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University of Groningen

Long-term effects of dietary lipid structure in early life

Ronda, Onne

DOI:

10.33612/diss.136676657

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2020

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Citation for published version (APA):

Ronda, O. (2020). Long-term effects of dietary lipid structure in early life: Studies in experimental models.

University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.136676657

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Appendices

Bibliography

Abbreviations

Summary

Samenvatting

Dankwoord

Biography

Biografie

List of publications

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A

Abbreviations

General

AUC: area under the curve

BA: biliary atresia (only in Chapter 5)

BMI: body mass index

BW: body weight

cIMF: control IMF

DOHaD: developmental origin of health and

disease

eIMF: experimental IMF

Epi: epididymal fat pad

GTT/ITT/PTT: Glucose/ Insulin/ Pyruvate

Tolerance Test

HFD: high fat diet

HM: human milk

IMF: infant milk formula

IQR: interquartile range

LFD: low-fat diet

LPL: lipoprotein lipase

MFGM: milk fat globule membrane

NCD: non-communicable diseases

Peri: perirenal fat pad

PN: postnatal day

VK: Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone,

phytomenadione)

VKD: Vitamin K deficiency

VKDB: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

VLDL-TG: very-low density lipoprotein

triglycerides

Lipids

ARA: arachidonic acid

CE: cholesterol ester

CM: chylomicrons

DHA: docosahexaenoic acid

EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid

FAME: fatty acid methyl ester

FC: free cholesterol

MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid

NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids

Phos: phospholipids

PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid

TC: total cholesterol

TG: triglyceride

Bile acids

(T) (U/C/H) (D) CA: (tauro) (urso/cheno/hyo)

(deoxy-) cholic acid

(T) (α/β/ω)-MCA: (tauro-) α/β/ω-muricholic

acid

Protein names

ACAA2: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase,

mitochondrial

ACADS/M/VL:

Short/Medium/Very-long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase,

mitochondrial

ACO2: Aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial

ALAT: alanine transaminase

ASAT: aspartate transaminase

ATP5B: ATP synthase subunit beta,

mitochondrial

COX5A: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A,

mitochondrial

CPT2: Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2,

mitochondrial

CS: Citrate synthase, mitochondrial

CXCL-1: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1

CYCS: Cytochrome c, somatic

DECR1: 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase,

mitochondrial

(15)

DLAT: Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue

acetyltransferase component of pyruvate

dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial

DLD: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase,

mitochondrial

DLST: Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue

succinyltransferase component of

2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex,

mitochondrial

ECHS1: Enoyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrial

ECI1: Enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 1,

mitochondrial

ETFA/B: Electron transfer flavoprotein

subunit alpha/beta, mitochondrial

ETFDH: Electron transfer

flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrial

FH: Fumarate hydratase, mitochondrial

GPX4: Phospholipid hydroperoxide

glutathione peroxidase

HADH: Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A

dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

HADHA/B: Trifunctional enzyme subunit

alpha/beta, mitochondrial

IDH2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP],

mitochondrial

IDH3A: Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD]

subunit alpha, mitochondrial

IFNg: interferon gamma

IL-1b: interleukin 1 beta

IL-2/5/10: interleukin 2/5/10

IL-6: interleukin 6

MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

MDH2: Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

NDUFS1: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase

75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial

OGDH: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase,

mitochondrial

PDHA1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1

component subunit alpha, somatic form,

mitochondrial

PRDX6: Peroxiredoxin-6

SDHA: Succinate dehydrogenase

[ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit,

mitochondrial

SDHB: Succinate dehydrogenase

[ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit,

mitochondrial

SLC25A1: Tricarboxylate transport protein,

mitochondrial

SLC25A3: Phosphate carrier protein,

mitochondrial

SLC25A5: ADP/ATP translocase 2

SLC25A11: Mitochondrial

2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein

SLC25A22: Mitochondrial glutamate carrier

1

SOD2: Superoxide dismutase [Mn],

mitochondrial

SUCLA2: Succinate--CoA ligase

[ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial

SUCLG1: Succinate--CoA ligase

[ADP/GDP-forming] subunit alpha,

mitochondrial

SUCLG2: Succinate--CoA ligase

[GDP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial

TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha

UQCRC2: Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit

2, mitochondrial

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A

Summary

Breast-feeding is epidemiologically associated with a lower incidence in obesity

during childhood, adolescent and adulthood, as compared to infant milk formula

(IMF)-feeding. One of the proposed mechanisms of this difference is thought to be

metabolic ‘programming’; a stimulus or insult during a sensitive window of

development, which has long-term effects. Compositional and/or physicochemical

differences between human milk and formula have been suggested to underlie these

long-term effects on the incidence of obesity. One distinct difference between human

milk and typical formulae is the physicochemical structure of the milk fat globules:

large phospholipid-coated versus small protein-coated lipid globules, respectively.

When the physicochemical structure of these lipid globules is mimicked in a rodent

diet and fed to mice in early life, these mice transiently gain less body weight and

fat mass when fed a Western style diet later in life. The aim of this thesis was to

identify the possible mechanism(s) of metabolic programming of later life body

weight and fat mass gain after feeding mice an early life diet containing large

phospholipid-coated lipid globules.

The robustness and limits of early life IMF-induced programming

The physicochemical structure of human milk fat globules was mimicked in a

formula-based rodent diet (eIMF, abbreviation of experimental Infant Milk Formula)

and compared to a control (cIMF, abbreviation of control Infant Milk Formula). In a

series of preclinical studies, it was shown that eIMF versus cIMF feeding in early

life resulted in less fat mass gain during a Western-style diet challenge in later life.

It was shown (Chapter 2) that the effects of eIMF versus cIMF on later life body

weight and fat mass gain were transient when the exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD)

was continued: after 3 months on HFD, the differences in body weight gain and

composition tended to disappear. This transient nature of the effect provided

evidence that the effects were not due to a permanent and absolute incapability to

gain body weight and fat mass. Theoretically, a transiently lower energy balance (i.e.

lower body weight and fat mass gain) must find its origin in a lower intake, a higher

energy expenditure, or both. Food intake correlated with long-term weight gain,

suggesting that a lower energy intake may underly the effect on body weight and fat

mass. Early life eIMF feeding resulted in higher gene expression and protein

abundance of mitochondrial oxidative capacity markers in skeletal muscle and

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