Bonner zoologische Beiträge Band 53 (2004) Heft 1/2 Seiten 37–80 Bonn, Juni 2005
The Phylogeny of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific Calicnemiinae (Odonata, Platycnemididae) 1
Dirk G ASSMANN
Institute of Biology, Leiden University / National Museum of Natural History, Leiden
Abstract. Phylogenetic relationships of Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific damselflies of the subfamily Calicnemiinae
(Odonata: Platycnemididae) are examined by cladistic analyses using morphological characters. The strict consensus cladogram of the resulting equally most parsimonious trees supports the monophyly of the Papuan genus Idiocnemis Se- lys, the Philippine genus Risiocnemis Cowley and its subgenera, but leaves the basal relationships of the African genera and the Palawan genus Asthenocnemis Lieftinck partly unresolved. A preferred phylogenetic hypothesis is presented showing a well supported 'Indo-Pacific clade' consisting of Philippine, New Guinean and Solomon island taxa, and as sister group Asthenocnemis. Risiocnemis turns out to be a sister group of Lieftinckia/Salomocnemis (Solomon Islands), the sister taxon of those being the central New Guinean Arrhenocnemis Lieftinck. Together, these form a monophyletic group with the remaining Papuan taxa. Idiocnemis leonorae Lieftinck is transferred to Rhyacocnemis Lieftinck comb.
nov. The possible effects of taxon sampling are discussed.
Key words. Taxonomy, biogeography, morphology, Southeast Asia, phylogeny, cladistic analysis, Rhyacocnemis leon-
orae comb. nov.
1. INTRODUCTION
The odonate subfamily Calicnemiinae Fraser, 1957 repre- sents small to medium-sized damselflies (Zygoptera) in- habiting small running waters throughout the old world.
The group is almost exclusively tropical. Due to the con- finement to stable habitats and lacking dispersal capaci- ties in the rainforest environment, the majority of species shows a high degree of endemism, both at species and genus level. Therefore, the group is well suited for his- torical biogeographical analyses (G ASSMANN in prep.).
S ELYS (1863) distinguished seven subgenera in his ‘le- gion Platycnemis’. Together, those subgenera, which were later given generic rank by the same author (S ELYS 1886) represented a large part of the Afrotropical, Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific Calicnemiinae known today. T ILLYARD (1917) raised S ELYS ’ legions to sub- family level resulting among others in a subfamily Platycnemidinae (he used the incorrect name ‘Platy- cneminae’). However, the family-group name had al- ready been introduced earlier (Y AKOBSON & B IANKI 1905). T ILLYARD & F RASER (1938/40) finally erected the family Platycnemididae. In the most recent account on the group, M ARTENS (1996) provided five diagnostic characters (at least with regard to Coenagrionidae) for the family: the comparatively long and obtuse discoidal cell (quadrilateral), the length of the pterostigma (matching no more than one wing cell), the variable po- sition of arculus (at or distal to Ax2), the course of the longitudinal veins MA and IR3 (mainly straight, only
1 In commemoration of Clas Michael Naumann zu Königsbrück (26.06.1939 – 15.02.2004)
apically zigzagged), and size (small to medium-sized).
Another character of Platycnemididae, long ciliae on the legs, was already mentioned by Selys (1886) for his le- gion Platycnemis; however, this trait is shared by other zygopteran families (S CHMIDT 1951b).
The Platycnemididae now consist of two subfamilies, Platycnemidinae Yakobson & Bianki, 1905, and Calic- nemiinae Fraser, 1957.
The subfamily Platycnemidinae
F RASER (1957) was the first to define the subfamily in its present form, containing the two genera Platycnemis Burmeister, 1839, and Copera Kirby, 1890. The dilation of the male tibiae, which is the most distinct feature Fraser used to characterize the subfamily, has turned out to be not diagnostic for the group. Several species cur- rently assigned to Platycnemidinae, for example, some Madagascan ones (S CHMIDT 1951a) have undilated tib- iae. Contrarily, one species of Calicnemiinae, Risiocne- mis atropurpurea (Brauer), does have dilated tibiae.
Within the genus Platycnemis, 31 species are currently
recognized (derived from M ARTENS 1996 and
H ÄMÄLÄINEN 2003). The group exhibits a disjunct pat-
tern of distribution, involving the western Palaearctic
region, eastern Asia, northwestern/ western Africa as
well as the Madagascan region (S CHMIDT 1951a; M AR-
TENS 1996). No representatives were known from
Southeast Asia until recently. However, the recent dis-
covery of a new species from Laos (P. phasmovolans
Hämäläinen) extends the distribution of the group far
into the Indo-Chinese region (H ÄMÄLÄINEN 2003).