I K.ITLV LEIDEN I '

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I K.ITLV LEIDEN I '

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^WWF/ IUCN CONSERVATION FOR OEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ME

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^{IN INOONESIA}

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WWF/IUCN CONSERVATION FOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN INDONESIA

WWF/IUCN PROJECT 1528: IRIAN JAVA CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN IRIAN JAVA

A STRATEGY FOR RATIONAL RESOURCE UTILIZATION

BV

OR. RONALO G. PETOCZ WWF IUCN PROJECT LEADER FOR IRIAN JAVA

ILLUSTRATEO BV GEORGE P. RASPAOO

WWF Volunteer

FOA

DIAECTORATE GENEAAL OF FOAEST PAOTECTION AND NATURE CONSEAVATION

BOGOR 1984

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Preface

Since coming to Irian Jaya in June of 1980, I have had the opportunity to visit many of the marvellous natural areas tor which

the province is so famous and re-nown. I have experienced great pleasure in viewing its colorful wildlife on the land and below the sea. travelling wi th my col leagues in the government and students from the university, and enjoying the hospitality and assistance while learning so much about the countryside from its knowledgeable inhabitants living in some of the most remote places in the world.

I have been bitten by leaches, exhausted from trekking over rugged mountainous terrain. drenched in tor:cential rains, and burned and blistered trom the sun while at sea. It has been an interesting courtship and continues to be ene of the most fascinating learning experiences in my life.

Living in Jayapura I have also enjoyed the company of many interesting and dedicated people in the government. among the missions, within ether organizations and institutes, and at the university, All have been most helpful in the long process of becoming familiar with the ongoing and planned developmental programmes in the province and in supporting the development of the conservation programme here. I have attempted to present in th is report what I consider to be the most important aspects both within and outside the protected area system. I have tried to be frank in my assessments, constructive in my cri ticisms, sineere in my

recommendations and uncomplicated in my verse. There will be many questions to be answered and problems to be solved as the

conservation programme enters into its next phase of marine reserve

de~ign and management planning and implementation, and as other sectoral development programmes surge forward in this Peli ta IV.

I hope that this report will provide a constructive guideline in promoting active conservation in Irian Jaya.

This document has been written with many people in mind whose expertise covers a wide range of disciplines and age groups. Fram university students to my own col leagues in PHPA and in other branches of government, I have become aware of the limited perception

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which many people have about the natural environment of lrian Jaya and the paucity of information which is available about these aspects in the province. I have therefore expanded the background section of th is paper to assist people in understanding the basic factors that have continued to shape the character of the is land since the beg inning of its formation millions of years ago. In bringing together all the major developmental sectors under this single cover. it is my hope that this document will stimulate an information flow and real interdepartmental cooperation in the development of Irian Jaya that will blend comfortably with resource conservation. To those of us that are directl y concerned wi th the development of the reserve system, its management, protection and the support systems which are needed to propel the conservation movement into action, I hope that my views will provide a rnomentum to your programme. The challenge is an exciting and important one and will require great dedication and perseverance. lt is a

tremendous responsibility which requires the mobilization and assistance of many sources in and outside of Indonesia. May the challenge be met successfully!

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Dr. Ronald Petocz

WWFjlUCN Project Leader for lrian Jaya

Jayapura

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A cknowledgements

lt is my pleasure to thank the many people in the government, development agencies, missions, the university and private individuals who hsve given freely of their time and information and have of ten stimulated my thoughts on the array of topics which I have tried to present, It would ba quite impossible to list all these good people by name, but to all, 1 express my sineere appreciation. Several co 1 leagues have devoted a considerable amount of time in assisting with the actual production of the report or by providing their talent in reviewing or editing the manuscript and deserve special mention.

Firstly, i t is a pleasure to thank Hr. George P. Raspado, WWF volun- teer, for the superb illustrations, cover design, most of the carto- graphy, and his assistance in the layout of the report. His consi- derable efforts and talent have greatly enhanced this document both technically and aesthetically, drawing the readers attent ion to major points and breaking the tedium of the text. I am very grateful to Hr. John Ratcliffe, WWF Conservation Off icer, who took on the thankless task of critically reading the entire manuscript, elimina- ting my mistakes, and providing many useful convnents and suggestions for its improvement. Ms. Susan O' Farrell, Soils Scientist, Huntings Technical Services, Jayapura wrote the section on soils and provided helpful advice on compiling the soils map for which I am most appreclative. I am also grateful to Hr. Ian Stanyon, Huntings Techni- cal Services, Jayapura and his staf! for assistance in drafting the maps in Figures 3, 8, and 25, Hr. Asip of the Technical Assistance Department, PHPA Bogor for Figure 22, to Ir. Margono and his staf!

of the Technical Division of the Provincial Forestry Department in Jayapura for information on developmental sectors within the province, and particularly to Messrs. Soor, and Iwanggin for thelr careful work with the pantograph in plotting up data. It is also a pleasure to thank Hr. Theo van der Broek, OFK, of the Catholic Hission in Irian Jaya, and Hr. Clive Alexander, Director of the Irian Jaya Branch of World Vis ion International for making many useful convnents and editorial ramarks on the text. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the Itepala Sub Balai PHPA. Ir. Sriyono (Jayapura) and Ir. B.G. Resubun (Sorong) and their staff for the field and admini- strative support made available to the project, Hr. Yance de Fretes, and Martin Itirenius, student assistants from Cenderawasih Universlty for their help in compiling information, on mammals , birds, and Ir. Subianto, PHPA, Bogor for his convnents on the text concerned

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vith epec:iee c:oneervation. A spec:ial thanks to Hs. L. Pramudita, Sec:retary and Administrative Offic:sr of ths Projec:t, for typing multiple drafts of the report ae vell as ths final c:opy, and espec:ially for her c:areful vork in rende ring the translation into Babaea Indonesia for ths majority of our friends and c:olleaguss in the c:ountry vho vill readthe doc:ument in their native lenguege. Hy thanks to Drs. Samuel Rsnyean, Fac:ulty of Sc:ienc:e, Cenderavasih Univereity

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revieving end c:ommenting on the Indonesian vers ion of the text.

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Contents

page

PREFACE •••.. .•.•••••••••. ••• .••.•.•••••.••••.••.••••.•.••..• ••. Ui

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS •.•••.•.•••••••••••..••••.•.•...••••••.•..• v

GLOS SAR Y . . • • . • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . . • • • . . • • • . • • • • • . • • . . . • xv i INTRODUCTION ..••.••••.• ••••••••.•••..••. ••.••••• •••••••.••••..• 1

PART I . BACKGROUND ... •••• . . •• •. •• ••.• . .•••.••••. •• .•• . . . • • 3

I. The Geographical and Human Perspective .. . 6

11. Physical and Biological Characteristics .. 11

A. PHY 5 IOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .. 11

B. CLIMATE . . . • • . . . • . • . 15

C. THE GEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE . • . . • . . . • . . • .•••••. 19

1. The tectonic evo1ution of New Guinea ...••• 19

2. Geological setting ..••. . . 20

3. Lithologica1 characteristics of Irian Jaya 22 D. SOILS ...••. . . .•.•.•••• .•.•..•..•.•.. .•••. 24

1. GeneraI. . . . . . . . • . • • • • • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . •• 24

2. Soi1s description .. • • . . . ..•..•.. . . . .. . . . 25

3. Soi1s related to vegetation . . . • . . • . . • . . . 28

E. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTS OF IRIAN JAYA . . . ..•. 28

1. Mangrove .. . . ... • . . . ... . .. . . •. 29

2. Swamp . . . . • . . .. . . ... . . .... . . • . . ... . . 29

3. Lowland rainforest . . . 32

4. Lower montane zone . . . 34

5 .. Upper montane zone.... ...... .. ..... ... 34

6. Alpine zone • . • • • • . . . • . . . • • . • . • . • . 35

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F. BIOGEOGRAPHY - A REGIONAL SUMMARY . . . . . . • . •• . ... 35

G. FLORA ••. ••.. . . • . . . 40

H. FAUNA ••.•...•.• •••••••••••• ••.. ... . . .••••.•••••. 42

1. Hammals •..•...••.•.••.••.. .•. . . •. ... . . 42

2. Birds . . ..•.•••• •••• ... ••.. •..•••. . .•... •.. 43

3. Reptiles and amphibians . . . .•••••.•...•...••• 45

4. Fish •..•...••...•••. • • . • . . . .••. •.•. • . . . 47

5. Insects . . . • . . • .••.•.••.••• . . . .•••• .•••. 48

6. Other invertebrates •• •.•••.•..••..•...• ••..•. 49

111. A Short Historical Perspective ... . ... .. . 50

IV . Biological and Physical Principles governing the Design of the Protected Area System of Irian Jaya . . .. . ... . ...

52

A. HABITAT AND ALTITUDINAL CONSiDERATIONS . . . .. . . • 52

B. ENDEHISM AND SPECIES DIVERSITY .. . . ..•• .••.. 54

C. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSiDERATIONS . . . • . . . .•.. .. ..•.. 54

D. AREA CONSIDERATIONS AND THE SI ZE OF RESERVES ... . 55

E. PHYSICAL AND HU MAN FACTORS . ... .. . . . .. ••.•. •..•. . 59

V. The Evolution of the Protected Area System for Irian Jaya .... . ... .. ... . .... . . . . 60

PART II

1.

ACTION PLAN .. . ... . .... . ... ... .. 73

I . Development of Reserve Management and protection .. . .. . ... . ... ... . . . . .. . .... . ..

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A. PRELIMINARY STEPS ..•..•. .•.•... •••...•.. . . ... . . . 76

1. Inclusion of recommended areas on the Forestry Development Plan for Irian Jaya . . .. 76

2. Completion of gazettement procedures ... ... •.. 76

3. Publicize the establishment of the reserve system . . . • • • . •..•. •••.... . . . .•.••• 77

4. Inform indigenous communities following gazettement . . . . ... . . .. . . . ... . .. . . _. 78 5. Complete boundary surveys and markers in the field ...•.•..••.••. •••.• . . . . .. . . ... . . . 78

6. Erection of reserve marker posts .. ... ..•.. . . . 78

B. PRIORITY AREAS FOR MANAGEMENT PLANNING . ...•.••.• 78

1. Lorentz Nationa 1 Park. . ... . . ... . . .. 79

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Z. Mamberamo-Foja National Park . . . . .•.•... . . .... 79

3. Mountainous Areas of the Bird's Head: Priority the Arfak Mountains Strict Nature Reserve ..... . . .. . . . . ... .... 81

4. Jamursba-Mandi Strict Nature Reserve . . • • . . . 81

5. Wasur Wildlife Reserve . . .••...•. . . .... . . 83

6. Cyclops Mountains Strict Nature Reserve .•.. ... 83

7. Teluk Cenderawasih Wildlife Reserve . ... . . 85

11. Development and Coordination of Responsibilities within the Protected Area System ... ... 87

A. DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FOREST PROTECTION AND NATURE CONSERVATION (PHPA) ... . . ... ... ... .... 88

B. PROVINCIAL FORESTRY DEPARTMENT . . ... . . .. .. ... . . . 88

C. CENDERAWASIH UNIVERSITY . . . .. ... . .•.. . . . .... 89

D. BUREAU OF POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT . . . .. .. .. .. . . . 90

E. MILITARY AND POLICE . . . ... . .. .... . . ... . ... . . . 91

111. Species Conservation and Utilization - Special Considerations .. ... ... ... ... 92

A. • CROCODILES . . . .. . . .... .. .. .•... .. ... . . .. 92

B. BIRDS OF PARADISE AND PARROTS .. .... .... . ... . . ... 94

C. RUSA DEER . . ... . . ....•.. . ... . . .•.• .. . . .. . . . ... 96

D. MARINE TURTLES ... .. . . . .. . .... . . ... . .. ... . . 97

E. DUGONGS •.•. . . ...•. ....•.• . . . . • . .... . . .. 98

F. GIANT CLAMS ... . . . ... .. .. ... . . .. .... . .. 99

G. BUTTERFLY AND INSECT CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION 100 H. ORCHIDS.. ... ... .... .... . . .... . . . .. ... . . 102

I. PROTECTED SPECIES _ ...• . .•.• •.•. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. 102

IV. Developmental Factors of Immediate Concern to Conservation.. .... ... ... 104

A. FOREST EXPLOITATION AND LOGGING . . .. . ... . . .. . .... 107

1. General. ... . ... . . . ... . . . . •.• . . . . .. ... . . .. 107

2 .. Legging concessions on offshore islands...... 108

3. Coordinating logging with other areas of development .. . . . .... ... . . .. . ... . . . . .. 109 4. Problems of legging concessions overlapping with reserves ...... ... . .. ... ... .... ... .. .... .... . 110

5. Forestry Planning . . . . ... ... . .. .... . ... .. . . 111 6. Suggested improvements for forestry monitoring 112

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7. Recommendations for technical assistance

and training • . • . . . .. . . 112

B. CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD COMMUNICATIONS . . . . ... . . 114

1. General: Plans, threats and major construction 114 2. The impact of roads on the environment: the example in the Wasur Wildlife Reserve . . . . 115

3. Major existing roads and priori ties for construction • . • . . . • . . . . • . . . •..•••... 116

4. Second priority and alternative road plans: conflicts with reserves and su~gestions for linkage with other development activities 116 5. Recommendations applicable to all road construction ...••••....••••.•. ••. . . ... . . . 118

6. Special considerations for roads within the protected area system . . . . • . . . • . . • . • • . . . • 118

C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMIGRATION PROGRAMME . . . 119

1. General and description . . . ..• . . • . . . 119

2. Conflicts with protected area plans . . . • • . . . 121

3. Environmental impact • . . . 121

4. Specific recommendations... . .. . . .. 123

D. POTENTlAL SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND SWAMPLAND AREAS •.. . . • . . • . . . . • • . • . . • .. . . 124

E. RESETTLEMENT ••.••.•• .•• . . . . • . • . . . • . • • . . . 126

1. General •...•.••••..•..••••.•....••••••... 126

2. Conflicts and coordination with protected area plans . . . . • . • . . . . .. . . 127

3. Recommendations ..•.•....•••. • • . • . . . ... 127 F. OIL AND MINERAL EXPLORATION AND

INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT .•.••. . . . •. . . ..•.. . . .... . . • F.l PETROLEUM

... ... .. .. ... .... .... .. ... . .... ... . . .

1. Review of exploration and development • • . . . 2. Overlap of exploration with protected

area plans . . • . . . • • . • . . . • . . . . .•... . . 3. Development coordination and

environmental impact . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . 4. Specific recommendations . . . ...... . . . . F.2 MINERAL EXPLOITATION

... ... ... .... ...

1. General review of activities and conflicts 2. The Freeport Indonesia mine and its impact

on the Lorentz reserve

.. ... .. .... . .... .. ... .. ...

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128 128 128

130

131 132 132 132

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3. Mining concessions overlapping with the Cyclops Mountains and West Waigeo

Island reserves . . . • . . . • . . • . . . . • . . . 136

4. Specif ic recommendations .. . . 137

G. FISHERlES: COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT • . . • . . . . • . . . . • • 137

1. Review and background 137 2. Fisheries development and conservation . . . 139

3. Specif ic recommendations . . . • • . . . 139

H. SHIFTING CULTIVATION AND AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION .. 141

1. Descriptien and discussion of rotational agriculture . . . • . . . 141

2. Discussion of firewood crops . • . • . • . . . 143

3. Summary s t a t e m e n t . . . 144

4. Specific recommendations - immediate considerations . . . 145

5. Additional suggestions for experimentation and testing . • . • . . . • . . . • . . . 146

I. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTATIONS . . . .. . 146

J. DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK RANCHES AND FARMS . . . . 1. General discussion: the impact of livestock in the Wasur Wildlife Reserve . . . . 2. Recommendations for immediate action . . . .

v. Development and Integration of Conservation Support Systems ... .

A. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS .. . 1. Universitas Cenderawasih . . . . 2. Primary (SD) and Secondary (SMP , SMA) schools 3. Bureau of Population and Environment ••.•...•. B. LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENT 147 147 148 148 148 149 150 151 152 1. General ••.•••...••.... . . • . . • . . . . • . • • . . . 152

2. Recommendations to eliminate infringements against wildlife . . . .... . . ..•... . . 153

3. Improvements and additions to the current legislation applicable to Irian Jaya . . . 154

C. BUREAU OF TOURISM . . . • . . . • . • . . . • . •.. . . • . . • . . . 156

1. General . . . • . . .. . . •..•. . . ... . . 156

2. Recommendations for nature tourism . . . 156

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D. ENVIRONMENTAL NGO GROUPS . . . •....••. . . 157 E. MISSIONS... 158 F. IRIAN JAYA DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION SERVICE CENTER 160 G. IRIAN JAYA JOINT DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION . . . •• 161 VI. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT ....••••...••...•• 161 A. EDUCATION AND TRAINING... 161

1. Conservation Education and Public Awareness Project

2. Training Courses for Conservation Officers and Game Guards • . . . . • . . • • • • • . . . VII. ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES IN

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE .•.•.•.••••••.•..•...••••••

A. WORLD WILDLIFE FUND AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND

NATURAL RESOURCES .•••.••..•••.••.••....•...••.

B. OTHER AGENCIES ••.••....••.•....••. •..••. . . 1. Austra1ian Deve1opmenta1 Assistance Bureau . . . . 2. Commonwealth Industrial and Research

Orgauization

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3. United States Agency for International

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165 166 166

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Deve lopmen t •••••••••••••••....•••••... 166 4. United Nations Deve10pment Programme and the

Food and Agricultural Organization of the

United Nations •••••..••••••..•...•••... 167 5. United Nations Environmental Programme and

United Nations Educational and Scientific

Organization .•••••••••••..••...•..•.•••. 167 6. The Conservation for Development Center . . . 167 7. Intetnational Development Research Center ••••• 168 8. International Council for Bird Preservation .. 168 9. World Bank... •••••....•..•. 168 10. Bilatera1 Assistance trom the Government ot

the Netherlands ••...•.•.•.••...•••.•.•... 168 11. European Economie Community . . . _ .. __ . . . 168 12. The Asia Foundation . . • • • • • . . . • . •.... 169 C. THE BRITISH VOLUNTEER PROGRAMME (VOLUNTARY SERVICE

OVERSEAS AND OTHER VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS D. MUSEUHS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

169 170 E. COLOMBO PLAN AND OTHER FELLOWSHIP GRANTING AGENCIES 171

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VIII. Regional Cooperation in Conservation and

Wj ldlife Management .... . .... . .. . ... . ... .

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PART I I I. ANNEXES ... . ... · . · . . .... . ... · ... .

175·

1. Classification and definition of equivalent

mountains and mountain ranges 178

2. Checklist of the mammals of Irian Jaya . . . ..•.. 179 3. Checklist of the birds of Irian Jaya . . . 189 4. Complete list of reserves gazetted by proclamation 207 5. Protected species of Irian Jaya . . . . •.• . . . .. . . 209 6. Recommendations for initia1 placement of PHPA

personnel in the reserves of Irian Jaya during

Pelita IV . . . .. . . .. . . .. 220 7. Major export timbers of Irian Jaya .. . . .. . . 224 8. Projected planning of transmigration settlement

during Pelita IV and lts conenction to Irian Jaya

population growth .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . . .. . . 226 9. Directory of Aerodromes for Irian Jaya (companion

to Figure 27 - map of airstrips in Irian Jaya) 228 10. Decree of the Minister of Forestry No. 66/Kpts -

11/83 on issuance of permits to catch, take, own, cultivate and transport wildlife and natural

vegetation within or out of the country . .. . . ... .. 252 11. Provisional checklist of Irian Jaya reptiles . . . 256 12. Provisional checklist of native Irian Jaya frogs . . 264 LITERATURE CITED ... ... ...•.. .. . . . ... .. .. . . 270

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FIGURES (ALL MAPS)

page 1. Population distribution in Irian Jaya - 1983 •..•...•••••.• 8 2. Administrative divisions of Irian Jaya ••.•.•••••••••••.•••• . 10 3. General physiography of Irian Jaya ••••••••••••••••••••...••. 12 4. Rainfall distribution ••••••••••••••.•..•••••••..•.•••••••••. 17 5. Rainfall regimes ••••••.••••••••••••.. ..•••••••...•.•...••••• 18 6. Major geological provinces of New Guinea •..••••••••••••••••. 21 7. Lithological sketch map of Irian Jaya ...••••.••..•...•... 23 8. Major soil groups of Irian Jaya •••••••••.•.•....•...•••••.•. 26 9. Major environments of Irian Jaya ••••••••••••••••••••...•.•.• 30 10. Position of New Guinea relative to the Sunda and Sahul shelves

and the major regional zoogeographic divisions •.•...•... 38 11. Biogeographic sketch map of Irian Jaya ••••••••••.••.•••••• •• 56 12. Conservation areas proposed by the Forestry Department, 1975. 61 13. Priority areas for survey in connection with selection of

conservation areas, FAO (1977) . . . 62 14. Conservation areas proposed by the Forestry Department, 1977. 62 15. Existing and proposed reserves, FAO (1978) •...••...•... 63 16. Areas proposed for survey, FAO (1978) •••••••••••••••..•..••• 64 17. Existing and proposed reserves, Schu1tze-Westrum (1978) •..•.. 64 18. Existing and potential reserves, MacKinnon (1980) ..•••••••.. 66 19. Existing reserves and areas approved in principle by

PPA and Bina Program 20 June 1980 •••••.•••..••.•••.••.•••••• • 66 20. Existing and proposed reserves, FAO (1981) ••••••••••••••••••• 67 21. Existing and required protected areas in Irian Jaya .- 1983:

comprehensive terrestrial reserve proposals by WWF/IUCN

(Petocz, 1983) . . . ... 69 22. Locations and status of logging concession applications

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Irian Jaya - 1983 •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.•..•.•. 106 23. Existing roads and tentative road plans for mainland Irian

Jaya - 1983 • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • . • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . .. 113 24. Present and ~roposed transmigration settiement plans

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Irian Jaya - 1984 ••.••••••....••••.•••••••••••.••••..•... 120

25a Survey locations of coastal and near coastal swamp lands for possible transmigration settiements ...•....•.••••..•...•.•. 125 26. Locations of petroleum exploration concessions and major

mineral occurrences ... O'... ........ 129 27. Locations of airstrips in Irian Jaya - 1984 •..••••.•..•••... 159

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PLATES

^page

Plate 1 The equatorial glaciers of New Guinea . • . . . • • . . . 14

Plate 2 Swamplands of the Idenburg River system . . . 14

Plate 3 Pioneering mangrove species . . . . .•.. . . 31

Plate 4 Swamplands of the Mamberamo basin . . . • . . . ... . . . 31

P1ate 5 Lowland and alluvial forests in the eastern P1ate 6 P1ate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 8ird^t s Head reg ion

...

Melaleuca wood land surrounding an Imperata grassland and parkland . . . • • . . . HilI forests in the Fakfak Mountains with emergent stands of Agathis and Araucaria . . . •.. . .. . . Lower montane forest in the North Tamrau Mountains . . . Vegetation in the upper montane zone on the 32 33 34 35 Kemabu P la teau . . . • . . . • . . . 36

Plate 10 The Alpine area, characterized by vegetation growing very low on the ground . . . .•. . . • . . . .. . . 36

Plate 11 The vista trom the equatorial glaciers on the Carstensz pyramid . . . ... . . :. . . .. . . 80

Plate 12 Danau Rombebai, one of the largest lakes in Irian Jaya 80 Plate 13 Ornithoptera priamus, a birwing butterfly . . . . Plate 14 Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) . . . . Plate 15 The vast open wetlands of the Rawa Biru Strict Nature Reserve

... . ...

Plate 16 Mount Dafonsoro, in the Cyclop Mountains Strict Nature Reserve

...

Plate 17 Nusambier Island, and surrounding reefs from the northern limit of the offshore reef plateau of the Kepulauan Auri chain, integral part of the vast Teluk Cenderawasih marine reserve . . . ... . . ..... . Plate 18 The open pit mine of Freeport Indonesia Inc. on the Ertsberg I which lies just below the equator ia 1 82 82 84 84 86 glaciers and borders the Lorentz reserve . . . .. . . . . 134

Plate 19 Shifting cUltivation, the dominant form of agriculture throughout the highland areas in Irian Jaya . . . .. . . .. . . .... 134

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^{ADAB AMCOC}

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Glossary

English Abbreviations

Australian Developmental Assistanco Bureau Appropriate Hariculture Coordinating Centre Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Approximately, about

Conservation for Development Centre

Convent ion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia)

European Economie Community

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fund of the United Nations for the Development of West Irian

hectare

International Council for Bird Preservation International Development Research Centre Insect Farming and Trading Centre

Irian Jaya Development Information Service Centre Irian Jaya Joint Development Foundation

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

million years

Non-Governmental Organization Papua New Guinea

Royal Australian Ornithological Union United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environmental Programme United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization

United States Agency for International Development Volûntary Service Overseas (The British Volunteer Programme]

World Wildlife Fund

xvi

Bin .. progr .. m (Kehut .. n .. n) BICLH

CA MAP IA PELITA PHPA

PN PPA PSL

PT

SO SK SKP SM

SMA

SMP TN TW

UNCEN

WALHI YIH

Indonesi .. n Abbrevi .. tions

Pl .. nning .. nd progr .. mming Section of Dep .. rtment

Biro Kependudukan d .. n Lingkung .. n Hidup Bureau of Popul .. tion and Environment Cag .. r Alam

Strict N .. ture Re.erve

the Forestry

N .. ture Lover's Club at the Cenedr .. w ... ih University Pemb .. ngun .. n Lima T .. hun

Five Ye .. r Oevelopment Programme

Perlindungan Hut .. n d .. n Pelest .. ri .. n Al .. m

Oirector .. ta Gener .. l of Porast Protection .. nd N .. tura Conserv .. tion

Peru ... h .... n Neg .. r ..

St .. te owned company

Perlindung .. n d .. n Pelest .. ri .. n Alam Oirectorate of N .. ture Conserv .. tion Pus .. t Studi Lingkungan

Centre for Environment .. l Studies (Cender .. w .. sih University)

persero .. n Terb .. t ...

Priv .. tely owned comp .. ny Sakol .. h Oas .. r

Primary School (6 ya .. rs) Sur .. t Keputus .. n

Procl .. mation

S .. tuan Kaw .. s .. n Pemukiman

P .. rti .. l Oevelopment S.ttlement Ragion (tr .. nsmigr .. tion) Suak .. M .. rg .. satw ..

Wildlife Reserve Sekol .. h Meneng .. h At .. s

Senior Second .. ry School (3 ye .. rs) Sekol .. h Heneng .. h Pert .. ma

Junior Second .. ry School (3 years) Taman N .. sion .. l

Nation .. l P .. rk Taman Wis .. t ..

Recre .. tion .. l P .. rk

Uni vers i t .. s -eenderaw .. sih Cender .. w .. sih University

wahan .. Lingkung .. n Hidup Indonesi ..

Indoa.si .. n Environment .. l Forum Y .. y .. s .. n Indonesi .. Hij .. u

Tha Indonesi.. Green Found .. tion

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Adat Barat Bupati Camat

Indonesian Words Traditional la", West

District head of one of the 9 administrative districts [kabupatensl of Irian Jaya

Sub-districts head of each of the sub-divisione of each district [kecamatanl

Dinas Kehutanan Provincial Forestry Department Propinsi

Danau Lake

Gunung

Kabupaten Kapala

Kepala Burung Kepulauan pegawai harian pegunungan Planologi Perahu Pulau Selatan Sub-Balai Sungai Teluk Tengah Timur Utara

Mountain District Head/chief Bird' s Head Is land chain Daily worker Mountain Range

Planological Section of lhe Forestry Department Canoe

Island South

Sub-Section [of PHPAl River

Bay Central East North

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Introduction

Irian Jaya is a very special part of our planet that con ta ins a vast wealth of natural treasures which stretch out over horizons of the most pristine environments that remain in the war ld. It houses the largest. continuous tracts of undisturbed lowland rainforest in all of Southeast Asia and a biotic richness and diversity that is beyond compare. The province is one of the last great unknowns of the world achallenge to understand, achallenge to explore, achallenge to develop, and a responsibility for all to safeguard its most important natural area5. It a150 represents a great opportunity for the Government of Indonesia to direct its overall provincial development alon9 sound guidelines of resource

conservatien and utilizatien. In the face of inevitable change, there is at this crucial planning stage a chance te coordinate and integrate components of all major development into an overall strategy that will limit alteration to the ecosystem and conserve both financial and natural resources to the best advantage of the people of Indonesia. Conservation should not be limited to protected areas alane: that is far toa narrow a viewpoint. Conservation should be the guiding principle in all forms of development, simply because i t makes good sense from all points of view. We must seize this chance to ensure that not only the natura I wealth of the province with its many unique biotic farms are weIl represented in a

comprehensive protected area design, but also to apply linkage and sound resource seving criteria in rationalizing end implementing developmental change.

The scope of this paper is intentionall y broad and has widened considerably in the course of writing. A background section provides a characterization of the physical end human environment end the farces which have shaped the island's geological and biotic evolutien that make New Guinea what i t is today. It goes on te discuss the biogeographic principles behind the protected area design for Irien Jaye end to· explain why speeif ie dreas have been incorporated into this design. The history of the reserve design and proposals for protected areas have also been reviewed to point out and acknowledge

the collective work of many dedicated people. te show off cur accomplishments while exposing our mis takes • and ta generate the understanding of administrators in resolving remaining problems and requirements for formal gazettement. The act ion plan which follows is the major emphasis of the document. The f irst section discus':

the needs and prior i ties in developing the protected area system and special considerations for particular species conservation and utilizatien which lie outside the reserve system. Programmes in wildlife utilization designed to benefit the rural and indigenous peoples of the provinc,," on a sustainable basis and integrate these isolated folk into the reg ional economy are presented. This is followed by a discussion of the factors that are of immediate concern to conservation that is intended to acquaint planners with the major 0090i09 and planned activities in sectoral development which are changing the face of the province, whilst recommending how

conservation should be integrated into this planning along with specif ic means of linking aspects of amjor development to conserve funds and resources. The paper closes wi th a discussion on the development of conservatien support systems,. programme development.

technical assistanee and finally regional and international cooperation in conservation and resource management. Many map illustrations have been provided to clarify background information as we11 as to provide a visual picture of developmental plans.

This report is a companion to the document 'Recommended Reserves for Irian Jaya Prov ince ^I wi th i ts accompanying map folio produced last year by WWF/IUCN Project 1528 (Petocz, 1983). It is a supplement to volumes 18, 19, and 34 of the National Conservation Plan for Indonesia produced by Dr. John MacKinnon and PHPA col leagues in Bogor (FAO/UNDP, 1981a, 1981b, 1982).

2

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I PART ONE

I Background

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Background

I. The geographical and human perspective

New Guinea, the second largest island in the world, is centered above the northe= tip of Australia and lies within the humid southern tropies :üst below the equator between 0" and 12" latitude. Together wi th i ts surrounding offshore islands i t forms the 1argest and westernmost p<:lrtion of Melanesia. a reg ion which a150 includes the Solomon 1sl=:ls, New Hebrides, New Caledonia and Fiji to the east. In general, the Melanesian reg ion is distinguished by the dark skin of its peo,:le, and geographieally by the large mountainous is lands where they live and engage in the dominant subsistenee praetiee of root erop agrieulture (Brookfield & Hart, 1971). The island is of ten referred to by its inhabitants as 'Pulau Cassowary' for in outline i~ resembles the sh",pe of a giant bird. The Bird' s Head, or . Vogelkop , , forms the northwestern part of the island, its wattles the areas of the Onin and Bomberai peninsulas below Bintuni Bay, its neek. tr_-e constriction in the landmass below Cenderawasih Bay, with the re.:':. of the island forming the body and taU of the bird; the large PLlau Kimaam in the south forms its feet.

lrian Jaya e~~ompasses the western part of New Guinea and shares a common boundary of some 736 km with neighboring Papua New Guinea.

The border follows along 141"E longitude meridian in the north until it intersects ané. then continues around a bend in the Fly River.

Afterwards i t proceeds southwards along 141"01'E longitude from the point where the ;;reat river re-enters neighboring territory. The region, formerly =alled Dutch New Guinea, was under control of the Netherlands eolon~al administration from 1848 until 1963. Af ter a short stewardshiç under the United Nations flag, the province was formally integraued by plebisei te into the 1ndonesian nation as West Irian in 19E:9. The name was later changed to Irian Jaya . . . .

'Glorieus Irian'. Numerous small offshore islands farm a part of the provineet but ~he major groups are Japen, Biak-Supiori and Numfor te the north witt:.. the Raja Ampat Islands of Waigeo, Batanta t Salawati ^t Kof iau cflnd MisoeI te the northwest . Irian Jaya is the largest of 1ndoneosia' s provinees · wi th a total land area of 410,660 square kilometers_

6

The general population distribution in Irian Jaya is shown in Figure 1. The distribution has been plotted from available government census records of 1982. About 40% of the population is settled in 4gricultural communities in the cool and more temperate climate of the central highlands of the Baliem Valley and Paniai Lakes, and the Anggi Lakes reg ion of the coastal towns. The total number of inhabi tants of this, the least populated prov ince of lndonesia is between 1.2 and 1.3 million people, about one third of that in neighboring Papua New Guinea. The populatien is expected te increase dramatically over the next five years with government plans to settie about 700,000 transmigrants from other parts of western Indonesia in agriculturally suitable land focussed in the Merauke reg ion but also around Jayapura, Sarmi, Nabire, Manokwari, Sorong, Fakf ak and Timika. As weIl, Irian Jaya is a magnetic new frontier and a hope for prosperity for many individuals from other parts of the country.

People flock to this province from other is lands craftsmen, laborers, businessmen and entrepreneurs and bring with them a strong drive for economie success, an idea which is not indigenous to most of the native population, but which is rapidly changing the character of most of the major towns.

The indigenous peoples have had a long history of subsistence fishing and agriculture, with some coastal folk practicing both.

The is land contains the world's largest resource of sago [Metroxylon sagu] and veoples of the lowlands and swamps depend almost entirely on this food source, eating the processed pulp and 'farming' the larvae of the Capricorn beet Ie as a source of protein from felled trees left to decompose. Highland peoples practice rotational agriculture of root crops, mainly taro and sweet potatoes. Pigs are also raised, even in coastal areas, and are highly regarded as a 5ign of weal th. In the past domesticated pigs were seldom killed for food except on important or festive occasions, but they

increasingly are becoming a market commodity. Wild pigs however have always been hunted along with other species. The indigenous cultures of the province are as diverse as are the different language groups which are thought to number wellover 250. Many smaller family and tribal groups living in the wilderness are still isolated from the outside world with languages and customs that remain unknown t i l l this day. History includes many accounts of the indigenous inhabitants as a primitive stone age people, with head-hunting, cannibalism, ritual warfare and superstitieus beliefs, but more and more these are becoming remnants of the past.

The province is the most remote part of the Indonesian Republic.

It is also the least developed and contains vast stretches of wilderness lands ~hat are even yet to be explored. It is one of the few places left in the world which still has large blank and unknown sections on maps covering its topography and geology. Over the past sevaral years, Indonesian and Australian teams have been working on producing new topographic, geological and geophysical maps of the provincé but as yet, these have not been completed. No attempt has yet been made to produce an appropriately detailed vegetation map of Irian Jaya. Whilst an ambi tious road system is now lJnder

7

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construction, communications throughout the province are oftentimes primitive or problematical. WeIl trodden footpaths link highland settlements, but most roads are still confined to the perimeters of major towns along the coast. Major movements must still be accomplished by air, or where possible, by sea. Throughout most of the interior and some of the more isolated coastal areas are located more than 240 bush airstrips [Figure 27)*, a network that was largely built by and for . missionary activities, most of which can service only light single engine aircraft. These have facilitated formerly isolated peoples with their only contacts to the outside world. In the background, Christïan missionaries of all faiths from the United States and Europe, with efficient and well funded operations, continue to proselytize and assist in rural development, reaching out tor converts in the remaining areas where contact has yet to be made. With these new religions come new ethics, opportuni ties for education and a new value system with changing lifestyles that favor a more integrated society and a desire for economic betterment.

Administratively, Irian Jaya has been divided into 9 districts called 'kabupatens " each of which is presided over by a district head (bupati) immediately under the governor [Figure 2). In 1982 President Suharto agreed on proposals to further divide Irian Jaya into three separate provinces to increase representatien in the national government and to provide a stronger basis for regional development.

*

The following subdivisions have been agreed upon in January 1984: the three kabupatens of Jayapura, Jayawijaya, and Paniai will become one province wi th the capi tal remaining at Jayapura, kabupaten Cenderawasih has been renamed to Biak-Numfor which together with Yapen-Waropen, Manokwari and Sorong will form the second province with Manokwari as its capital, the two remaining kabupatens. of Fakfak and Merauke (Southern Division) will become the third province with the new resettiement transmigration site of Hapurajaya near Timika as its capital. The selection of

Mapurajaya, now only an agricultural settiement area wi"h the adjacent Timika international airport, road link to Tembagapura in the Carstensz mountains and port facili ty near the coast ref lects its central location in the p·roposed site of the new province, communications facilities and the intended population expansion through the regional transmigration programme centered in the south.

Three deputy governors have already been appointed and it is expected that the division will be formalized within a year's time.

Development proceeds at a rapid speed with oil exploration and production,

widespread.

concentrated

begun during the Geophysical teams

their efforts on

Dutch colonial period, employing thousands of

now more workers possibilities lying promising

• Annex 9 provides ne~s, locetions, elavetions, capecity, and authority tor all

o~retlonal elrstrlps In lrlon Joye

have below

• Mora recent information indicotas that tha division of lrien Jeye is still being reviewed end may only be fonne1ized in the next Repel! te. Dur Ing th is Peilt., the first stèp will be to create naw districts .. The province may first be dividBd tnto two rather thon three units as was previously planned <Information es ot Sept .... ber 1984>,

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the swamps and swamp forests of the north and south coast and the Bintuni basin. Mining. particularly for copper is weIl developed in certain areas, the most outstanding being the large Freeport concession and mining tawn of Tembagapura located just below the Carstensz icef ield on the south slopes of the central cordillera, considered a marvel in technological and economie development. Wi th the increasing world demand for rough timber, logging companies have applied for nearly 70% of Irian Jaya' s forest resources in 66 separate logging concessions . F0'-:lrteen of these are already approved and active. With its low population and vast expanse of land, Irian Jaya h~s become one of the major target areas for transmigration.

Thousands have already been settled and if plans proceed on schedule, the environmental, social, political, and agricultural face of lrian Jaya will be permanent1y changed within the next decade.

11. Physical and biological characteristics

A. PHYSrOGRAPHY

The genera I physiographic features· of Irian Jaya are shown in Figure 3. The Centra1 Dividing Range, the backbone of New Guinea dominates the topography and stretches more than 650 km from east to west. It includes the Jayawijaya Range (Star Mountains) nearest the Papua New Guinea border, which is separated f rom the Sudirman Range (Snow Mountains) by the Baliem Valley. The paniai Lakes and the Weyland Mountains lie in the westernmost part of the range. The cordillera contains the four highest peaks of New Guinea: Mt. Jaya

(4884 mI. Mt. Idenburg (4717 mI. Mt. Trikora (4730 mI. and

Mt. Mandala (4640 mI. which are the only sno,.,-capped peaks on the island and in th is part of Asia. The glaciers of the Carstensz pyramid (vicinity of Mt. Jaya) have been retreating but in 1972 had an area of 6.9 square kilometers of ice (Allison & Peterson, 1976) (Plate 1]. They represent one of the three places in the world where present day glaciers exist in equatori~l areas (others are in Africa:

Mt. Kenya,· Mt. Kilimanjaro and Ruwen30ri: and in the South American Andes of Peru and Equador). The highest portion of the range f ollows an arc running from Mt. Jaya to Mt. Mandala. The south facing slopes are steep, some nearly vertical, and have numerou~ waterfalis pouring down hundreds of meters from spectacular hanging valleys perched high on the mountain walis. Rock slides end land slips are abundant particularly in the Star Mountains reg ion , and together with the sharp spires and pointed ridges attest to the geologica11y youthful age of the range. The northern dip slopes of the high mountains form the Zengillorong and Kemabu plateaus in the center of the Sudirman Range and presents a vista of moraines, small meltwater lakes and

• Annex 1 provides a classification end definition of equivalent mountains end mountain ranges used in this report.

11

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