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6 6 6 4 376 518 625 320 439 364 4 6 Lnu.se 978-91-89081-65-9 (print), 978-91-89081-66-6 (pdf)
Digital Humanities is today an integrated part of humanistic research at many universities, and initiatives in the field take a variety of forms. At Linnaeus University, Digital Humanities currently develops as a cross-disciplinary field, building on existing collaborations between faculties in the form of an iInstitute tied to the international iSchool Organization, as part of a research excellence centre on Data Intensive Sciences and Applications (DISA), and European collaboration within the DARIAH-EU network – to mention a few. The papers in this volume emanate from a conference on Digital Humanities, arranged and funded by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Linnaeus University on March 12–13, 2020. It is part of the university’s initiative to implement Digital Humanities across departments and faculties, with both a scientific and pedagogical approach, building on competences already present among its researchers and teachers. Focusing the humanities as such, this volume contains contributions from the scholarly fields of Archaeology, History, Library and Information Science, Linguistics, Comparative Literature, Media and Communication Studies, E-learning, and the Study of Religions. It displays a variety of cross-disciplinary connections, new research questions, and innovative methodological approaches – all hallmarks of the wide field of Digital Humanities.
Doing Digital Humanit
ies: Concepts, A ppr oa ches, Cases Joa cim Hansso n and Jo nas S vensso
n (Eds.)
Doing Digital Humanities
Concepts, Approaches, Cases
Edited by Joacim Hansson and Jonas Svensson
linnaeus university press
Joacim Hansson is professor of Library and Information Science at the Department of Cultural Sciences, Linnaeus University
Doing Digital Humanities
Concepts, Approaches, Cases
Doing Digital Humanities: Concepts, Approaches, Cases
Linnaeus University, Växjö, 2020
Cover design: Richard Jansson, Linnaeus University
Cover illustration: Graph based on data from institutional repository DiVA, representing publication patterns of LNU Arts and Humanities scholars, made by Prof. Jukka Tyrkkö
ISBN: 978-91-89081-65-9 (print), 978-91-89081-66-6 (pdf) Published by: Linnaeus University Press
Content
Introduction ...1 Automatic Identification of Topics: Applications
and Challenges Koraljka Golub ...5 Digitalisation and Its Impact on Archaeological Knowledge Production Fredrik Gunnarsson ...27 Netnography in the Digital Humanities Hanna Carlsson
& Fredrik Hanell ...45 Teaching Humanities Online: Practical Examples
from Linnaeus University Alastair Creelman, Corina Löwe,
Maria Nilson & Linda Piltz ...65
Applying Critical Digital Method: Ethics, Sampling Strategies and Analysis Methods Pernilla Severson ...81 How to Catch an Antelope: On Authenticity in Digitised Cul-tural Heritage Documents Joacim Hansson ...99 Digital Archaeology of Death and Burial: Using 3D
Reconstruction, Visualization and Simulation to Frame Past Experience Hayley L. Mickleburgh, Liv Nilsson Stutz
& Harry Fokkens ...121 Honor Culture and Islam in Swedish Public Discourse:
An Example of How Computer-assisted Methods May
Facilitate Humanistic Research Jonas Svensson ...147 The War Years: Distant Reading British Parliamentary
Debates Jukka Tyrkkö ...169 Market Language Over Time: Combining Corpus Linguistics and Historical Discourse Analysis in a Study of Market
Digital History: Digitizing and Communicating the Past:
Digital Archaeology of Death and Burial
Using 3D Reconstruction, Visualization and Simulation
to Frame Past Experience
Hayley L. Mickleburgh, Liv Nilsson Stutz & Harry Fokkens
Introduction
it-self and the material items found with the dead allow archaeolo-gists to propose interpretations of cultural practices relating to identities (including gender and age), the ritual response to death, social organization, and even dimensions of emotion and belief in the past. Today we see an emerging archaeology of death that through transdisciplinary approaches, i.e. an archaeology that combines these complex approaches not only in the analysis, but also in the very research design, aims to reconstruct the response to death in the past and places it within a complex cultural context (Nilsson Stutz 2016). We believe that 3D digital approaches have a central role to play in these developments.
One of the most exciting approaches developed in mortuary archaeology over the past several decades is archaeothanatology (Duday 2009). Initially conceived in the 1970s under the name of
Anthropologie “de terrain” (Duday et al. 1990) the approach
only come closer to the past, but we can also connect the archae-ological data to current interpretative frameworks grounded in social theory.
Archaeothanatology was developed as an approach to use in the field at the moment of excavation and documentation. How-ever, several projects have demonstrated that valuable and previ-ously unknown information also can be gleaned also from the systematic application of this approach to the documentation (e.g. field drawings, field notes and photographs) of older excavations (e.g. Nilsson Stutz 2003; Peyroteo Sjerna 2016; Torv 2018). Ar-chaeological excavations are destructive and the sustainability of an archaeology that relies solely on new excavations can be ques-tioned (Bonnie 2011; Carver 2011; Cherry 2011; Demoule 2011; Nilsson 2011). We argue that archaeothanatology is a good exam-ple of how the application of new analytical methods to high-quality documentation from older excavations can yield new in-formation and thus contribute to archaeological knowledge in a productive and non-destructive manner. However, applying a methodology that relies on 3D observations in the field situation to conventional 2D documentation has its limits. In this chapter we demonstrate how 3D digital tools augment the archaeothana-tological analysis, and by extension provide new ways of framing past experiences of death and burial. We illustrate our findings with an archaeological case study in which we integrate the out-comes of a traditional post-excavation archaeothanatological analysis with 3D digital reconstruction and simulations.
Case Study
of mound use: around 2450 BC, between 2300–2000 BC and be-tween 1900–1700 BC. The excavations by Van Giffen in the 1950s and subsequent excavations by De Weerd in the early 1960s left a very detailed archive of field documentation, although very little was published about the site at the time. Recent re-analysis of these data and materials from the site have demonstrated that Oostwoud-Tuithoorn is an important site for the understanding of Bell Beaker population mobility and genetics (Fokkens et al. 2017; Olalde et al. 2018).
Skeletons in mound II were found in flexed body positions on the side, and were mostly oriented east-west with the face directed south (considered typical for the Late Neolithic). Two skeletons were oriented north-south with the head towards the north. Mound I contained skeletons in extended supine position (con-sidered typical for the Bronze Age). Missing and displaced body parts have been noted in some of the burials, raising the question whether secondary treatment of the human remains was prac-ticed. While preservation can be ruled out as the cause for the missing body parts, other taphonomic processes such as plough-ing of the site durplough-ing the Early Bronze Age, and possibly loss dur-ing excavation could have contributed (Fokkens et al. 2017).
there were no signs of cutmarks on the bones. The fracture sur-faces of the right ulna and radius suggest recent damage, which may have occurred during excavation, which was done by day la-bourers. The latter is supported by a photograph made during ex-cavation (see below figure 2, third image from the top), where one can see the sharp cut of a shovel in the soil by the fragmented ends of the right radius and ulna. The fact that the right hand was found mostly in anatomical articulation, raises the question whether the entire right upper limb was removed during life, or post mortem, and if the latter, whether removal occurred shortly after death or after a period of time when the connective tissues had partly decomposed.
Methods
To compare the insights yielded by the different approaches, this study started with a separate archaeothanatological analysis of the 2D-documentation of the excavation (photographs and drawings; figure 2). In a second step, a 3D model of the burial was created, and the insights from the different approaches were then integrated.
Principles of Archaeothanatology
The approach proceeds analytically by detailed observations of the exact position of the bones at the time of excavation (includ-ing their face of appearance and their relation to other bones). Technically, it relies on two fundamental principles:
1. The relative chronology of the disarticulation of the joints (which will destabilize individual bones); and 2. The subsequent movements of the disarticulated bones
to obtain a stable position in the deposit. The range of the movements vary depending on a range of factors that all must be considered, including (a) How much empty space is available to move within? This depends on the context of the burial (filled-in burial or open space like a coffin or crypt) but can also be affected by additional voids created during the decomposition, as organic mate-rial in or close to the body, decomposes (b) The nature of the surrounding sediment, which due to its character may fill in these voids at different speeds, and thus provide stability.
This means that the bones that we excavate have all moved to some extent, and if we can retrace the movements of the bones, and sep-arate out the natural processes, we can identify the processes linked to mortuary practices. Even minor movements can be diagnostic, and this is why it is so important to have detailed documentation.
and distance in which bones and body parts can move during the process of natural body decomposition. An intrinsic understanding has been developed of typical patterns that can be related for exam-ple to specific body positions or the nature of the surrounding sedi-ment. In recent years the approach has been enriched by experi-mental studies testing these references, often to nuance some of the insights previously taken for granted, but also sometimes to call into question even some of the fundamental principles (Mickleburgh 2018; Mickleburgh & Wescott 2018; Mickleburgh et al. 2018). This work is currently being developed and will have a significant impact on the approach in the coming years.
The analysis proceeds by observations of each body segment with attention to each articulation and movement of the bones (including minor in situ rotations of individual bones). The ob-servations of the exact position of the bones and the relationships between bones are detailed, and the quality of the analysis de-pends on the quality of the documentation. The analysis then con-siders the deposit as a whole and systematically concon-siders a range of the aspects (table 1).
It must be underscored that the results of the analysis are some-times inconclusive. Absence of evidence is a significant factor when applying archaeothanatology to older documentation. However, when applying the archaeothanatology approach, such absences are made clear in the presentation of the analysis and therefore become possible to evaluate (something that is not al-ways the case in traditional burial archaeology).
3D Reconstruction, Visualization and Simulation
Because of archaeothanatology’s heavy reliance on detailed spatial data, the quality of the analysis of old excavation documentation can potentially be significantly improved by new developments in 3D technology. Thanks to the rapid development of affordable 3D documentation tools, recording the spatial relation between
in situ remains in the form of 3D models (i.e. digital replicas) has
replicas of individual 228 were subsequently manipulated and an-imated individually from position A to position B in Cinema 4D. This method permitted continual inspection of the spatial relation of the bones. Animation of the (duration and sequence of) move-ments of bones between these two positions (motion paths), al-lowed us identify the sequence and trajectories of possible move-ments (i.e. examine physically possible motion paths, without bones colliding and passing through each other).
Results
Post-Excavation Archaeothanatological Analysis
the individual. The analysis confirms that this is a single primary burial. Overall, the skeleton is well articulated. The dramatic
dis-articulations that can be observed are all linked to post-depositional in-terference and will be described in detail below. The body decomposed in a filled space since there is no movement of bones outside of the initial volume of the cadaver that can be linked to the decomposition process.
that seen for the upper part. This movement to the left also en-gaged the lower limbs, which were moderately flexed at the hip and knee and rotated to the left.
The most interesting aspects of this burial are linked to post-depositional interferences. Some of these are most likely linked to the excavation itself. The location of a collection of six disarticu-lated rib fragments and the first right metacarpal, to the left of the lower part of the vertebral column, is probably the result of col-lection in the trunk area of the body and re-deposition during the excavation. Other movements took place when parts of the skel-eton were still at least partially articulated and can therefore be broadly dated within a few years of the burial. These disturbances affect the right upper limb and shoulder girdle, and both lower limbs.
Disturbance has also affected the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The pelvis is fragmented and difficult to observe in detail. The bones of the lower right limb are partially fragmented (the right femur is fractured and the proximal end is missing, the right fibula is fractured in half, and the distal right tibia is missing) and disar-ticulated, with the exception of the foot which is relatively well articulated. For the lower left limb, we note similar disturbances. The left femur is still articulated with the fragmented pelvis and presents its medial side, but the left tibia is disarticulated from the femur, fibula and foot, and has rotated laterally, presenting its posterior side. The left fibula is disarticulated and laterally dis-placed, and rotated presenting the posterior surface. Some of the bones of the left foot are present but the segment is disarticulated and the bones are scattered and difficult to observe in detail.
From the positions of the bones it appears that some interfer-ing agent has affected the right side of the body, which is also the part of the body that due to the position of the body in the grave feature, would have been elevated and therefore somewhat more vulnerable to surface work, for example ploughing. We further note that the disturbance has taken place at a moment when the skeleton was only partially disarticulated. Some joints appear to have been very well preserved, in particular those of the right fore-arm and hand which have been moved over one meter with-out disarticulation, as well as the left forearm and hand. Other bones, like the scapula and clavicle, were loose enough to detach but only after having affected bones in the vicinity (in particular the sternum which seems to have been dragged to the right, which is the opposite direction of the expected movement resulting from natural decomposition in a body slightly rotated to the left).
which are associated with disturbance(s) of the body before com-plete decomposition of the connective tissues. Disturbance(s) oc-curred in those parts of the body that were most elevated, i.e. closest to the surface, suggesting activities associated with land and soil management may have been the cause. There appears to be some degree of directionality in the displacement and damage to different elements of the skeleton, and the overall configura-tion and appearance of the disturbances suggests that they oc-curred at a single point in time during decomposition of the body. These observations provide us with a hypothesis for the events which led to the final position of the bones of burial 228. To-gether with the ubiquitous presence of prehistoric plough marks around the burials at Oostwoud-Tuithoorn, the observed bone displacements suggest that disturbance of the body may have oc-curred during ploughing of the area within a few years of the bur-ial of the deceased. This hypothesis was already tentatively put forward in an earlier analysis of the burial and its surroundings, prior to archaeothanatological analysis (Fokkens et al. 2017).
Simulation of Bone Movements
visualized separately by assigning the affected bones a different colour.
Taking the motion path of the bones of the lower left limb as an example, we can see that the shortest motion path calculated by Cinema 4D for the movement of the left tibia is illogical, since the rotation is not consistent with the directionality of overall bone displacement within the soil matrix. The rotation direction of the shortest motion path calculated by Cinema 4D is therefore unlikely, and the opposite direction of rotation was chosen for the reconstruction (fig. 3). The final position of the left tibia, rest-ing on the right distal femur and proximal tibia shows that the movement of the latter two bones to their final position must have occurred prior to the movement of the tibia. Simultaneous movement of these three bones during simulation led to inter-secting of the bones that would be physically impossible in the real world (fig. 3). The final resting position of the right distal
Discussion
that the body was in a state of partial decomposition at the mo-ment the disturbance occurred, allowing certain areas of the body to maintain anatomical articulation, while others had disarticu-lated naturally or became disarticudisarticu-lated due to the external force applied to the body. The disturbance of the body shows a path of destruction through the burial which is consistent in width and force with a simple and light scratch plough (or ard plough), known to have been used in this period (Fokkens 1998).
individual. Since only the distal portions of the right ulna and ra-dius and an articulated section of the right hand were recovered during excavation, it remains unclear whether the upper right limb was redeposited in its entirety, or only a part of it. The frac-ture surfaces of the ulna and radius suggest that the damage was recent, and occurred during the shovel excavation by day labor-ers. Some bones, which may have been redeposited after plough-ing, may have gone unrecognized during excavation and may have been lost. We emphasize that while this scenario is consistent with our findings from archaeothanatological analysis as well as virtual reconstruction and simulation, this does not mean that other pos-sibilities can be completely ruled out.
controlling the plough, the other sowing the freshly opened fur-rows. The sudden appearance of a disembodied arm led to a con-scious decision to rebury without further disturbing the body, fol-lowed by continuation of working the land. The analysis of the burial and the engagement with the body that is made possible by archaeothanatology and animation allows us to visualize what this event and such practices might have been like and come closer to the lived experience.
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