University of Groningen Enrichment of planetary surfaces by asteroid and comet impacts Frantseva, Kateryna

University of Groningen

Enrichment of planetary surfaces by asteroid and comet impacts

Frantseva, Kateryna

DOI:

10.33612/diss.100695383

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Publication date: 2019

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Frantseva, K. (2019). Enrichment of planetary surfaces by asteroid and comet impacts. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.100695383

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Enrichment of planetary surfaces

by asteroid and comet impacts

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

op gezag van de

rector magnificus prof. dr. C. Wijmenga en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties.

De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag 1 november 2019 om 14:30 uur

door

Kateryna Frantseva

geboren op 6 augustus 1991 te Vinnytsia, Oekra¨ıne

Promotor

Prof. dr. F. F. S. van der Tak

Copromotores Dr. M. M¨uller Dr. I. L. ten Kate Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. N. Haghighipour Prof. dr. A. Harris Prof. dr. A. Helmi

ISBN: 978-94-034-2019-6 (printed version) ISBN: 978-94-034-2018-9 (electronic version)

To my parents Моїм батькам

Cover: Design made by Marysya Rudska (marysya.com) Printed by: Ipskamp Printing on recycled paper

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION. . . 1

1.1 THESOLARSYSTEM AND ITS VOLATILES 3 1.2 SMALL BODIES OF THE SOLARSYSTEM 4

1.2.1 Asteroids 6

1.2.2 Comets 8

1.2.3 Dust 9

1.3 MIGRATION OF SMALL BODIES 9

1.3.1 Gravitational effects 10

1.3.2 Radiative effects 11

1.4 ENRICHMENT OF PLANETARY SURFACES 13

1.4.1 Earth 13 1.4.2 Mars 14 1.4.3 Mercury 15 1.4.4 Remaining planets 16 1.5 EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS 16 1.6 THIS THESIS 20 1.6.1 Thesis Outline 20 2 MODEL SETUP. . . 23 2.1 N-BODY SIMULATIONS 24

2.1.1 Modelling the Solar System 27

2.1.2 Modelling an exoplanetary system 29 2.2 INITIAL CONDITIONS 30

2.2.1 Orbital elements 30

2.2.2 RMVS input 34

2.3 VALIDATION 37

2.3.1 The Sun and 1 planet 38

2.3.2 The Sun and 2 planets 38

2.3.3 The Sun and 8 planets 40

2.3.4 HR 8799 41

2.4 DETECTION OF COLLISIONS 43

2.4.1 RMVS collision detection 43

2.4.2 REBOUND collision detection 43

2.5 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING 45

3 DELIVERY OF ORGANICS TO MARS

THROUGH ASTEROID AND COMET IMPACTS. . . 47 3.1 INTRODUCTION 49 3.2 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 51

3.2.1 Asteroids 53

3.2.2 Comets 55

3.3 CARBON DELIVERY RATES 56

3.3.1 Asteroids 56

3.3.2 Comets 61

3.3.3 Mass contribution of small undiscovered

asteroids and comets 62

3.4 CARBON CONTENT OF THE EJECTA BLANKET 63 3.5 DISCUSSION 67 3.6 CONCLUSIONS 69

4 EXOGENOUS DELIVERY OF WATER TOMERCURY . . . 71 4.1 INTRODUCTION 73 4.2 GRAVITATIONAL DYNAMICS OF ASTEROIDS AND COMETS 75

4.2.1 Asteroids 76

4.2.2 Comets 77

4.3 INTERPLANETARYDUST PARTICLES 80

4.4 WATER DELIVERY RATES 82

4.4.1 Asteroids 82

4.4.2 Comets 85

4.5 WATER SURVIVABILITY 87

4.5.1 Water loss at impact 87

4.5.2 Water loss during migration to cold traps 94 4.6 DISCUSSION 94 4.7 CONCLUSIONS 98

5 ENRICHMENT OF THE HR 8799PLANETS BY ASTEROIDS

AND COMETS. . . 99 5.1 INTRODUCTION 101 5.2 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 105 5.2.1 Inner belt 106 5.2.2 Outer belt 106 5.3 SIMULATION RESULTS: ORBITAL STRUCTURE,IMPACT RATES 108 5.3.1 Inner belt 108 5.3.2 Outer belt 112 5.3.3 Impact rates 112 5.4 Delivery rates 116 5.4.1 Belt masses 116 5.4.2 Volatile content 117 5.4.3 Refractory content 118 5.5 DISCUSSION 118 5.6 CONCLUSIONS 121 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . 123

6.1 CHAPTER3 123 6.2 CHAPTER4 124 6.3 CHAPTER5 125 6.4 FUTURE PROSPECTS 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . 129 SAMENVATTING. . . 141 Резюме . . . 147

SUMMARY FOR NON-EXPERTS. . . 153