river/road; to hack, cut with a khukuri. N kAV^n; tn . saKwa”o hd°hkcerhkda d°eruK `I cut the buffalo's neck'.
d°etma (d°ettu)vt to cut something for someone else, to cut off (a path or road to someone else). N kAVEdn; trEdn. anko an lap mhd°etta `They cut off our wing'.root d°etma.
d°hn vagina, female genitals. N Bg.
d°hkcerhkn neck, back side. N gD n. saKwa”o hd°hkcerhkda d°eruK `I cut the buffalo's neck'.
d°hkma (d°hkta)vi to perimeter; to be as big as in perimeter. N moVo hn. und°hkyaK `it is this big (in diameter)'.hcit d°hkyaK `it is a bit bigger (in diameter)'. to chop; to cut off.N kAV^n.
d°hkma setma `to cut and kill'.
d°hma (d°hsu)vt to lay; to make fall; roll. N pSVn. d°hmancin `to lie (yourself) down'. caus d°htma.
d°htma (d°httu)vt to drop; drop sth on third object. N gXAun; gSVAun. pakistanici”a und°hkko luKtak mhd°httuci `the Pakistanis rolled down such big stones'.root d°hma.
d°ib°hrhn the far hill (the bigger one). N pSlo, upSlo XA XA. cf c°hb°hrh.
d°ilaKn thigh.
d°ima (d°isa)vi to be big. N Wlo hn. d°iyaK `he's bigger'.
d°imron termite. N DEmro.
d°inn egg; also: testicle(s). N aXA. d°inlhwa `testicles'. cf din.
d°inaran tiger, Bengal tiger. N bAG.
d°iriman bamboo bottle, cut out of one section of a bamboo pole (including the ribs knuckles);
halfway a single hole is cut out.N bA -ko botl.
d°itenn a bigger village or place (in comparison). N Wlo gAu . opp cukten.
d°itma (d°iru)vt to find; to use; to find time. N BV^n, BVAun; <yAun. hKka lamuK”o dum d°iruK `I found what I was looking for'. d°iruKyuKhida `while I find time...'.
d°iyayokk°an council. N mhAsBA. cf d°i yayokk°a.
d°okma (d°oktu)vt to dig esp. with short handled spade; to peck (as of a bird with it's beak). N Kn. hd°oktaK `it pecked me'. whk d°oktu `dig the garden!'.
d°ud°uman screw pine. S Pandanus furcatus. d°ud°umaraK d°ud°usi `screw pine tree; screw pine fruit'.
d°uwan smoke.
d°umma (d°umtu)vt to trace; to search following the signs left. N Ko>n.
d°unma (d°unta)vi to shiver (because of cold, fear and excitement). N kAMn.
d°uKn above, over. N mAET. yaKd°uKda `above money'.
d°uKma (d°uKsa)vi to bump. N bE>rn.
d°uKma (d°uKsu)vt (middle) to thresh sth/so against hard object, to knock down; to thresh. N bE>rn; Wo?n; pCAn .
d°upiraKn cedar. N dvAr. S Cedrus deodara.
d°upma (d°uu)vt to pierce; to hit; to sting (of thorns). N GoQn. thKk°okwa hd°uwaK `the thorn stung me'.
d°urin rooftop, roof beam. N DrF.
d°utma (d°utta)vi to be rewarded (of bad deed). to experience, to feel. N cAHn; lA`n. canulok d°uttu `he likes the taste (he experience it as good tasting)'. hakla thd°uttuKo `are you feeling the warmth?'.
d°utniadv upwards. N mAsEtr. parud°utni k°arinne `let's go to heaven'.
d°uwan big man, important man. N Wlo mAC.
e
epart hey! Oh! Exclamation of surprise, or clitic of emphasis..
eda-nfl locative comitative; possessive case, unspecified for level; also "in", "with".
ek°ad°amn toilet, place to relieve oneself. N EdsA gn WAu . ek°ad°am c°enk°ad°am `toilet'.
ema (esa)vi to defecate, to shit (a bit rude). N EdsA gn . caus etma.
emma (emsu) vt to make stand; to establish. N u<yAun; WX^yAun. kirat ra+ yayokk°a, KathmandYu cukˆen sYmiti”o hnhKwa sYmiti emma lisa yuKsa. `The new committee of the Kiranti Rai Society, Kathmandu chapter committee, has been established. [Bungwakha-22]'.
root epma.
emma (emsu)vt (middle) to cool off (as of something else, i.e. to chill something). N slAun.
emmavi to cool off, to chill. N sSn. ema k°ara `it went cold (as of tea)'. caus emma.
emsun pretext, cause (for fighting). N Enh . emsu lamyaK `he is looking for a fight'.
enma (entu)vt to lift with a handle, to turn over. N WSn. tokpa luK enmakinana limma k°anma dot `lifting a big stone, it must turn over and away'.
enma (enu)vt (antip) to hear. N sn. encune `let's listen later'. k°aenaKa `he was listening'.
ennuloadj good, good to hear. ennulo saKyaK `it sounds good'. cf en nulo. cf k°anulo namnulo.
eKma (eKsu)vt (middle) S 1. to pour from a big vessel. N sAn (ek gAg}obAV ako mA). S 2. to change the water course (e.g. of a river).N KolA tkA un.
epma (eptu)vt to feed the wind; to make wind to a heap of grain, for example, to blow away the peel.N hAvA KvAun. kaya hhk eptu `feed wind to the rice'. cf hhkma.
epma (ewa)vi to stand, be upright. N uEBn. caus emma. cf kaeppa ewaKao kahuKpa.
epman grave, tomb. N EchAn.
etma (ettu)vt to make defecate (e.g. to make a child do that); causative of ema. N EdsA grAun.
cf ema. root ema.
etma (ettu)vt to tell; collocates with -k°a-. N snAun. k°a etma `to tell, to make hear'. root enma.
g
gYhYkadj heavy. N gz; ghEklo.
gYhYnan ornament. N ghnA.
gYiran deep valley, 'down there'. N gEhro. gYirada yuKKa `I live in the deep'.
gYrin moment, time. N blA, GXF. ogYrida `at this moment'.
gaghtyaKn a distillation vessel, used to distill alcohol from beer; a vessel with holes in the bottom to let the steam in.N rE?s bnAun BA Xo.
gahun wheat. N gh .
gakma (gaktu) vt (antip) to make a hut on the ground, structure s th. without digging. N ngAEXkn WX^ yAun kAm gn (bnAu dA).
gakwan crow. N kAg.
gaKmavt to make a hut on the ground, structure s.th. without digging. N ngAEXkn WX^yAun
kAm gn (bnAu dA). ak°omaK uncitko goˆ°a gaKtuK `I made a small stable yesterday'.cf gakma.
gedin hip.
goksun caterpillar. N JEslkFro. goksu hKtitda waKakina hhaKtaK `as the caterpillar got into my clothes, it itched'.
gomYnen Cobra plant, a very colourful and striped aroid. N gomn Pl. S Arisaema griffithii.
gomYne buK `the cobra plant'.
goma (gosa)vi to belch. N XkAn ; XkAr. cf g°otma.
goKdokn ox; bull, cow's bull (not of buffalo!). N goz.
goKjoruKn begonia. N clEs. S Begonia picta.
goKma (gaKta)vi to be of size, to be big. N Wlo hn. cit goKyaK `it is small'. ak°omaK cit goKtaKa ayh un goKyaK `yesterday it was small, today it is like this'.
goKma (goKtu)vt to stretch, to make tense, to bind up (of a bow).
goprac°atan amanita mushroom. N QyAu. S Amanita.
gulencin plumeria.
guKguKluKadv very deep, as of a gorge or deep valley.
g°
g°asan grass. N GA s.
g°asalan grass land; a meadow. N Kk .
g°okron throat. N Goo; EGQro. hKg°okro `my throat'.
g°oksun caterpillar. N JEslkFro.
g°oksuhokn cocoon; a pupa with a hairy skin. N kFrAko CAlA.
g°oKma (g°oKtu)vt to fuck (slang). N Ec?n. ma g°oKma `to fuck a girl'.
g°umn a leaf umbrella, a frame woven of bamboo strips; leaves are stuck in between to keep out the rain; carried on the head while people work the fields.N Gm.
h
hYKsYn spirit (ghost?). N aA(mA. mhna”o hhYKsY k°aralonta hyam onKa yuKyaK `his spirit has gone out, only his body is left'.
hYrdin turmeric (from Nepali). N bsAr. S Curcuma domestica.
hYtuwanm Hatuwa, an area in Bhojpur comprising of Sindrang, Ranibas, Homtang, Khairang, Patlepani, Hasanpur, Dewantar, Pawala and may be Bhasikhora. In all of Hatuwa, Bantawa is spoken, also by other Rai subgroups.N htvA.
hasan duck. N hA s.
haklan warm season. N vqA . hakla yamda `in the warm season'.
hakluKwan sweat. N pEsnA.
hakma (hakta)vi to be warm, to be hot. N gEm hn. hakta lonta `it has become warm'.
hakma (haktu)vt to measure, to weight. N nA=n.
halaadj red. N rAto.
halabuKn poinsettia. N lAlpAt. S Poinsettia.
haleadv fast, right now. N aEhl n{; ECVo. hale p°uKsanin `start right now!'.
hama (hasu)vt to divide, to distribute. N bA X^Edn.
hamkoadj different. N Prk; PrEklo.
hamma (hamtu)vt to hang, to entangle. N aSJAun; aSkAun.
hanadv now. N ab; aEhl.
hanlokadv now; today, later today. N Br; aEhl. awet hnamphk `tonight'. cf awet.
hanma (hanta)vi to talk, in a continuous sense; to speak. N boSn; goP soP gn . cf cepma.
ak°omaK hKka”a hantaK `yesterday I talked'. hantinne `let's talk'. hantaci”a”o yuwaKa
`we had talked (previously)'.
hanma (hantu)vt to send. N pWAun. o kitap k°ana hannane. `Let me send you this book.'.
ya hanmavt to pray, to incantate; to send a message. N prAT nA gn ; Kbr pWAun. cf yhK latma.cf ya hatma.
haKn king. N rAяA.
haKc°an prince; son of a king. N rAяkmAr.
haKc°anumanm Hangchanuma; name of a girl; also used for mankind in religious language. N
hAR^ CAnmA.
haKhonn land, our land; country, nation. N rA V~. haKhon b°eplo anyhK luma dot `in all of our country our language must be spoken'.
haKhonlaadj national, pertaining to our land. N rAE V~y. cf haKhon.
haKkacin government. N srkAr.
haKkaKsin hangkangsi, a local plant used to make oil. N GoXAKEr. S Viburnum coriaceum, Viburnum mullaha.
haKkopn country. N df.
haKk°an kingdom.
haKmavi to heat up, to get hot. N tA(n. haKma k°atma `to heat up, to get hot'. root hakma.
haKmavt to itch. N EclAun; ko?yAun. cf goksu. goksu hKtitda waKakina hhaKtaK `as the caterpillar came into my clothes, it itched'.
haKpan king. cf haK.
hapma (hapta)vi to be stuck, be entangled, be stuck. N aESJn; aX^kn. amg°okroya hapta `it got stuck in your throat'.
haran plough. N hlo.
hatdeurin rope, string. N XorF.
hatma (hattu)vt (antip) to hurry. N htAr gn . deki thhatyaK `why do you hurry?'.
hatmavt to share, to share amongst one another; to make share. N bA X^Edn. root hama.
ya hatmavi to pray. N m/-tn^/ gn . nakc°oKci sakenwa muk°ada ya mhhat `The priests pray during Sakenwa worship'.ya hhattacu `they (d) pray'. ya hhatta `they (pl) pray'.
hatp°uroKn glutton, gluttonous person, ravenous eater. N KcvA.
hekma (hektu)vt to cut grass, to cut with a saw. N rV^n; kAV^n.
helaKn hatred, hate. N hlA. k°osa”a helaK hmuwaK / hmuKaKa `he hated me / hates me'.
helawan red monkey, Rhesus monkey. S Macaca mulatta. N bA dr.
hemma (hemsa)vi to be intoxicated, to be drunk. N lXbEXn. hemma k°atma `be drunk, swing'.
henkaadj bent, crooked; uneven. N VYo; bAgo. k°ana deki henka henka thchyaK `why are you so off- (so difficult)'.cf henma.
henkopn kingdom.
henk°amman world, earth. N DEt ; s\sAr. cf hen-k°a-ma. cf ninamma.
henma (hena)vi to remain, to be left over. N b-n; rhn. hcilok sa hena `A little bit of meat is left.'.caus hetma.
henshKn phaledo tree, a tree with red flowers. N PAldo. S Erythrina stricta.
heKma (heKa)vi to hurry. N htAr gn .
heKma (heKta)vt (middle) to purify; to distill; intransitive: to evaporate. N KAn . heKmawan liquor, local hard drink. N r?sF. cf heKma.
hepma (heptu)vt to hug (out of love). N a gAlo hASn.
hetc°akuwan orphan boy. N thro CorA.
hetc°aman orphan girl. N thro CorF.
hetc°awan orphan. N thro.
hetma (hettu)vt to bind, to tie. N bA @n. root henma.
hewan sin. N pAp.
hhn blood. N rgt. hhh `his blood'.
hhkn wind, air. N hAvA. hhk banyaK `the wind is blowing'.
hhkdhkpan hiccough, the hiccups. N bAXlF. saKa”a hmittaKki hhkdhkpa hmetKaKa? `thinking of who did I get the hiccups?'.
hhkma (hhktu)vt to fan. N hAvA KvAun. cf epma.
hhllan ghost, roaming spirit (of a man). N Bt-prt (kVAko). pair mamaK.
hhma (hhsu)vt to block, by plug. N C?n.
hhmaKn blood swelling.
hhKk°an life, the life as a concept. cf hhKma.
hhKma (hhKa)vi to live, be safe. N bAQn; Eяun.
hhKma (hhKsu)vt (middle) to save. N bcAun. hhKk°alonk°a sawa `the power to save'. middle hhKma.
hhKman life; the infinitive of 'to live'. N яFvn.
hhKmaKn living person, creature; living soul. N яFEvt mAC. opp sitmaK.
hhpma (hhu)vt to peel the bark of bamboo or tree. N KEk n.
hhtma (hhttu)vt (antip) to burn. N poSn. nama k°a hhtyaK `the sun is burning'. nama k°a hhtta
`the sun was burning yesterday'.amtaK mhwa hhtta `did your hair burn?'.
hhwaadj two. N dI.
hhyakman sister of a son-in-law or daughter-in-law. N >vAi Ek bhArFko EddF-bEhnF. pair hhyakpa.
hhyakpan brother of a son-in-law or daughter-in-law. N >vAi Ek bhArFko dAi-BAi. pair hhyakma.
hidavsuf `while,' simultaneous clause conjunctive marker.
hilin culture. N s\-kEt. t°apshK-hili `tradition-culture'. anko t°apshK-hilida sakenwa ni”o j°arakdaKka hd°iwaK maK `In our culture, Sakenwa is the most important divinity'.
hima (hisu)vt to shake, stir a liquid (with the vessel). N hSlAun. caus hinma.
himma (himsa)vi to be mad. N bhlAun. moko himsa lonta `he went crazy'.
himsaleadj mad, insane, crazy; madman. N bhlAeko. cf himma. ayhmit tenda badd°e himsale kutiwaci mhkonyaK `nowadays in the village many crazy dogs walk about'.
hinma (hila)vi to be stirred. N mE-kn. S 1. to stir, as of food. N m-kAun. S 2. to break down lumps; divide.N KX^n. root hinma. root hima.
hinma (hinsu)vt to shake, to stir. root hinma. root hima.
hiKn snow; ice. N Ehu ; brP.
hipn generation, age. N umr; dO\trF. hKhip”o yawaci tenda saKc°aK maddhKci `there are no friends of my age in the village'.
hipma (hiptu)vt to shake through sieve.
hipma (hiu)vt to cut.down; clear an area in the jungle. N PAX^n; sohr pVAr gn . hitamman mountain, himalaya. N EhmAl.
hogaKman praying mantis.
hokma (hou)vt to open door or mouth. N KoSn. caus hoKma.
hokwan skin. N CAlA. hhokwa raKta k°ara `he got a suntan'.
holan bottle gourd. N lOkA.
holasin bottle gourd (the fruit, specifically). N lOkA.
homa (hoa)vi to burn. N poSn.
homa (hosu)vt to burn, to make burn. N poSn. k°osa”a hosu `he burnt it'. root homa.
homa (ho)vt to burn, to make burn. N poSn. k°osa”a ho `he burnt it'. homa.
