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University of Groningen Groundwater isotopes in ecohydrological analysis of peatland landscapes Elshehawi, Samer

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University of Groningen

Groundwater isotopes in ecohydrological analysis of peatland landscapes

Elshehawi, Samer

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.

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Publication date: 2019

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Elshehawi, S. (2019). Groundwater isotopes in ecohydrological analysis of peatland landscapes. University of Groningen.

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(5)

ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ     6DPHQYDWWLQJ ǀĂŶďĞůĂŶŐŽŵŬĂůŬŵŝŶŶĞŶĚĞůĂĂŐǀĞĞŶǀĞŐĞƚĂƚŝĞƐƚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĞƌĞŶ͘ƌŝƐŽŽŬƐƉƌĂŬĞǀĂŶ ŝŶǀůŽĞĚ ǀĂŶ ůŽŬĂůĞ ŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝƐĐŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĞŶ ŝŶ ĚĞ ŽŵůŝŐŐĞŶĚĞ ĚƵŝŶĞŶ͘ EĞŐĂƚŝĞǀĞ ĞĨĨĞĐƚĞŶnjŝũŶǀĞƌŽŽƌnjĂĂŬƚĚŽŽƌŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝƐĐŚĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŝĞƐ͕njŽǁĞůƌĞĐĞŶƚĞĂůƐŝŶŐƌĞƉĞŶ ƵŝƚĞĞŶǀĞƌĚĞƌǀĞƌůĞĚĞŶ͘KŶnjĞƐƚƵĚŝĞůĂĂƚnjŝĞŶĚĂƚĚĞďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĞŝƚŝŶĚĞǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐŝŶ ŚĞƚ ƉĂƌŬ ŶŝĞƚ ĂůůĞĞŶ ĚŽŽƌ ůŽŬĂůĞ ŚLJĚƌŽůŽŐŝƐĐŚĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĞŶ ǁŽƌĚƚ ďĞƉĂĂůĚ͕ ŵĂĂƌ njĞĞƌ ǁĂĂƌƐĐŚŝũŶůŝũŬ ŽŽŬ ĚŽŽƌ ŐƌŽŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ Ƶŝƚ ĞĞŶ ǀĞĞů ŐƌŽƚĞƌ ŝŶƚƌĞŬŐĞďŝĞĚ͘ ĞŶ ƐƵĐĐĞƐǀŽů ďĞŚĞĞƌƐƉůĂŶ ǀŽŽƌ ĚĞ ǁĞƚůĂŶĚƐ ŝŶ ŚĞƚ ^ůŝƚĞƌĞ EĂƚŝŽŶĂů WĂƌŬ ŵŽĞƚ ĚĂĂƌŽŵ ĞĞŶ ŐƌŽƚĞƌ ŐĞďŝĞĚďĞƐĐŚŽƵǁĞŶĚĂŶŚĞƚƉĂƌŬnjĞůĨĞŶnjŝũŶĚŝƌĞĐƚĞŽŵŐĞǀŝŶŐ͘

(6)

ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ 

 *URXQGZDWHULVRWRSHVLQHFRK\GURORJLFDODQDO\VLVRISHDWODQGODQGVFDSHV

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ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ     ,QWURGXFWLRQ ŚĞŶĐĞ ƌĂĚŝŽĐĂƌďŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĂƵƚŝŽŶ

7- Klimaatverandering kan (nog) niet verantwoordelijk worden gehouden voor het verstoren van natuurlijk functionerende veenlandschappen; antropogene activiteiten wel.

The stable carbon isotope values of benthic consumers showed high spatial hetero- geneity (e.g. Figure S2) for species that either foraged on benthic (subfigures A and B) or

Sea) and if observed spatial heterogeneity in trophic levels of consumers are due to baseline heterogeneity or actual spatial differences in consumer trophic positions (food

Excluding birds that likely had over-summered at North Atlantic staging areas, the model predicted that Sanderlings departed from the Arctic on 13 July (range: 9–17 July), had a