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Phylogenetic Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Malesian Calicnemiine Damselflies (Odonata, Platycnemididae)

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(1)Phylogenetic Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Malesian Calicnemiine Damselflies (Odonata, Platycnemididae) Gassmann, Dirk. Citation Gassmann, D. (2005, October 19). Phylogenetic Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Malesian Calicnemiine Damselflies (Odonata, Platycnemididae). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9758 Version:. Corrected Publisher’s Version. License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9758. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

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Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

pterostigma somewhat wider than high; superior appendages without teeth or protuberances; inferior appendages in ventral view straight, only the very tip curved axiad (not

Forest damselflies (family Platystictidae) are widespread in southeast Asia from Sri Lanka to New Guinea, and are also known from Central America and the northern part of

Revision of the Platystictidae of the Philippines (Odonata), excluding the Drepanosticta halterata-group, with descriptions of twenty-one new species. The Odonata of Sulawesi

The 50% majority rule consensus tree (Fig. 45) revealed (a) the monophyly of the presently recognized Zygoptera families Platystictidae, Platycnemididae and Protoneuridae, (b)

terminal part more than two times as wide as base, club-shaped, ventrally with row of setae, terminally denser than at base, but not forming a distinct tuft; in posterior view a

– This species differs from other species of the Philippine islands by the long processes on the anterior lobe of the pronotum.. This character is present in both males

Palawan has an extensive pale stripe over posterior three-quarters of metepisternum and very distinct superior appendages; Protosticta lepteca sp. can be distinguished by the

Phylogenetic Systematics and Historical Biogeography of Malesian Calicnemiine Damselflies (Odonata, Platycnemididae)..