APPENDIX VII – Diaspora Institutions per country
Table 4 – Ministry levels of Diaspora Institution, source IOM (2011), Gamlen (2014), and own research
Country Ministry level institution Established in
Armenia Ministry of Diaspora 2008
Algeria Ministry of Solidarity, Family, and the National Community Abroad 2009
Azerbaijan State Committee on Affairs 2008
Bangladesh Ministry of Expatriates' Welfare and Overseas Employment 2009
Benin Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Integration, the Francophone Community, and Beninese Abroad 2009 Burkina Faso High council of Expatriate Burkinabe; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional cooperation -
Cape Verde Ministry of Emigrant communities 2010
Comoros Ministry of External Relations -
Dominica State Ministry for Diaspora 2008
Egypt Ministry of Manpower and Emigration 1977
Haiti Ministry of Haitians Living Abroad 1995
India Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA); Government of Kerala, Government of Gujarat, Non-Resident Indian Division 2004
Indonesia Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration 1947
Iraq Ministry of Migration and Displaced 2004
Israel Ministry of Information and Diaspora 2009
Lebanon Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants 2000
Macedonia Agency of Emigration 1951
Mali Ministry of Malians Abroad and African Integration 2010
Morocco Ministry Charged with the Moroccan Community Residing Abroad 2007
Niger Ministry of African Integration and Nigerians Abroad -
Pakistan Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis 1971
Senegal Ministry of Senegalese Abroad 1993
Serbia Ministry of Religion and Diaspora 2003
Slovenia Government’s Office for Slovenians Abroad 1995
Somalia Ministry for Diaspora and Community Affairs 2013
Sri Lanka Ministry of Foreign Employment Promotion and Welfare 2007
Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates 2002
Tunesia Ministry of Social Affairs, Solidarity, and Tunisians Abroad 1988
Table 5 – Sub ministry levels of Diaspora Institution, source IOM (2011), Gamlen (2014), and own research
Country Local Level Established in
El Salvador National Secretariat for Migrants (various states) -
India
Government of Kerala, Department of Non-Resident Keralites’ Affairs; Government of Gujarat, Non-Resident Indian
Division 1996
China The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (SOCAO) of Shanghai Municipal People’s Government 2004
Somalia Office for Development and Partnership with the Puntland Diaspora Community. 2008
Mexico National Coordination for State-level Migrant Affairs Offices (various states) 2007 Table 6 – Diaspora Institutions at the Local Level, source IOM (2011), Gamlen (2014), and own research
Country Sub Ministries Level Established in
Albania Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diaspora Department 1996
Brazil Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Undersecretary General for Brazilian Communities Abroad 2007 Bosnia &
Herzegovina Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, Department of Diaspora 2000
Burundi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate of Diaspora -
Chile
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Office for Consular and Immigration Services; Office for Chileans Abroad; Ministry of the Interior and Public Security;
Department of Immigration and Migration 2001
Egypt Ministry of Manpower and Emigration, Emigration Sector 1977
El Salvador Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vice Ministry for Salvadorans Abroad 2004
Ethiopia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diaspora Affairs Directorate General; Ministry of Capacity Building, Diaspora
Coordinating Office 2002
Eritrea Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Eritreans Abroad 2002
Ghana Ministry of Interior, National Migration Unit 2006
Mexico Secretariat of Foreign Affairs, Sub secretariat for North America; Institute for Mexicans Abroad 2003 Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Migration and Development Division -
Peru Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Undersecretary for Peruvians Abroad -
Philippines
Department of Labor, Overseas Workers Welfare Administration; Department of Labor, Philippine Overseas Employment Administration; Department of Foreign Affairs,
Country National level Established in
Bulgaria State Agency for Bulgarians -
Chile Interministerial Committee Chilean Communities Abroad 2001
China State Council, Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council; Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 1949
Egypt Higher committee on Migration 1977
Guatemala National Council for Migrants from Guatemala -
Hungary The Sectretariat of Hungarians living abroad 1996
Mali Consultation Framework on Migration -
Mexico National Council on Mexican Communities Abroad 2002
Morocco Interdepartmental Committees -
Niger Committee in Charge of Migration 1995
Nigeria Technical Working Group and Interministerial Committee on Migration Philipines
Office of the President; Commision on Filipinos Overseas; Comittee on Overseas Workers Affairs (OWWA 1981,
POEA 1982) 1995
Poland Interministerial Team on Migration Questions 1997
Portugal Council of Ministers, High Commission for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue 1996
Sierra Leone Office of the President; Office of the Diaspora 2008
Slovakia Government office of the Slovak Republic, Office for the Slovaks Living Abroad 2005
Switzerland Federal Office for Migration 2005
Table 7 – Diaspora Institutions at the National Level, source IOM (2011), Gamlen (2014), and own research
Country Quasi-governmental institutions Established in
Dominican
Republic National Presidential Council for Dominican Communities Abroad 2006
Israel Jewish Agency for Israel; American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 2009
Morocco Hassan II Foundation for Moroccans Resident Abroad Council on the Moroccan Community Abroad 1990
Mali High Council of Malians Abroad 1993
Malta Malta’s Emigrants’ Commission 1950
Mexico Consultative Council of the Institute for Mexicans Abroad 2003
New Zealand New Zealand's Kiwi Expats Association 2001
Peru Advisory Council 2001
Republic of Korea Overseas Koreans Foundation 1997
APPENDIX VIII – List of variables, sources, codes
Variable
Definition/description
Source
Code
Dependent
variable:
Remittance inflow per emigrant
Annual remittance data per emigrant. Caculated as: Remittance inflow/emigrant stock (per country per year). Data is obtained from the following underlying data.
Calculated REMIT_INFL_EMI
Emigrant stock: The total migrant stock (number of people) stemming for a country and residing abroad in the rest of the world. Data is obtained via bilateral migration data. Because this data was only available some years, the emigrant stocks have been interpolated for the years in between
Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (United Nations database
POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).
EMI_STCK_UN
Annual remittance inflow per country. Data is obtained via the annual
remittance data provided the World Bank. World Bank Remittance Data (2015) REMIT_INFL
Independent
variables
GDP per capita
GDP per capita (current US$) is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for
depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
WDI World Bank (2015) GDP_PCAP
Refugee stock (% of
emigrants)
The refugee stock per emigrant is calculated as: the percentage of refugees of
the total emigrant stock residing abroad. Calculated
Refugee stock is the total number of refugees (% of emigrants) residing abroad
(measured by the World Bank and UNHCR) WDI World Bank (2015); UNHCR (2015)
Diaspora
Institution Special governmental institution dealing with diaspora
IOM diaspora Handbook (2012), and IOM press release Issue no. 7 November 2012; Gamlen et al. (2013)
DIASP_UNIT Diaspora
Engagement score
Totalled and combined all types of diaspora institutions to one score (e.g. Ministry, Subministry, Quasi, Local, and Nationa institutionl)
Calculated; IOM (2012; 2012 ; and
Gamlen et al. (2013) DIASP_ENG
Polity2
POLITY2 Revised Combined Polity Score: This variable is a modified version of the POLITY variable added in order to facilitate the use of the POLITY regime measure in time-series analyses. It modifies the combined annual POLITY score by applying a simple treatment, or ““fix,” to convert instances of “standardized authority scores” (i.e., -66, -77, and -88) to conventional polity scores (i.e., within the range, -10 to +10). The values have been converted according to the following rule set: -66 Cases of foreign “interruption” are treated as “system missing.” -77 Cases of “interregnum,” or anarchy, are converted to a “neutral”. Polity score of “0.”
Center for Systemic Peace (2015);
Marshall, Gurr, Jaggers (2014) POLITY2
Governance Quality
A total score combining three WGI indicators (Regulatory quality, government
effectivenss and rule of law) WGI indicators World Bank (2015) GOV_QUAL
Public Healthcare Expenditure
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically-motivated violence, including terrorism. Percentile rank indicates the country's rank among all countries covered by the aggregate indicator, with 0 corresponding to lowest rank, and 100 to highest rank. Percentile ranks have been adjusted to correct for changes over time in the composition of the countries covered by the WGI.
Violence Total
Total score of International Violence for a specific country. Measured by the Center for Systemic Peace. INTTOT = INTVIOL + INTWAR
INTVIOL (2-numeric); Magnitude score of episode(s) of international violence involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes. INTWAR (2-numeric) Magnitude score of episode(s) of international warfare involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes.
Total score of Civil Violence for a specific country within a country. CIVTOT = CIVVIOL + CIVWAR + ETHVIOL + ETHWAR
CIVVIOL (2-numeric) Magnitude score of episode(s) of civil violence involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes. CIVWAR (2-numeric); Magnitude score of episode(s) of civil warfare involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each
MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes. ETHVIOL (2-numeric); Magnitude score of episode(s) of ethnic violence involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes. ETHWAR (2-numeric) Magnitude score of episode(s) of ethnic warfare involving that state in that year Scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each MEPV; Magnitude scores for multiple MEPV are summed; 0 denotes no episodes.
MEPV database from Center of Systemic Peace, 2015 (www.systemicpeace.org); Marshall (2015); Marshall, 2015
Dummy
variables
Secrecy
jurisdiction (Tax haven)
No specific defintion for Taxs Haven or secrecy jurisdiction. However, the Tax Justice Network characterize a secrecy jurisdiction by the following two characteristics: (1) the secrecy jurisdiction creates regulation that they know is primarily of benefit and use to those not resident in their geagraphical domain; and (2) the creation of a deliberate, and legally backed, veil of secrecy that ensures that those from outside the jurisdiction making use of its regulation cannot be identified to be doing so.
Murhpy (2008); Taxs Justice Network
(2015) TAX_HAV
Developing countries
A dummy which indicates whether a country is defined as a developing
countries or not. Value 0= not and Value 1 if yes. UNCTAD classification(2015) DEV_CNTRY Mini state Countries with a population smaller than 500.000 people in 2013 Own classification MINI_STATE
