DUTCH THE

THE

THE STANDARB

DUTCH GRAM MAR

:FOR

So

UTH A:FRICA

A GRAMMAR FOR PRIVATE STUDENTS, CIVIL SERVANTS, BUSINESS MEN, AND FOR USE IN COLLEGES

AND HIGH SCHOOLS.

[Superseding the Practical and Commercial

Dutch Grammars]

HY

HU BERTUS ELFFERS

AUTHOR OF

THE "ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE DUTCH LANGUAGE" t 1 LEES BO EK VOOR ZUID-AFRIX:A '

1

, ETC., ETC.

~WORN TRANSLATOR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF CAPE COLONY FOR THE DUTCH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND

GERMAN LANGUAGES.

J.

C.

JUTA

&

CO.

CAPETOWN. EAST LONDON. JOHANNESBURG. GRAHAMSTOWN, 1910 PORT ELIZABETH• STELLENBOSCH.

PREFACE

'l'o the first New-Spelling-edition.

This book was written for South Africa more than twenty years a,qo, and published under the name of "The Practical Dutch Gramm,ar ". When, some ten years later, I overhauled the rolume, and brought it up to date, the new issue was styled "The Commer-cial Dutch Grammar". '1.'he necessity has ntJw arisen for introducing into the worlc the simplified spelling, and I have decided that once more the name of the boolc shall be changed. Trust'ing that it may be found 'Worthy uf the leadiny position it has occupied for so long a period, I have called it " The Standard Dutch Grammar for South Africa". As such it is issued as a first edition, which in reality is the twelfth.

The book has been thoroughly modernised. While the stu<lent u·ill note tlw same completeness which has marked the work from the beginning, the large number of business men who patronise my book will find much in it that is attractive. I 1·efer here especiall1f to the Spealc-and-Act Exercises, which cover the same grou.nd as those introduced into my Elementary Dutch Grammar, but advance rather more rapidly. The effect of these exercises has been found to be truly marvellous; and I entertain the hope that the11 will be of very great advantage to future students of this volume.

The Chapter on Biisiness ~l'erms and Correspondence has been omitted, it having been transferred to my "South African Letterwriter ".

The Standard Dutch Grnmmar represents all that is accepted as official in the way of simplified Dutch, and be,ars the stamp of University and Education Office sanction and approval. The Kollewijn spelling has been adhered to throughout.

HUBERTUS ELFFERS. "Rustica"

Wynbcrg, near Gape Town, 1st May, 1907.

INDEX.

A.

A, not translated with honderd or duizend (177), Note 6. ,4.an, uses of ( 308).

Accent, where to place ( 3i'i2-354). Adjectives (152) et seq.

endini::; of when placed before noun (124), 4. plural endings (125), 5.

used predicativeiy, uot declined (152), II. and Obs. agreement with noun (153), III.

when form not changed (153), Obs. 1, 2; (154), V, 1-6. difference of meaning between inflected nud

uninfl.ect-ed, after een, etc. (153), IV. DegrPes of Compurh:ion (155-157). which are not compared (157), Obs. 6. Adverbs (287), et sE.q.

of numLer, derivati•J11 of (175), XIV. formation of (292), Obs. 1, (293), Note 2. comparison of (292), Obs. 2, 3.

exercises on (207, 298). Af and nee1., renderings of (295, 296). Af and toe, use of (295).

Alphabet, vowels in use with pronunciation (15) 2, 3. consonants in use, with pronunciation (16, 17), 4-8. dipllthongs, with prouunciation (17), 9.

Analysis, te:-ms used ( 370, 371). additional rules (371) 1, 2. 4.nderhaif, rendering of (175), XV. Any, idiomatic renderings of (172), 1-5. Article, The, ( 47), et seq.

de- and het-words ( 48). obsolete declension of ( 48, 49).

rules for correct use, repetition and omission of (49, 50), IV, 1-5.

where used in Dutch and not in English (50, 51), V, 1-4. rejection in both languages (51, 52) .

.Auxiliaries, (215).

A verechts, meaning of (295).

Beide, declined forms of (171). Bij, uses of (309).

INDEX (). Comparison of Alljectirns (155-157).

use of mecr and mcest (15U), Ohs. 3, 4 ..

"

il'regular (157), Obs. 7.

Comp;rison of

se~t(mces

plificd Dutch (138).

L'Xercises on (157-lUl).

in English, old Book Duteh, and Sim-Composition Exercise, "Planting a tree." (2G).

Conjugation of the Verbs hebben and zijn (107, 108).

"

"

of Weak Yerb leren and Strong Verb istelen

(139-142).

of Weak Verb dansen and Strong Verb lezen (162-166).

Weal' and Strong (212, 213), III. complete form of (213-215). of hcbben (210, 217).

,, zijn (218, 219).

,, zullen (219). ,. u•orden (220, 221).

,, ,, Auxiliary Verbs of Mood (227-229). Conjunctions (321), et seq.

('onstruction (358), et seq.

Principal sentenee--position of predicate, olJject, adverbial extension, etc. (358-301), II-XI.

Sub-ordinate sentence--position of predicate (301), XIII.

,, ,, when auxiliaries

aru joined tu princ11.a1 Y-irh (J\\2, 3C3J, X:IY, XV.

Inversion in Principal sentence (3(i3, 3G5). ,, ,, SulJ-ordinate ,, ( 365, 36f\). Conservation, Dutch-English, general (23).

about trees (46).

•'

"Time" (57, 58). "Meals" (&3, 84).

"Forms of Greeting and Address" (118, 119). "'l'he weather" (150, 151) ; "To go shopping" (151) "Family Relations" (181, 182).

"Travelling by land and rail" (209, 210). "Travelling by Sea" (285, 2SG).

"About various Artizans" (303, 304). "Trades and Occupations'' (319, 320), "Teaching and School" (332, 333).

D.

J>an, use of after comparatives (157), Obs. 8. Declension (120), ct seq.

"

Nominative case (121), II. Genitive case (121), III. Dative case (122), IV. Accusative case ( 122, 12~). Y.

INDEX

Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns deze and die and Possessive Pronoun onze. (124), 3.

Obsolete (125), et sPq.

of Adjectives when not preceded by defi:µing ,, word (129, 130).

of Adjectives placed after Noun (130)

"

,, Strong and Weak (130-132). of Com]Jonnd Pronouns ( 132).

exercises on ( 135-137) .

Degene and dezeLfde, declension of ( 194), '.!. Dezel!Ve, use of (193), Obs. 1.

Diminutives, form::i.tion of (66, 67), XIV; (339, 340j, Door, uses of (308, 309).

Een, when declined (170). Er, use of (195) Note. Etymology (336), et seq. E. Formation of Nouns (337-3-11). ,, Adjective8 (342, 343). ,, Verbs (343-34G). ,, Adverlls (347) . ., .. Compound Words (34fl, 350).

List of words explained according to derivation (350-352), XII.

exercises on ( 354, 355) .

G. Gender of Substantives ( 85) et seq.

Real Gender IHstinctions (85), II.

Natural Gender. Feminine suffixes (86, 87), III. Common Gend0r (ti7, SS), IV.

Rules distinguishing de-words (88-91), V, 1-24. Rules difitinguiHhing hot-words (91-94), 1-14. Gender of Compound Nouns (94), VI.

Words \Jclonging to both classes (do and het), with difference of meaning (94), VII.

List of het-words not included in Rules (!)5-101). ,, exercises on (105, 106), (115-118).

Gerund, translation of (232), XIV, 1, 2. Goed and wel, use of ( 2!)5) .

H.

Haive and wegen, use of (305), II, Obs. Heen, henen use of (294).

INDEX

I.

If, as if, rernlNings of (1G6), (206, 207). Immer, nimmer, use of (294).

Interjections (334, 335).

J.

Jij or je, jullie, use of (72), (185), Obs. 1 (a-c).

K.

Kteansuis, meaning of (295).

M. May, might, might have, rendering of Men, translations of (191).

Met, use of, as Adverb (295). Moeten, translations of (282). Mood, ( 229) et seq.

"

Indicative (229), XU a. Subjunctive (229), XU !J. Imperative (230), XII c. Translation of InfiuitiYe (230, Multiplicatives, how formed, meaning

(174), XlI.

N.

(204).

231), XIII

of voudig and vuldig

Na, nadat, daai•na, rendering of (~D!)).

Nam•, uses of (310, 311).

Names of Countries with inhabitants aml corresponding Adjec-tives (G3), (31S).

Niet, position of, in Negative sentences (179), (361), XII. Noch, nog, meaning of (2!)3).

Number (237), XVL

Numeral Adjective,; (lti9) et seq.

"

Various idiomatic expresRions (173,174), XI. List of Cardinals aud Ordinals (175, 176),

XVI.

eXPl'l'iRC on (177).

o.

Official and Documentary Language, List oi' terms (372)et seq. Om, uses of ( 311).

when used to strengthen te hefore Infinitive (230), Rule 2.

Onder, uses of (300, 310).

Ooit, nooit, use of (294). Op, uses of (310).

INDEX

P.

Parsing and Analysis (367) et seq. ,, abbreviations used (367, 368). ,, example of (369).

Participles, translation of (232, 233), XIV, 3, 4. Parts or Speech, Dutch names of (47), (367). I•erson (237), XVII.

Plural, formation of (59) et seq. ending ers or eren (61), VII.

different meanings of, according to termination (61), VIII words with irregular ( 62), IX.

of words ending in heid (62) .

. , ,, man (B3).

words having no singular (66), XII. words ha \'ing no ( 64) , XI, 1-3,

words with no vroper, plurttl borrowed from synonyms (64), XI, 4.

,, Dutch singular forms for English plurals (65), 5. ,, formation of as regards final consonants (U7), XV; when

final consonant not doubled, 1; whe.n final con-sonant doubled (68), 2; exceptions (68, 69). of wor<ls ending in

t

or s ( 69) , 3.

,, exercises on ( 71, 72), (75, 76), (SO). Preposiiions (305) et seq.

relations pointed out by (306-308), IV.

Preposition-Verbs with unlike Prepositions in English and Dutch, List of (312-315).

Pronouns (183) et SC'f!.

Personal, with de<'lension (183-185).

,, use of old Possessive Case (187), 8. use of gij, i i and jij (184, 185).

Reciprocal (185), 5.

Re1\exiw', with declension (186), 6, 7. Possessive (188, 189), V.

Interro~ntive (18!)), VI.

,, <leclension of (190), Obs. 1. corupounde<l with Prepositions (190), Obs. 2. Indefinite (191, 192), YIT.

Correlative (193), VIII. Demonstrative (l!l4-196), IX.

ltela tivc with Declension ( 190-198), X. exercises on ( 199-202) .

Pronunciation, Exerdses on (1!), 21).

Put (to), to put on, etc., various renderings of (300, 301). R.

Reading Exercises, 126), (45), (56), (82, 83), (104, 105), (114, 115), (14!), 150).

12'/DEX.

s.

Schelen, different meanings of (246), Note. Should, rendering of (204).

Should, oug·ht to, rendered by bchorcn (281). Some, idiomatic renderings of (171), X, 1-7.

Speak-aml-Act Exorcise, No. 1.-"Een boom planten" (24-26). No. 2.-"Ecn huis bouwen," the

..

.

,

"

"

"

"

"

"

Interrogative, Negative and Neg.-Interrog. forms introduced ( 34-37) . No. 3, plural forms introduced ( 42-45) No. 4. - " De lamp aansteken .,

(54-56).

No.5.-"'t Paard schoonrnalcen" (70), Imperative form introduced (71). No. fJ.-"De was doen" (76-78). No. 7.-"JJe doden begrnvm:" (81. 82). No. 8.-"De klok opwinden"

(102, 103).

No. 9.-·'Uit rijden g.aan" (112). indevendent sentences (1:13, 114). No. 10.-"Brood balcken" (133) ;

Progressive form introduced (134) ; exercise on continuous composition

(135). No. 11.-"De

(147-149). schoorsteen veg en'' Spelling, when pronunciation differs from (18, 19), 1-10.

,, general rules for (27, 28), I-VI. use of single or double vowels (28-30). exercises on ( 31-34) , ( 38-40) .

of Compound Nouns (41).

Syllables, division of words into (21), J-4. ,, open and closed (22).

,, exercises on t 22, 23) .

T.

Tense (234-236), XV.

Then, when translated by dan, when by toen (167). 'l'ransla ti on Exercise No. 1. ( 52, 53) .

No. 2, introdueiug jij and julUe (72-74). No. 3. (78, 79).

,, No. 4,

introducing-First Rule of Construction (109). Second .. ,, ,, (109, 110). '.Chird ,, ,, ,, (110).

Interrogative, NPgative and Neg.-Interrog. forms (111).

INDEX

Translation Exercise No. 5,

introducing-"

"

"

Uit, uses of (311).

Fourth Rule of Construction (142, 143). Translation of Pres. Participle (143, 144). Use of willen (144, 145).

Translation of certain Infinitives having no equivalent in Rnglish (145, 146). Translation of "when" (147).

No. G. (l!il-168),

introducing-Transla ti on of "if" by indien or als (166). Various translations of "then" (167). Fifth Rule of Construction (168). No. 7. (178-180), introducing-Sixth Rule of Construction (179). Translation of Pres. Participle by terwijl

(179).

No. 8 (202-209),

introducing-Various translations of "may" (204). .. ;ould" (205:• 206)." "will" and Various translations of "if" (206, 207). ,, "to know" (207). ,. ,, ,, "used to" (208). Seventh Rule of Construction (208). No. 9. (270-283),

introducing-Certain idiomatic expressions (280, 283, 284).

"Should'', "ought to'', translated by behoren (281).

Translations of moeten (282). No. 10. (298-302), introducing-Various renderings of "after" (299).

,, translations of "to put" (300, 301). No. 11. (315-318). No. 12. (328-332). No. 13. (356, 357).

u.

v.

Van, uses of (308).

Variatives, formation of, meaning of lei and hanile (175), XIII. Verbs, (211) et seq.

,, Weak and Strong (138, 139). ,, de term ina ti on of stern ( 211, 212) , II.

"

"

"

when conjugated with zijn, when with hebben (215, 216). Transitive and Intransitive (238), XVIII.

Reflexive (238-241), XIX. Mixed, list of (242), XX.

Anomalous, list of ( 243-244), XXI. Impersonal (245-247), XXII.

INDEX

Verbs, Causative (247), XXIII. ,, Intensive (247), XXIV.

Frequentative (248), XXV. Compound (248-249), XXVI. Separably compounded (250). Inseparably compounded ( 250) .

List of Compound, with different meanings according to accent (251-252).

List of Strong (252-257), XXVII. exercises on ( 258-270) .

Vocabulary, English-Dutch (386) et seq. Voice (221).

Comparison between Active and Passive of bijten (221-223),

x.

Observations on Active and Passive (225-227).

Transposition from Active into Passive--use of men (226, 227), 5 (a-f).

w.

·when, when translated by toen, when by wanneer (147). Whoever and whatever, translation of (192).

Will and would, rendering of (205, 206). Wijlen, meaning of (294).

z.

Zelden, zeldzaam, use of (204).

Zijn, comparison between its use as Copulative anti!. Auxiliary of Passive Voice (224, 225), X, b.

THE

•

STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR

CHAPTER

I.

1.-THE ALPHABET.

(lfet Aliabet.)

1. THE

Dutch alphabet consists of the same letters as

the English, but the letters

c,

q,

x,

and

y are not used

in word8 of Dutch origin.

0

and

h

are

nseu as a

compound cousonant (rh). Reep 17,

§

7.

~.

The following are the Vowels

(Klinkers)

in use:

A,

pronounced as in English

father,· E,

pronounced as

in English

con1:ey; I

(written

«

ie" for double "i"),

pronounced as in English

knee; 0,

pronounced as in

EngUsh

woe;

V,

pronounced as in French

-mur,·

OE,

pronounced as in English

pool;

EV,

pronounced as in

German

ode.

NO'n.-l!'or the correct pronunciation of U, UE, U and EU, it" ls necessary to bring the lips forward. This done, for the 0-sound leave a larger, and for the OFJ-sound a small round ovening; for the FJU-sound a hroad slit, and for the U-sound a narrow slit between the lips.

~.

Five Yowels, viz.

a, e,

i,

o,

11,

have eacl, a double

sound. \Vhcn written with the double sign,

aa, ee, ie, oo,

uu,

or when occurring at the end of a syllable, or when

forming a syllable by themselves, their sound is full, as

indicated in

§ 2; but when single, and enclosed between

consonants, their sound becomes imperfect; e.g.

man (as

1G THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR

in German

Mann); lcs

(as in English

test); lip)

pro-nounced as in Eng!ish;

ltop)

pronounced as in Englii:ih;

rirst

(slightly less broad than

u

in English

rust).

NoTE.-The e has a third souml, npproaching that of the imperfect u. It occurs in the article de; in the fiPxion-endiugs of the adjective; in the verhal prefixes 7HJ, gc, and ver, and suffix en; in the plural ending en of uouns, a1Hl in unaeeent-ed syllaLles heforn rn, n, l, p, 1·, t. 'r11e sound of this e is hearu in the seeonu syllaLle or the English word bundle. 'fhe o likewise has a third sound, more imperfect than that heard in hop ( vide 3). It resembles the o-sound in on, as against that in horse. It chiefly precedes or follows the letters rn and n, e.g. romp, tromv, rommcl, drom, mos, rlom, madder, lonip, kom, om, under, long, zong, dron,q, wrong. krom, as against hop, top, stop, drop, rot, hol, los, tros, ros, jol, tol, sollcn, tornrn, dorscn.

Tmperfect i sounds almost like ii in the suffix W;: men-sc-lik, d'icr-li7•.

4. Of the

Consonants

(Medeklinkers),

Bis pronounced

a:;: in Rnglish bailiff;

D,

as in Engli:;;h dainty:

K,

as in

Englii:;lt caprice;

P,

as in Engli:;;h

pale;

R,

as in English

error;

T, as in English

take;

and

Z,

pronounced

zett)

as in French;

F, L, M, N,

and

S,

as in English;

H,

like

EngliRh

ha!

and always aspirated;

J,

like J<Jnglish

yea j

a,

like

ch

in Scotch

nicht)

and

loch)·

V,

like very soft

Engli1'h

f;

and

W,

materially like EngliRh v.

NOTE.-0 always has a guttural sound (p. 17, § 7). exr·ept when oeeurring after n, when it souulls as in the Rnglish wurd ring.

5. 'fhe English Y, when used in Dutch words of Greek

origin, is pronounced like English

ee

or

i, as in

synode)

syntaxis.

The Dutch

lJ

is originally a double

i)

now

written

i

and

j

combined. The sound represented by this

combination, which is foreign

to

the English language,

lies clo:;;e to the sound of

ay

in the English word

pay.

THE ,1L1'11.t1BE1' 17

the teeth,when pronouncing the Dutch word ...

pij",

being

less widely apart than for the pronunciation of the

J~nglish

pay.

6. The letters

u, q,

and

a;

are only met with in words

introduced into Dutch from other languages} and are

there pronounced as in English,

c

being like

k

before

o, o, ·u,

or a consonant, and likes, before

e,

i,

and

ie; t,

in such words, occurring before the ending

ie

(Eng.

-ion),

is pronounced like s, e.g. nutiu} nation, pr. na-sit

The

ending

atie

is by some pronounced

aatsic:

for

instunce,

for predilcatie (predika1>ieL sermon, one may hear predi·

krutl.~ie.

'l'his pronunciation i-;hould not

be

enconraged.

7.

C

occurs in Dutch in combination with

H, ch

being

the representation of a guttural sound, rather sharper

than that of

g.

SCH,

when found at the beginning of

a ·word, or as the initial letters of a stem after a prefix,

should be pronounced as a combination of

s

and the

guttural

ch,·

as

schaap,

pr.

s-oh-aap; geschapen,

pr.

ge-s-ch-a-pen.

NoTE.--'fhis sound of sch is retaiuetl in tlw suffix scliap. ln certain Proper Nouns aud geographical names, where this composite consonant occurs otherwise than ini1ially, it is invariably pronounced like s: Stellenbosch, pr. Stel-len-bos; Visscher, pr. Vis-ser.

8.

TH

is pronounced as single

t,

and

PH

like

f,

b,v

which sign it is now superseded.

9. The Dutch language has the following diphthongs:

Bi,

formerly

ai (

ag),

pronounced exactly like

ij; Au,

pronounced as in English

stout; Ou,

pronounced softer

than

rw,

though by many the difference is disregarded;

Ui,

no equivalent in English, softer than German

eu,

pronounced in the same way as

u

and

eu

(see

§

2), but

with a yet wider opening of the mou1h;

Aai,

like

ay

in

Rcotch pronunciation of

McKay;

Ooi,

full Dutch o-sound

with i-sound attached, like

oh-y; Beu,

full sound of Dutch

.e,

ending in the sound of

iv;

Jeu,

full sound of Dutch

i,

·ending in that of

·w.

18 THE STANDARD DUTOH GRAMMAR

11.-SPELLING AND PR.ONUNCIATION.

(Spelling en Uitspraak.)

Broadly speaking, Dutch should be pronounced as

it is spelled.

The following are the cases in which

pronunciation differs from spelling:

1.

Final

b, d,

and

g,

are respectively pronounced like

p, t, and ch, e.g. bed, pr. bet,· pad, pr. pat; lag, pr. lach.

2.

The guttural sound of

g is lo'st whenever

n

precedes

it, e.g. ding, ring, hing.

3.

The initial

z of zestig, sixty, and zerentig, seventy,

is pronounced like

s.

4.

The

t

before final

ie in words of French origin, is

pronounced like

s, e.g. konsideratie, pr. konsiderasie.

5.

The sound of th is that of a single t, e.g. thermometer,

pr.

ter-mo-me-ter.

G. Final

t is usually left out before the diminntive

ending

je.

Kwast, nest and vest make l:u:astje, nestje,.

and vestje, ·which are pronounced kwasjo, 1wsje, and vosje.

7. 'l'he diminutive ending

je is colloquially pronounced

ie, except when preceded by d or t; e.g. koppie (for kopje)

boelcie (for boekje) ; but mannetje, handje, etc.

8. The pronunciation of the endings

de, der, and den,

is often

je, jcr, and jen, in colloquial speech. De goede

man (the good man), is pronounced de gueie man;

like-wise does

breder (broader) sound brejcr, and sleden

(sledges),

slejen.

This is the case

in:-(Adjectives)

goede, goeie

(good),

brede,

breje-(broad),

rode, rooie (red), dodo, dooie (dead),

kwade, kwaaie (angry), etc.; whereas, oude (old),

and

koudc (cold) change their d into a

w:

ouwe,

kouwe.

THE ALPHABET

19

(Nouns)

laden, laaien

(drawers),

leden, lejen

(members),

kleden, klejen

(carpets),

smeden, smejen

(smiths),

sneden, snejen

(slices), etc.

(Verbs)

laden, laaien

(to load),

snijden, snijen

(to cut),

lijden, lijen

(to suffer),

leiden, leien

(to lead),

rijden, rijen

(to ride), etc.

9. In loose speech final

n

of the ending

en

of Nouns

and Verbs is dropped. The men were speaking together,

de mamnen spraken met elkaar,

sounds-de

manne sprake met elkaar.

10. The Pers. Pron.

hij,

he, is often shortened into

a single i-sound in fluent speaking,

lieeft hij

(has he)

becoming

heeft-i,

and

had hij

(had he) becoming

hat-i,

etc.

NoTE.-These deflections from grammatical forms are not commendable, though really universal. They, however, find no place in the written language.

EXERCISE ON PRONUNCIATION.

Pronounce according to the hints in the undermentioned paragraphs of Section 1.

2.

Paar, taal, haas, maat, va-der, ma-len, ta-fel, za-del;

meel, reet, geel, le-pel, ze-dig, le-ven, we-zel; diep, stier,

sliep, iets, ieder, vie-ren, hie-len, wie-den; kool, roos, pook,

troon, mo-len, wo-nen, ko-per, sto-ven; uur, muur, uw,

sluw, vu-ren, ju-bel, du-wen, mu-ziek; koek, woest, poel,

troep, moe-der, loe-ren, woe-dcnd, roe-ren; neus, heup,

deur, lrneu, sleu-ren, leu-ze, steu-nen, kleu-rig.

3.

(Full Vowels.) Baat, ba-ten, aap, a-del; 7.eef, ste-len,

eer, e-del, vee; dienst, wie-len, iep, ie-ren, drie; roof,

do-ren, oor, o-pen, stro; stuur, stu-ren, u-ren, ruw.

(Imperfect Vowels.) Kar, slap, plat, man, stam, land,

stal, want, plan, lam; vel, mes, wet, test, net, spel, ren,

stem, pen, kers; dik, mis, lip, ik, bril, stil, kin, pit, krimp,

20 THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR

dirk; rnul, hulk, rum, kunst, lust, hurk, muts, dun, ruk,

wuft; bre-de, ka-le, blaf-fen, de, ge-loop, ver-haal, be-derf,

ko-pen, be-ren, val-len, rom-mel, de-det, de·sem, re-ten,

lo-pen, wan-de-Jen, krab-be-len, re-ge-ren, dof, dot, dom-mel,

los, lot, glun-dert.

4.

Baas, bas, buur, bus, boel, boek, beek, bek; daar, dorp,

deur, doe!, dek, dak, dwaas, dwars, diep, dik, dis-tel; kaal,

kap, koor, rok, kwee, kwast; kist, kiel, ko-ren; peer, paard,

pronk, proest, pis-tool, pest, pret; raam, ram, roes, rust,

rank, rit-se-len, riet; teer, turf, troep, toorn, to-ren,

trap-pe-len; zak, zaak, ziek, zink, zulk, zool, zeem, zoet,

zwal-ken; haan, hoop, hop, hak, haal, help, hulp, hoed,

heup; jaar, jas, jood, jank, joel, jeuk, jong; goot, grot,

geul, gaas, gas, groef, gist, grim-men; vaas, vroom, voelt,

vleug, vlag, vIOk, vinnen; waan, woest, wier, wraak, wrok,

worst.

5.

(Foreign

Words.)

Synode,

tyrannie,

hypokriet,

chrysoliet, symptoom, mythe, fysiek, fysies.

(Dutch Words.) Rijm, vijl, stijf, grijp, wrijven, lijvig,

blijken, wijzen.

6.

Cato, koncept, recentie, canto, promotie, akceptatie,

garantie, Curai;ao, (pronounced

Ku-ra-sau), Clemens,

cipier, provincie, Corinthe, Worcester.

7.

Lach, kuch, zucht, kracht, licht, ge-zicht, ver-licht,

ge-lucht, macht, wacht, ge-dacht; schaap, schip, schut,

schop, schom-mel, schim, schat, schol, schram, schrik,

schrijn, ge-schaamd, ver-scholeu, her-scha-pen,

ont-schie-ten, blijd-schap; Rondebosch, Loubscher, Grootschuur,

Wolwasch.

THE ALPHABET

21

~.

'rhnis, 'thermometer, rnethode, theologie, theosofie.

!l.

:Lei, -..vei-de, reis, stei-ge-ren, fon-tein, lei-den. stei-ler,

tein; pans, kous, saus, lauw, flauw; rauw, dauw, vrouw;

liuis, rni-ken, tuin, wui-ven, dui-nen, muis, ruim, pruik;

1aai, zaai-en, lrnai, maai-en; hooi, mooi-er, strooien, tooi

en; dooi; eeu-wig, leen-wen, spreeuw, geeu-wen; nieuw,

nieu-we, krieu-wen.

Hl.-SYLLABLES.

( Lettergrepen.)

1.

The pronunciation of Dutch words is a simple and

(!asy matter, after the sounds have been mastered. On the

111·onmHjation depends the division of the words into

syllables.

3. This llivision has no connection with etymology.

No maHer how a word has been derived, compounded,

contracted or abridged, its syllables depenll on the

open-ing and elosopen-ing of the mouth when it is pronounced.

3. Perfect articulation gives perfect division into

syllables. There is no other rule.

4.

Students should

observe:-(a)

That one consonant found between two vowels

goes with the vowel which follows

it:

ltazcn

=

ha-::en,

leven

=

le-ven, ademcn =a-de-men.

(b)

That of a combination of two or more consonants,

one is retained by the first vowel, whereas the remaind<>r

go

with the yowel following them: dauipi!J =dam-pig,

iiohande = schan-de, korsten = kor-sten, -

unless such

division should stanci in the way of pronunciation:

ernstig

= ern-stig,

instead of

er-nstig, ambten

= amb-ten,

22 'l'lfF: S'P.-tNDARD DU'l.'CH GRA .. MMAR

NoTE !.-These rules have no referenre to cornpouud words, which naturally keep their parts intact: plaatskaart= plaa,ts-kaart, slagaar=slag-aar. Likewise do the suffixes aard, achtig, and rifk retain their own letters: l<Lf-1wrd, blauw-achtig, gunst-rijk.

NOTE 2.-The compound ch is not divided: iachcn=la-chen; pochen=po-chcn, though in hoth cases the imperfect vowel sound is retained, the spelling having once been poch-chen, and afterwards pog-chen.

NOTE 3.-The other compound ng is divided, on account of the g having been formerly sounded. This division. however, is not in accordance with prounnciation.

Syllables-Open and Closed.

In Dutch a syllable is termed

(a,)

open

(open),

when

it ends in a vowel; (

b)

closed (

gesloten),

when it ends

in a consonant.

Examples of

(a )--vre-de, be-te-ren, ga-de-lo-ze,

Examples of (

b )-lan-den, won-der-daad,

on-ein-dig-heid.

EXERCISE ON SYLLABLES.

Break the words of the following exercises into

syllables, noticing which of the syllables are open, and

which

closed:-1.

Lakeu, monster, paarden, stallcn, dochters, zonen,

handen, panccl, kapstok, brandwacht, kapoen, vinger,

planten, struiken, bomen, pennen, hazen, eenden, vinden,

stokpaard, ketting, wartaal, ganzen, spiegel, vragen,

dcnkPn,

klinken,

mengen,

marktplaats,

slokdarm,

wasmand.

2.

llederven, gedenken, ontvangen, stamelen, regeren,

vergelden, hagelen, hergeven, oorlogen, droefenis, latafel,

'l'Hlil ALPHABET 23

ouderdom, gestorven, lessenaar, schuifgordijn, akelig,

inktkoker, plaveien, instrument, onttrekkcn, uitvinding,

overlast, blikslager.

3.

Betoveren, gedachtenis, goedhartigheid, nauwkeurige,

bedelende, nadrukkelik, onloochenbaar, monsterachtig,

wellevendheid, anderhalve, onaangenaam, milddadigheid,

haveloze,

tandcpoeier,

horlogekast,

overmachtig,

voorwereldlik, ontstentenis, kompanjieen, vergiffenis,

dialektiek, professoraat, rcgulatie, landarbeid, Zaterdag,

blijmoedige, llruiloftsdis, edclmoedigheid.

4.

Keukengereedschap,

kousefabriek,

katoenspinnerij,

overeenkomstig,

houtzaagmolen,

koninginnemantel,

Israelitisme, spoorwegmaatschappijen, testamentbezorger,

:fi.losofieen,

meteorologiese,

onderwijzersvcrenigingen,

horlogemakerswinkel,

primitiviteit,

invalidein:'!tituut,

zeilmakerswerkplaats.

KONVERSATIE. 1. Hoe heLt u?

2. nc hect Jan.

3. Waar komt u vandaan? 4. lk kom van school. 5. Hoe O'Ud is u? 6. lk ben twaa.lf j,aar. 7. Is de school groot? 8. Ja, er zijn zcs lcamers. 9. En oolc zrs onderwijzers? 10. Teen, zeven of acht. J 1. En hoerrel leerlingrn zijn

er?

12. 0, meer da.n honderd, gcloof ik.

CONVERSATION. What is your name? My name is John.

Where do yon come from? I come from school. How old are you? T am bv<>l ve years old. Js tlte sehool large'/ Yes. there are six rooms. And six mnsters also? No, seven or eight.

And how many scholars are there?

Oh, more than a hund~d.

I believe.

NoTE.-ln familiar speech the questions of 1, 3, and 5 would be: Hoe heet je? Waar kom je vandaanl' Hoe oud ben. je? Seep. 36 In South Afriea Wat is uw naarn? is the only curr<'nt expression for, What is y<'nr imme?

24 TJI}I] E'TA.,\lJ,\RlJ DL-TCJI GR,LllJlA.R

SPEAK=AND=ACT EXERCISE No.

1.

Een /Juum planten.-To

plant a tree.

1.

Ik ya naar du tuin.

~- lk

ncem

ccn graaf iu

mijn ltu nd.

a.

lk

spit ecn gat

in de

grond.

4. llc

zct ecn

boom in llf't

gat.

5.

lk

vul

hct

gat

met

grond.

6.

Ik trap

du grun<l

nrnt.

7.

lk haal een gi"Ctcr.

8.

Ile

tap

1rnter

uit de

kraan.

n.

lk gooi !tet ·u·atcr bij

du

boom.

10.

Zo

iwrdt d,,

boom

gcplant.

I go to the garden.

I

take a l>pade' in

my

h:rnd.

T dig a hole in the ground.

I put a tree into the hole.

l

fill the hole with soil.

I tread the Roil down.

I fetch a watering-can.

I drinv water from the

tap.

I i

hrow the water round

the tree. ·

So the tree is planted.

REMARK.-Thc al10Ye Pxerdsc. aud all following Speak-and-Act Exercises, sl10ulu be made the sulJjed of action while speaking, or speaking while acting. Tlwy are foumled on the fact that children learn to talk by rehearsing sentenees expressive of their actions, while these are in progress. Languages are best and most quickly learnt in the same way: What are styled "Subsequent Jilxercises" are derived from the "Speak-and-Act Bxercises", and should he looked upon in the light of Grammar work foundNl on the knowledge obtained lJy aetual ex11Prien<'e during tlw pral'tice of the latter. 'l'hey ar<' meant to lie writte>n as we>ll as RpokPn. Ik gn. T go, TO BE :\fEl\IORISED : -l1ij gnnt. he goes.

lk ncem, hij neernt.

I take, he takPs.

Jk spit, I l1ig,

hij spit.

he digs.

NoTE.-The 1st pcrs. sing. present tcnsl• of all Yerbs represents the Vl'rh-ste>m. ThP 3ru pers. sing. of' tlie same tense adds t to the verlJ-stem, if it does not already end in

t.

THE ALPHABET

25 Verbs-Werkwo01•den.

gaan, to go. ilc ga, I go. ii;; (ltij) 11ing, I went. nemcn, to take. ik ncem, I take. il;; (hij) nam, I took. spit ten, to dig. Uc spit, I uig. ilc (hij) svitte, I U.ug. zetten, to put. ik zct, I put. U; (hij) zcttc, I put. vullen, to fill. ilc nit, I fill. ik (hij) rulde, I filled. trappen, to treau. Uc trap, I lread. il;; (hij) trapte, I trod. halon, to fet<'h. ik haal, I fetch. il; (hij) haaldc, I fetched. tappcn, to draw ik tap, I draw.

ik

(hij) tapte, I drew.

(from a tap).

gaaien, to throw. 'ilc gaol, I throw. il;; (hij) gaaide, I threw. warden, to be ik u:urrl, l be- ii;, (hij) ii-ere/, I lleeame.

(become). eorne.

ik bcn (hij is) gegaan, I have (he has) gone. ilc hcb (hij hrcft) gcnamcn, I ham (he Irns) taken. ilv heb (hij heeft) gespit, I have (he has) dug. il,; heb (hij heeft) gezet, I have (he has) pui. ilc hrb ( llij hccft) gevuld, I have (he has) filled. ilv hob (llij hceft) getrapt, I have (he has) trodden. ilc heb (hij heeft) gchaald, I have (he has) fetched. ilc heb (hij heeft) getapt, I have (he has) drawn. ik heb (hij hceft) geguahl, I have (he has) thrown. ilc ben gewarden, I have been (beeome).

ldj is geu;urden, he (it) has been (l1eel'me).

srBSEQlJEX'l' EXEitCIS.K

The auo\·e Yeru-forms will enable the learner to speak

Exercise No. 1 ( 1) in the 1st pers. t>ing. Indicative

present; (2) in the 3rd pers. sing. Iudic. present; (3) in

the 1st pers. sing. In die. past ; (

±)

in the 3rd pers. sing.

Indic. past; ( 5) in the 1st pers. sing. Tndic. perfect;

(6) in the 3rd pers. sing. Indic. perfect.

All these exercises should be first spoken and then

carefully written. They will fix themselves indelibly in

the learner'K mind. He should thus handle gmmmatical

forms before he learns to esfaulish them by theory.

26 '1.'HE STANDARD DUTOH GRAMMAR

[lndfoative Past, 1st and 3rd persons singular.]

Ik ging naar de tuin. Hij ging naar de tuin.

Ik nam ePn graaf in mijn hand. Hij nam een graaf in zijn hand. Ik spitte een gat in de grond. Hij spitte een gat in de grond.

[Indicative Perfect, 1st and 3rd persons singular.]

Ik ben naar de tuin gegaan. IJij is naar de tuin gegaan. Ik heb een grnaf in mijn hand Hij heeft een graaf in zijn hand

genomen. gen omen.

Ik heb een gat in de grornl gespit.

llij lleeft een gat in de grond gespit.

NoTm.-In principal sentences, formed with compound tenses, i.P. Perfect, Pluperfect and Future, the Dutch Past Participle is vlaceu last.

READING EXERCISE.

lk

heb een boom in mijn hand.

De boom is klein.

I have a tree in my hand The tree is small.

Ik ga de boom planten. lk neem een graaf en ga naar de

l go the tree (to) plant. I take a spade and go to the

tuin. Nu spit ik een gat in de grond. Ik maak het gat

garden. :Now 11ig 1 n hole ih the gc0·Lmd. I makettlie hole

twee yoet diep. De wortel van de boom is lang. De

two feet de~·p Tue root of th.-! tree is loug. The

wortel gaat in de grond, maar de stam niet. 1fijn boom

root goes inh> the grou111l, l•ut the ;,tern not. ~Iy tree

zal mooi wordcn.

Hij zal groeien.

Hij zal blaren

It will leaves will prett~· lJ•"'OJlll'. It will grow.

krijgen.

Hij zal nucht dragen.

Ik zal blij zijn.

get.

rr

will fruit rear. I slrn JI glan hP.

COMPOSITION EXERCISE.

Write ten Dutch sentences constructed with the words

given above, but different from an.r you have learnt.

Tell the lesson about "Planting a Tree", substituting

mijn broer,

my brother, or

mijn zuster,

my sister, or

de

tuinmnn,

the gardener, for the pronouns given, or any of

them, varying the sentences as much as you can.

SPELLING

CIIAPTER

TI.

SPELLING.

(Spelling.)

27

I.

IN the pronunciation of Dutch words every letter is,

as a rule, sounded. A word pronounced may, therefore,

be taken as a word spelled. Some obvious discrepancies

in the presentation of vowels have been removed by the

Simplified Spelling now in vogue, rendering Dutch

Spelling easy of acquirement, after the few following

rules have been mastered.

IL Words without inflexion take their final consonant

according to pronunciation :

met,

with ;

zich,

himself:

noch,

neither.

III.

'Vhen

tJie

final

1·mrnonrr11t o!' rr wor<l

iR

a

hard

one, the last but one should be hard also; likewise is a

soft final consonant preceded by a soft one:

nacht

has

ch,

becauRe it ends in

t

j dcugd

has

g,

because it ends in

d.

~OTE 1.-This rule gives way to etymology. and is therefore not applied in the conjugation of Yerbs: hij lc,qt keeps its g before the t, seeing the

u

forms part of the stem of the Verb.

NOTE 2.-F,xceptions to this rule are reetls, already; steeds, always; sinds, since; bereids. already, in whi<'h d is preserved before final s.

IV. Neither words nor syllables can end in double

consonants. The English endings

ff

and ss, and the Ger·

man

tt

and

nn

cannot, therefore, be met with at the end

of a syllable of any Dutch

~ord.

28 THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR

V. 'Yords or syllables cannot end in either

v

or

~.

Where such endings would be demanded by derivation,

the v is made an f and the z an s: vrezcn, to fear;

ik

vrees,

I fear;

sterven, to die; hij sticrf, he died.

Vl. Touching declinable words, the question whether

they end in

d

or

t must be settled by declension: paard>

horsP, sounds

paort, but it is written with

d,

because its

plural is

paarden. rraag,. question, sounds vraach, but

is written with

g, because its plural is vragen, in which

g, not being final ( vra-gen), is pronounced soft. So also

is

vreemd, strange, written with d, because of vreem-de ,·

groat, large, with

t,

because of

gro-ter.

VII. Rules about single and double vowels.

1.

The double sign,

aa, ee, oo, uu, is used:

(a) When the full sound of the vowel opens a

syllable:

aar, vein; eer, honour; oor, ear; uur, hour.

(b) When the full sound is closed up between

consonants:

daad, deed; deeg, dough; kool, cabbage;

muur, wall.

( c)

In

the Verbs

goo-che-len,

to

juggle,

and

loo-che-nen, to deny.

2. The single sign,

a, e, o, u,

is used:

( o \

\Vhen the full sound constitutes a syllable in

itself:

n-dcl, noble; e-zel, ass; o-gen, e;ves; u-ren, hours.

(u)

When the full sound is heard in an open syllable:

vra-gcn,

to

ask;

le-ren, to learn; ho-ren, to hear;

du-ren, to last.

( c) 'Vhenever the sound is imperfect:

ar-moe-de,

poverty;

urn, urn; dak, roof; lzut, hut; erts, ore; hok, pen.

1

d) When

11.

is followed by

w, rendering its sound

8PELLTNG

YII. Rules about single and double /.

1.

The double sign (ie) is used:

2V

(a)

When the full sound occurs between consonants:

dienst,

service; mier, ant.

( b)

In open

syllables, when accented, or final:

mie-ren,

ants; vcr-drie-tig,. sorrowful; foe-lie, mace;

bie-zon-der,

particular; Ja-nu-a-rie, January; though in

words not purely Dutch,

fue

simple

't

is preferred:

in-va-li-de,

an invalid.

( c)

When the full sound constitutes

a

syllable in

itself in purely Dutch words: ie-mand, some one; ir-dcr,

every one.

2.

The single sign

(i)

is used.

(a)

When the sound is imperfect between consonants:

dik,

thick; mik-ken, to aim.

(b) In open syllables, unaccented and not final:

rnu-zi-kant,

bandsman; fa-bri-kant, manufacturer.

In

such cases, however, ie is admissible when the word may

be considered Dutch.

( c) In words taken from foreign languages : i-dc-aal,

ideal; i-di-oot, idiot: i-dce.. idea: in·tri-ge_. intrigue;

in-vi-te-ren,

to invite (not i11-vic-tA-rr>n).

The ending ies (Eng-.

ic)

in i,mch words, however,

always takes ie: filologies, philological.

IX. Words of one syllable ending in the e=sound

have the double vowel:

Tee,

tea;. vee, cattle; zee, sea; wee, woe; kwee,

quince; twee, two.

Derivatives from these words

keep the double e: twee-de, second; zee-en, seas.

X. Rules as

to

the use of

ei and

ij.

1. A corresponding word in English or German having

two

vowels, points

to

the use of ei in Dutch; likewise, if

the foreign cognate has one vowel, the

ii

takes its place

in Dutch:

30 THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR

Feil,

failing;

fontein,

fountain;

spreiden,

to

spread.

Rijst,

rice;

prijs,

price;

lijst,

list;

dozijn,

dozen.

2. When contraction has taken place,

el

must be used.

Zeil (zegel),

sail;

dweil ( dwegel),

clout;

keil

(kegel),

wedge;

meid (maged),

ruaid.

3. Ei is used in the endings

heid, teit_.

and

lei:

Goedheid,

goodness;

majesteit,

majesty;

allerlei,

all

kinds of.

4.

/J

is used in the endings

ij, ijn,

and

ijs:

Ba,kkerij,

bakery;

galerij,

gallery;

dolfijn,

dolfin;

radijs,

radish.

E'i.

IJ

occurs in strong verbs, as

bijten, to bite, beet,

gebetenj blijven, to remain, bleef, gebleven.

XI.

The meanings of the following words of like

pronunciation should be acquired.

Homonyms with

ij

and

ei :

-bij, bee.

berijden, to ride on. ijk, stamp, assizer's mark. fijt, whitlow. hij, he. lijden, to suffer. mij, me. mijt, mite. pijl, arrow. rij, row.

rijken, rich people, kingdoms. Rijn, Rhine.

rijs, young twigs (collective). stijl, style, door-post.

vijl, file.

vlijen, to lay fiat. wij, we. wijden, to consecrate. wijten, to impute. zijdf', silk. bci, berry. l>crf'iden, to prPpare. l'ik, oak. fcU, fact.

he·i, or heide, heath. lciden, to lead. llfei, ~fay.

mcid, servant.

pcil, water-mark (on vessels). rci, choir.

rcilccn, to reach. re1n, pure. reis, voyage. steil, steep. c<' il, for sale. !'lcirn, to flatter.

11·ei or u·eidc, meadow. u•cidni, to graze. u•eitcn, wheaten (adj.) zcidc, said.

SPELLING

31

EXER.CISE I.

1.

Fill ·up the blanks with single or doitble

a:

V-n w-r kw-m de m-n die ik d-r z-g? Hij

From where came the man whom I the1e saw'! He

kw-m v-n de k-nt v-n de st-d. W-t z-1 ik hem

came from the side of the town. What shall I him

r-den, -ls hij mij vr-gt? R-d hem zijn -rme v-der

advise when he me asks"! Advise him his poor father

w-t

te helpen. Wie k-n dit r-dsel r-den: w-t w-s

a little to help. Who can this riddle guess: what was

w-s, eer w-s w-s w-s? De m-st v-n d-t schip is

wax, ere wax wax was? The mast of that ship is

--f, de kr-cht v-n de storm heeft hem de voorl-tste

off, the force of the storm has it the previous

u-cht - f gesl-gen. Ik z-1 u voor uw

str-f

night down struck. I shall you for your punishment

v-n -vond 1-ten w-ter dr-gen. De j-ger is op de

this evening let water carry. The hunter is on the

j-cht geg-n, en heeft twee h-zen en drie fez-nten

hunt gone. and has two llares and three pheasants

thuis gebr-cht.

home brought.

2.

Ji'Ul up the blanks with single or double

u:

Aan de m-r in zijn st-deerkamer hing een r-w

On the wall in his study hung a rude

kruis. Zijn die vr-chten -

niet te z-r? 0 neen, ik

crucifix. Are those fruits (for) you not too sour? 0 no, I

houd van z-re vr-chten, meer dan - .

D-w de

like sour fruits, more than you. Push the

1-cifersdom; open met -w vinger, S-zie. St-r

-w

matchbox open with your finger, Susie. Send your

knecht om het paard van -w b-rman te h-ren. -

zal

servant (for) the horse of your neighlJour to hire. You will

32 THE STANDARD DUTCII GRAMMAR

bet zelf moeten gaan hren: ik kan de knecht n -it yourself have to go (and) hire: I can the servant now niet st-ren. llet zal niet veel -rcn meer d-ren, of not send.' It will not many hours more last, before die m--r zal om liggen. Die vreemde hond, die daar that wall will uown lie. That strange dog, which there zo vals ligt te gl-ren, beeft n - en dan vreemde k-ren. so falsely lies lurking, has now and then strange whims.

3.

F'ill

iip the blanks with single or double e:

H-ft de kl-fpleister de wond in het b-n van uw Uas the sticking-plaster the wound in the leg of your n-f g-n-z-n? Ik h-b h-t br-de papier aan smalle cousin heal Pd? I have the wide paper in narrow

r-p-n g-sn-d-n. Br-ng mij h-t n-t dat

strips cut. Bring me the net whiC'h

d - kn-cht h-d-n v-rst-ld h-ft; ik zal

the servant to-day mcndP<l has; I shall

h-t ov-r d- h-g 1-gg-n.

D-

h-m-ls

it over the hedge lay. The testers

van de b-dd-n zijn n-tj-s afg-v-gd. B-rg

of the beds are neatly dusted. Put

h-t g-ld in uw v-st w-g, and-rs wordt

the money in your waistcoat by, or l'lse (will) be

h-t uitg-g-v-n. Br-ng h-t scb-rp- m-s

it spent. Bring the sharp knife

bij de kn-cht, - n z-g h-m, dat hij h-t

to tlw servant and tell him, that he the

h-ft moct vastz-tt-n. De w-t van h-t

handle must fix. The

g-w-t-n van -Ike m-us

c·onsciei1ce of evPry man st-1-n onr-cht is.

to steal wrong is.

law of z-gt

h-m,

tl'lls him the dat tL:tt

Sl'ELLrSG 33

4.

' Fill

up

tlle blanks with single

or

double

o:

Ik heb geh-rd, dat de r-ver de k-pman verm-rd

I h:we heard, that the rol>ber the rnerchant rnurdcred

lteeft. Het kind dr-mue van sp-ken,, die in de t-ren

has. 'J'he child dreamt of ghosts, which in the tower

w-nden.

De t-venaars en g-chelaars k-nden de

lived. The magicians and jugglers could (to) the

k-ning zijn dr-m niet uitleggen.-nze v-rouders leefden

king his dream not explaiu. Our aueesturs lived

in b-ssen, en droegen -ssehuiden met de h-rens - p hun

in woods and wore ox-hides with the horns on their

h-fden. Hij geh-rzaamt u -p

bel-fte dat u hem

heads. He obeys you ou (the) promise that you him •

zal bel-nen. VV-nen er -k mensen -p b-men? Ja,

will reward. Live there any people on tree8? Y i>s, ~n

er zijn -k s-mmige menses-rten, die in h- len

and there are also some kinds of people, who in holes

en spel-nken w-nen. De vr-like z-n t-\·ert

:ind caves live. The Lright sun paints (by magic)

"'en sch-ne b-g tegen de d-nkere w-lken.

a pretty :1 rch agaim<t Uw dark clouds.

5.

Pill itp the

blanks

with

ei

or

ij:

Z-t

O " -

ber-d m- te leren r-den? W-s m- de

Are "'you prepnri>cl me to teach to ride? Rhow me the

r - bomen, die

j -

geplant hebt. Z-n

b:-dRc~ap

iR_ maar

row (of) tri>Ps, which ~-ou pl:mti>d llavP. IllS nurth is hut

~ch-n;

h- iR niet waarlik bl-. W---:-n wordt pit

pri>tence; hP is not renlly merry. Wm<' is from

drniven ber-d, en az-n uit w-n. Het m-Rje zal de

~rapPs prPpnrPd. ancl vincgnr 011t of winP. TllP girl will the

r--van haar vriendinnen op een 1- Rchr-wn, Pn u de

row of her friends on a slate write, and you the

34 THE STANDARD DUTOH GRAMMAR

1-st dan w-zen. Ik ben bl-, dat

j -

die

schilder-list then show. I am glad, that you that painting

kr-gt. De h-ning sch-dt het

w-land van m-n

get. The fence separates the pasture-ground from my

tuin. Als w- eerlik en vl-tig z-n, leven w- vr- en

garden. When we honest and diligent are, live we freely and

bl-. J - moet niet te veel t-d aan r-den w--den;

happily. You must not too much time to riding devote;

dat zou niet w___!.s z-n. De berg is te st-I om af

that would not wise be. The mountain is too steep to down

te gl-den.

slide.

SPEAK=AND=ACT EXERCISE No. 2.

Een huis bouwen.-To build a house.

1.

Ik graaf sloten voor ltet

fondument.

2.

Ik leg stenen in d('

slotcn.

3.

Ik doe cement tussen de

stencn.

4.

Ik bomc nmren op het

fondamcnt.

5.

lk laat

gaten voor

deuren en vensters.

6.

Ik leg balken over de

murcn.

7.

lk zet kappen op de

balk,,n.

R

lk leg sparren over de

kuppen.

U.

lk bedek het dak met

pannen.

T dig trenches for the

foundation.

1

put stones in

the

trenches.

I put eemPnt between the

stones.

I

build walls on the

foundation.

I leaYe boles for doors

and windows.

I place beams across the

walls.

I put principals upon the

Learn~.

I

put rafters across the

principals.

I coyer the roof with tiles.

10.

Zn

icordt

het

hui8

So the homie is built.

rtrbouicd.

TO BE MEMORISED: Tic graaf, u graaft.

I dig, you dig.

Tk leg, 1J, lcgt.

J put, you put.

Jk doe, u doet. I put, you put

INFINITIVE. SPELLING Verbs-Werl;;woordeu. PRESENT. ik graa,f, I dig. '17c leg, I put. ik doe. I put. !MPERFEO«'. ik groef, I dug. i/c legde, r put. ik deed, I put.

35

graven. to dig. leggen, to put (lay). doen, to put (do). bouwen, to build. laten, to leave (let). zetten, to put (place). bedekken, to cover.

Uc bouiv, I build. ilc laat, I leave. ik zet, I put.

ik bouwde, I built. ik liet, I left.

ilc zette, I put. ik bedek, I cover. ik bedckte, I covered.

PERFECT AND PLUPERFE<:l'.

ik heb (had) gcgraven, I have (had) dug. ik heb (had) gelegd, I have (had) put. ik heb (had) gedaan, I have (had) put. ik heb (had) gcbouwd, I have (had) built. ilc heb (had) gclaten, l have (had) left. ik heb (had) gezet, I have (had) put. ik heb (had) bedekt, I have (had) covered.

Observations:-The Verb "to put" is differently translated, according to the nature of the action. This will be more fully explained later on. The student should notice that (1) placing in a lying position (like a stone on its broad, flat side) is "leggen"; (2) placing in an upright position (like the principals of a roof) is "zetten ;" while "to put" with reference to liquids is mostly translated by "doen".

The second person singular "u" takes the same form of the Verb as the third person singular "hij" requiring a "t" after the Verb-stem in the Indicative Present.

VERB EXERCISE. Present.

Ik graaf, I dig. u grnaft, you dig-. hij graaft, he digs.

Imperfect. Jk grocf, I dug. u groef, you dug. hij groef, he dug. Perfect.

Ik heb gegraven, I have dug-. u hccft gegravcn, you have dug hij heeft gegraven, he has <lug Pluperfect.

ik had gPgravcn, I had <lug. u ha(f, ,qegraren, you hail i!ng. hij had gegrnren, he had dug.

Future.

il< zal grai·en, I shall dig.

11 :al vrarPn, you will dig. hij zal graven, he will dig.

:m THE 8TANDARn DU'l'GII URAMJJIAR Future Perfect.

ilc zal gPgraren ltebbcn, I shall have <lug.

'!~ zal gegraren hcblwn, yon will have dug. hij zal gegraren hebben, he will have 1lug.

OBSERVAT!ON.-ln familiar speech (to inferiors, lJrothers, sisters, special frienlls, servants, pupils) you is translated jij instead of u. When speaking to parents, s111Jeriors, seniors, or strangers, u should Ile the only Pronoun us<'d. Another form of jij is jr, which is employed whPre tl1ere is 110 emphasis. Tlle Possessive Pronoun to !JP used with "u" is 'll1l' (your), whereas

with "jij" it is jouw (with emphasis) and je (without emphasis).

SU.BSEQUEXT EXEIWISE.

Speak and write the sentences of Exercise No. 2 in the

1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons Singular of the six tenses of

the Indicative l\1ood.

Do the same with the sentences of Exercise :N"o.

1.

THE INTERROGA'l'IVE FORM.

The sentences given in the above Speak-and-Act

Exercises may be turned into questions by placing the

Pronoun after its Verb.

Exercise 1. 1. Ga ik naar de tuin? 4. Zet ik een boom in het gat? 8. Tap ilc water uit de lcraan? 10. lVordt de boom zo geplant?

Exercise 2.

1. Graaf ilc slnten vo01· het fonrlament f 5. La at ii;; gatem i:oor deurrn en 'CCnsters? JO. lV01"dt ltet huis zo gelwutcrl?

Speak all the sentences, given or derived, in the

Tnterr_ogutive form.

8PFJLLJNG

1'HE NEGATIVE FORM. Singular.

Assertive Sentence:-/k neem de gruuf. Negative Sentence:-Jk necm niet de graaf

Jlc neem de gmuf niet. Assertive Seutence:-Jk neem ecn graaf. Negative Scntence:-/k ncern gccn urauf.

Singular and. Plural .

. As;,;ertive Sen tenet-:-Jk bouw het huis. Negative Sentence:-/lv bouw nict lwt huis.

llv bo tt w het lrnis nict. A,.,sertiYe Sentence:-17c bouw de ltuizcn. Xegative Sentenee:-Jk /Joule niet de huizen.

37

Jl;, bouw de huizen nict. Assertive Sentence:-llv bouw /tuizen. Negative Sentence:-Jk bonw gcen huizen.

0BSERVATION.-As shown above, the :N'egative form of an Assertive sentence may he rendered in two ways aecording to the emphasis of the speaker's words. Where the Indefinite Article "een" is usPd, the word "geen" is employed for "nict een", before Singular as well as Plural ~ouns.

THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE FORM.

An Assertive sentence iR put into the

Interrogative form by rendering

it

Negative,

placing the Pronoun after the Verb, as, for

Negative-and then

example:

Assertive:-Jk leg d,e balken 011 de 1nuren.

Jnterrogative:-Leu ilv de balkcn 011 de muren? Negative :-Tk leg de baUr.cn niet op de rnuren. Negative-Int. :-Leg ilc de balkc:n nict op de muren?