THOM GUNN
Poet (1929-2004)
Key works: The Sense Of Movement (1957).
Moly (1971)
CELEBRATED GRAVESEND-BORN poet Gunn (first name Thomson) has died in his sleep at his San Francisco home, aged 74. As recently as his final book, 2000's Boss Cupid, Gunn's poetry still mixed melancholy with the rush and buzz of electric youth. Outside of the American Beatniks, he was arguably the first
‘serious' poet to embrace and eulogise the restlessness of rock'n'roll, motorbike culture and the teen spirit. ln "On The Move" from '57's The Sense Of
Movement, he quoted the Brando film The Wild One ("Man, you gotta go"), and covered (then radical) subjects like Elvis, Hell's Angels and the open road.
After growing up in London during WWII and then studying at Cambridge, he moved to California in the late '50s with lifelong partner Mike Kitay. Often
mistaken for an American poet ever since, he was initially promoted by Faber as an establishment figure, alongside the likes of Larkin and Hughes. But his open gayness and dress sense (a leaner Marlon Brando) confused and inspired many in equal measure. My Sad Captains (1961) contrasts Englishness and
Americanness; in Touch (1967) he was liberated by free verse. The '60s in San Francisco were "the fullest years of my life, crowded with discovery, both inner
and outer", and '71's Moly – joyous, drug- fuelled, implicitly soundtracked by the era's music – was soon a youth cult. His UK profile faded, but The Man With Night Sweats (1992) was one of the definitive responses to AIDS. On a recent visit to London to receive the Cohen Prize, he was greeted ecstatically by his largest ever audience. It's hard to overstate how important Gunn's role was in loosening poetry's tie, and getting it to join in with the counterculture's dancing.
CHRIS ROBERTS UNCUT
Gunn: poetry’s own Brando
Tekst 2
The Paperless Newspaper
To the Editor:
The essay about reading news on-line calls to mind a phenomenon of
longstanding interest to social scientists and critics: the 2 newspaper reading.
At issue is the comfort of a context for the disturbing news we experience immediately and viscerally on television.
The mediation of a familiar front page and calm editorial commentary reassures us that the world has not been jarred loose from its moorings. Or as Marshall McLuhan put it: “People don’t actually read newspapers. They get into them every morning like a hot bath.”
ROBERT STEIN Barrytown, N.Y.
New York Times
The following text is taken from the first chapter of Enduring Love, a novel by Ian McEwan.
he beginning is simple to mark.
We were in sunlight under a turkey oak, partly protected from a strong, gusty wind. I was kneeling on the grass with a corkscrew in my hand, and Clarissa was passing me the bottle – a 1987 Daumas Gassac. This was the moment, this was the pinprick on the time map: I was stretching out my hand, and as the cool neck and the black foil touched my palm, we heard a man’s shout. We turned to look across the field and saw the danger. Next thing, I was running towards it. The transformation was absolute: I don’t recall dropping the
corkscrew, or getting to my feet, or making a decision, or hearing the caution Clarissa called after me. What idiocy, to be racing into this story and its labyrinths, sprinting away from our happiness among the fresh spring grasses by the oak. There was the shout again, and a child’s cry, enfeebled by the wind that roared in the tall trees along the hedgerows. I ran faster. And there, suddenly, from different points around the field, four other men were converging on the scene, running like me.
I see us from three hundred feet up, through the eyes of the buzzard we had watched earlier, soaring, circling and dipping in the tumult of currents: five men running silently towards the centre of a hundred-acre field. I approached from the south-east, with the wind at my back. About two hundred yards to my left two men ran side by side. They were farm labourers who had been repairing the fence along the field’s southern edge where it skirts the road. The same distance beyond them was the motorist, John Logan, whose car was banked on the grass verge with its door, or doors, wide open. Knowing what I know now, it’s odd to evoke the figure of Jed Parry directly ahead of me, emerging from a line of beeches on the far side of the field a quarter of a mile away, running into the wind. To the buzzard Parry and I were tiny forms, our white shirts brilliant against the
green, rushing towards each other like lovers, innocent of the grief this
entanglement would bring. The encounter that would unhinge us was minutes away, its enormity disguised from us not only by the barrier of time but by the colossus in the centre of the field that drew us in with the power of a terrible ratio that set fabulous magnitude against the puny human distress at its base.
What was Clarissa doing? She said she walked quickly towards the centre of the field. I don’t know how she resisted the urge to run. By the time it happened – the event I am about to describe, the fall – she had almost caught us up and was well placed as an observer, unencumbered by participation, by the ropes and the shouting, and by our fatal lack of co-operation. What I describe is shaped by what Clarissa saw too, by what we told each other in the time of obsessive re-examination that followed:
the aftermath, an appropriate term for what happened in a field waiting for its early summer mowing. The aftermath, the second crop, the growth promoted by that first cut in May.
What were we running towards? I don’t think any of us would ever know fully. But superficially the answer was, a balloon. Not the nominal space that encloses a cartoon character’s speech or thought, or, by analogy, the kind that’s driven by mere hot air. It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars, first step along the way in the generation of multiplicity and variety of matter in the universe, including our selves and all our thoughts.
We were running towards a catastrophe, which itself was a kind of furnace in whose heat identities and fates would buckle into new shapes. At the base of the balloon was a basket in which there was a boy, and by the basket, clinging to a rope, was a man in need of help.
T
Tekst 4
Claims about global warming poison the atmosphere
1 The attempts by the global warming industry to use the hot weather in Europe to hype up the dangers of extreme climate change are a moral disgrace. In quite breathtaking examples of climatic colonialism, global warming protagonists have been baldly asserting this week that the people of India and China cannot be allowed to develop as the world’s wealthy have done because of the imagined effects on the world’s climate.
2 It is cant. The poor are even chastised for being poor, for having the audacity to disrupt European climates through an Asian brown haze derived from their dung and wood fires. The facts that the Asian brown cloud has been around for thousands of years and that it cools as much as it warms are conveniently forgotten.
3 Such insulting sentiments often emanate from organisations that claim to support the poor. We must always remember that more than 1.6 billion people have no access to any form of modern energy. Solving their problems is the real issue in achieving a global “sustainable”
energy policy. Unfortunately, our hot air over global warming is diverting much-needed focus and finance from key development aims such as the provision of safe, clean drinking water for all.
4 It should not go unnoticed that the so-called UK temperature record was being claimed two to three days before it might, or might not, occur. Facts are not always the strong point of true believers, and global warming has morphed into an ancient-style religion, demanding sacrifice to the Earth, especially, it would seem, by the poor of the developing world.
5 Readers may thus be surprised to learn that, on August 4, 1881, for example, temperatures in Spain attained a truly siesta-sapping 50C.
Moreover, the extremes for the different continents are spread out over the past 120 years like a line of English backs at Twickenham – that is, all over the park: 1889 for Australia (53.3C); 1905 for Latin America (48.9C); 1912 for Oceania (42.2C); 1913 for North America (56.7C); 1922 for Africa (57.8C); 1942 for Asia (53.9C); and 1972 for chilly Antarctica (15C).
6 There is no pattern whatsoever to these highs, although they might, I suppose, reflect a staggered rise of the world out of the Little Ice Age, which ended sometime between 1850 and 1880. But who knows? One of the world’s longest temperature curves comes from De Bilt in the Netherlands. It makes a Blackpool rollercoaster look like a gentle ride for Teletubbies. It does show, however, that after
the rise out of the Little Ice Age there was a relatively cold period from the late 1940s to the 1970s – difficult to explain if climate is all down to us.
7 In truth, the global warming industry is just like Monty Python’s Life of Brian.
We all remember that glorious scene when the excited crowd
persuades the luckless Brian that, whatever he says, he just has to be the Messiah. Brian: “I’m NOT the Messiah!” Girl: “Only the true Messiah denies His divinity.” Arthur: “I say you are Lord, and I should know. I’ve followed a few.”
8 Thus, if it is an especially hot summer, it is dire global warming, and you are
unquestionably to blame, you selfish, greedy, rich Northerners, particularly if you are
unfortunate enough to be American. Likewise, if it floods, it is global warming; if the land is parched and fires rage, it is global warming; if the monsoon is too wet or too weak, it is global warming; and, if winter freezes poor old robin redbreast, it is still global warming. Come rain or shine, hot or cold, it is always global warming. So there’s an end of it, Brian.
9 Predicating long-term climate trends on single weather events, however extreme they may seem, is plain bunkum. During the Little Ice Age there were very hot summers in Britain.
In his Selborne journal of 1778, Gilbert White records 88F in the shade, “… a degree of heat not very common even at Gibraltar”. In 1779, by contrast, temperatures in August plummeted into the 60s.
10 10 , a little warming in the UK can only be a good thing, reinvigorating our wine industry and increasing the number of resident bird species. Birdwatchers should note that we may even get to host such splendours as the penduline tit, the kaleidoscopic bee-eater, and the cattle egret. And, in stark contrast, who would want to return to the Little Ice Age and to 1816, the “year without a summer”?
11 Please can we grow up over the weather? It was Ludwig Wittgenstein who reminded us in his masterpiece, the Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus, that “whatever a man knows, whatever is not mere rumbling and roaring that he has heard, can be said in three words”. And those three words are: “Climate always changes.”
The author is Professor Emeritus of Biogeography at the University of London
The Times
Princess Diana: first wife of Prince Charles. She died in a car accident in Paris together with her lover Dodi Fayed.
FRANK FUREDI
Diana syndrome: we get the conspiracies we deserve
1 There was a time when only eccentrics were interested in
conspiracy theories.
However, in recent times conspiracy
has gone mainstream. One recent survey found that 27 per cent of the British population believed that Princess Diana1) and Dodi Fayed were assassinated. As many as 43 per cent of the 4,170 people surveyed by London’s Evening Standard answered yes to the question, “Do you think Diana was murdered?” Almost all the viewers who phoned in to The Richard and Judy Show last week about Diana’s death, believed that there was more to it than meets the eye. The British
establishment itself lacks the confidence to dismiss unsubstantiated rumours of conspiracy.
2 These theories are no longer ignored but investigated. That is why the official inquiry into Diana’s death has turned into a de facto murder inquiry. Michael Burgess, the person appointed to head it, has indicated that he wants to investigate every theory about the death of Diana.
3 Burgess is likely to be kept busy well into the next decade. Since the 1997 Paris car crash, the rumour mill has been working overtime. So which of the many conspiracy theories is Burgess going to investigate? That Diana was killed by Mossad? Or that she was murdered on the orders of MI6 or the CIA? Will Burgess investigate Mohamed al-Fayed’s claim that responsibility for this “horrendous murder” rests with the Prince of Wales and his father, Philip? Is he going to investigate the rumour that points the finger at Osama Bin Laden? Apparently Osama feared that Diana served as a poor role model for Muslim women so, it’s claimed, he ordered the hit. While he is at
it, Burgess could do worse than investigate the rumour that the singer Morrissey predicted the princess’s demise in his 1986 song “The Queen is Dead”.
4 Of course, there is nothing new about our fascination with conspiracies. For decades, people have speculated about who really killed President Kennedy. But at least we know for certain that Kennedy was murdered – so that rumours about his demise correspond to something that occurred in reality. Today an accidental death is sufficient to provoke officialdom to search for conspirators. Why? Because of an all-pervasive sense of mistrust in official authority.
5 The public’s scepticism towards the official version of events surrounding Diana’s death is the result of a profound sense of distrust in conventional
authority. We live in an age of rumours where official facts often carry little more authority than an internet site devoted to alien abduction. We are increasingly cynical about the official “version of events” precisely because it is official.
6 Another important cultural pressure is the tendency to endow any form of misfortune with meaning. People find it difficult to accept the fact that a
misfortune was due to bad luck or an accident. You don’t need to be a Diana to have questions raised about your death.
When a child meets an untimely death, parents frequently look for something that will explain their tragic loss. Desperate mothers and fathers will seize upon rumours of cover-ups to make sense of their children’s affliction. The belief that
“we are not being told the truth” helps shape contemporary public debate.
7 That is why the instinct is to assume that “they” have lied about matters such as weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the death of David Kelly or the true risks of the MMR vaccine. It appears that there
noot 1
is always a story behind the story and a conspiracy theory fills a need created by a culture of mistrust. Some associate
rumours and conspiracy with uneducated people who find it difficult to engage with our sophisticated knowledge economy.
Yet, conspiracy theory is not confined to a misguided culturally illiterate sub-class.
8 It is the sophisticated Michael Meacher, one of Tony Blair’s longest- serving ministers, and now a backbencher,
who argues that the US government knew in advance about 11 September but did nothing about it. And crackpot theories about the MMR vaccine are far more likely to be believed by middle-class professionals than ordinary folk. It may well be the lack of trust which afflicts the middle class that accounts for the
mainstreaming of the conspiracy.
The Independent on Sunday
Poor little ex-rich people
CAROL TAVRIS
Mel Krantzler and Patricia Biondi Krantzler DOWN AND OUT IN SILICON VALLEY
The high cost of the high-tech dream
1 California is prone to gold rushes. We have them every few decades, starting with the discovery of actual gold in 1849: just lying around like pebbles! The image was irresistible, and people all over the world yielded to it, packing away their brains along with their winter clothes as they set forth to get rich fast.
California was known as the Golden State ever after. The dream of the quick riches to be found here lasted long after the search for gold in particular turned to dust.
2 The latest gold rush in California began in the mid-1990s in Silicon Valley, a sprawl of cities in the northern part of the state. (The area got its name, the authors of this book explain, in the early 1970s, when a reporter sought to describe the emergence of the microchip companies that were setting up shop there.)
“Literally thousands of new companies sprung up overnight”, write Mel Krantzler and Patricia Biondi Krantzler, “and almost every one of them was presented in the media as the birthplace of numerous millionaires”. People were investing small amounts of money and becoming rich almost immediately and ordinary investors were assured that they could do the same. Young people in their teens and twenties suddenly commanded gargantuan salaries. Silicon Valley became the symbol of fast wealth, fast times, youth and beauty: the California dream reincarnated.
3 This was too good to last, of course, and it didn’t. With the stock-market crash of 2000, the bubble burst. Fortunes made in a week collapsed in a week. And, as the Krantzlers observe, just as in the original gold rush only a tiny percentage of prospectors actually became wealthy – leaving the rest to perish financially and emotionally – so in 2000 a few
multimillionaire company heads remained, while their businesses went bankrupt or
“downsized” and thousands of their employees lost their savings, their hopes, and their jobs.
4 American psychotherapists know where the gold is, too, and the Krantzlers are director and co-director of a psychotherapy service that itself sounds like a California parody: The Creative Divorce, Love, and Marriage Counseling
Center. Their observations about the dark side of Silicon Valley life – the high rates of drug use, divorce, depression and fear; the dawning realization that money can’t buy you love – stem, they say, from their work counselling hundreds of CEOs, managers, engineers, computer programmers and other employees in the high-tech industry. Thus the reader is prepared for sad stories of poor little rich people, and poor little ex-rich people.
5 But Down and Out in Silicon Valley is better than that. Though written in a light, popular style, it is deeply political, placing the story of the rise and fall of Silicon Valley firmly in the context of the corruption of unregulated corporations and their exploitation, in this case, of naive, young, inexperienced workers. With no unions to represent their interests and ignorant of the lessons of history, the young dreamers who flocked to Silicon Valley were easily gulled by managerial lies that they weren’t “workers” but just “one big happy family” along with management. They were unprepared for Silicon Valley’s vicious patterns of discrimination based on age (employees are over the hill at thirty, irrespective of their experience or knowledge) and gender. And, blinded by optimism, individualism and greed, they were unprepared for their sudden, heartless
“terminations”.
6 The irony, observe the Krantzlers, is that the same employees who despised the label of
“worker” and who gloried in the Ayn Rand philosophy of I’ve-got-mine-and-to-hell-with- you, and reviled “government interference”, show no hesitation about appearing at the unemployment office where they stand in line waiting to obtain their unemployment checks.
They apparently are unaware that the checks they receive are coming from a government- operated program (fought for and won by millions of demonstrating men and women in the 1930s) and that they receive their checks precisely because they are unemployed workers.
7 The Krantzlers are psychotherapists, and to them, being “down and out” refers not only to a state of unemployment and lost income but also to psychological states of despair and loneliness – the “high cost” of their subtitle, the price of the obsessive quest for wealth. This is hardly a new message for Americans, though the Krantzlers convey it eloquently through their research and case studies, and though it always bears repeating for each generation.
Times Literary Supplement
Tekst 7
Are we right to treat animals the way we do?
From a lecture given by the Professor of Rhetoric at Gresham College in the City of London HOW did the West get the idea that it is
perfectly all right to kill animals?
According to Genesis, the first book of the Bible, dominion over animals was granted to the first human couple, Adam and Eve, but that dominion did not extend to killing animals, so food was 22 . An important influence came from the pagan side. The pagan Greek philosophers had an evenly matched debate on whether it was all right to kill animals. The most influential of the anti-animal views was that of the ancient Stoics, who started around 300BC. They had a striking and in many ways a very humane view. All rational beings are bound together by bonds of attachment and owe each other justice. 23 all humans are rational, justice is owed to slaves and foreigners. They criticised Aristotle’s view of slavery and said there is no such thing as a natural slave.
The 24 the Stoic view was that, in their opinion, no animals were rational, so none belonged to the community to which justice was owed and nothing you did to an animal could be an injustice.
In recent times, a book of 1975 had an exceptional impact, Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation, which in no way condones the violence of the English branch of the Animal Liberation Movement. This is a case of a modern philosophy book having a
tremendous impact on our views on 25 and on practices in scientific and medical research. It would be hard for any reader not to be moved by the empirical chapters describing the treatment of animals in scientific research and in factory-farming.
Another leading book, The Case for Animal Rights, published by Tom Regan in 1984, offers a different basis. Mammals, and probably many other animals, have rights as individuals not to be harmed, because of their inherent value, and their value is due to their rich mental life.
I applaud the conclusion of these books that we must pay far more attention than we do to the welfare of animals. But I can now
state my chief doubt about the moral basis put forward for the conclusion. It is that the theories take only one main consideration into account, preference-satisfaction or inherent value, just as the ancient Stoics took into account only one factor, rationality. But life is more complex.
26 , there is an indefinitely large number of considerations that may need to be taken into account, and there is no limit to how far we may need to expand our imaginations in order to recognise them.
I think that the present order of discussion is the right one. The concrete case of
animals makes clearer than an abstract discussion could why multiple
considerations are needed.
What consequences would multiple considerations have for recent dilemmas about animals? The country has recently had to consider foxhunting, foot-and-mouth disease, and medical research. A violent version of the animal-support movement harmed the one institution that has 27 , in my view, when they recently attacked members of a medical research unit. Of course, medical researchers need to be under constraint not to be cruel, or needlessly wasteful of life, but medical research is a far more serious purpose than cuisine or styles of clothing.
We have just killed over a million healthy farm animals for commercial reasons, in case they became infected with foot-and- mouth disease, having rejected the route of vaccination. 28 , it does not look as if any consideration at all was given to animals, and they should surely count for something. All of us who eat animals and animal products are 29 how farm animals are treated, so first we should consider more carefully how we as a country treat farm animals on a massive scale, before we direct a small group of people on how they should treat foxes.
When we have put our own house in order, that will be the time to attend to cruelty to foxes.
The Independent
The Commons clocks off
ill Britain be better governed when ministers and MPs “clock off” for the evening, knowing their attendance is no longer needed in the Commons chamber or the division lobbies
5
because the mother of parliaments has closed for the night? Women MPs with young families, ambitious Labour loyalists and lazy backbenchers on both sides of the house may think so. But the guaranteed
10
welcome for this idea in both Downing Street and Whitehall is a warning.
Given half a chance, every government with an overwhelming majority treats parliament like a rubber stamp and Tony
15
Blair’s is no different. Ministers hate having their decisions questioned by MPs,
particularly at short notice. Sustained attacks against shaky legislation are even more loathed. The less time there is for the
20
opposition and independent-minded mavericks to make trouble, the easier life becomes.
The support of Robin Cook, currently Labour’s leader of the House, for the latest
25
move to “modernise” Westminster’s arcane practices with a four-day working week of
10am to 5pm will doubtless be approved by newer MPs who see no point in hanging around for hours while a debate drags on or
30
a bill is fiercely contested. The maxim that governments are entitled to get their legislation through, but oppositions also have rights, leaves them cold. If they could, they would reduce every debate to the sort
35
of charade it is in other parliaments, where MPs cannot speak unless the whips say so.
The omens are not good. Senior ministers take their cue from Mr Blair and attend the Commons as little as possible.
40
Michael Martin, the Speaker, shows scant interest in holding ministers to account or encouraging vigorous debate. Eric Forth’s appointment as Mr Cook’s rival on the Tory front bench promises well, but the Tories
45
have a long way to go before they give Labour a hard time in Commons exchanges.
While Westminster slumbers, public interest in the political process reaches a new low.
There is still time for MPs of principle and
50
courage to refuse the beguiling offer of more time off. But don’t hold your breath on the result.
The Sunday Times
W
Tekst 9
Who pays the piper?
Three years ago a German-American research team revealed in the journal Circulation that garlic powder, in tablet form, seemed to help prevent hardening of the aorta, the artery that carries blood to the heart. The finding was a plausible one. Garlic
5
has consistently been linked to lower levels of heart disease. It was nevertheless a help to be told that the research was funded by Lichtwer Pharma GmbH, which manufactures garlic pills.
Last week Nature, the titan of science journals,
10
announced that from October 1 it will expect all its authors to declare “any competing financial
interests” with the research papers they submit. This is a welcome decision. Science is intimately linked with industry. Scientists go to agribusiness to
15
finance research into plant science or genetic engineering; they go to pharmaceutical companies to get their backing for pioneering studies of promising molecules. And, increasingly, scientists themselves are involved in new companies, the
20
cash-generating, research-financing enterprises of tomorrow. Don’t blame the scientists: blame the system. Successive governments have declared that science is intimately linked with national wealth.
But there is always the suspicion that those who pay
25
the piper have the power to call the tune. Or, to put it another way, it is hard to imagine that particular German-American research team reporting that garlic powder tablets make no significant difference to heart health (which would have been an equally
30
plausible outcome). But scientists who use money only from the taxpayer, whose only obligation is to provide a result, would have no such inhibition.
If people are aware who pays for knowledge, and who will benefit most from it, they will also know
35
how best to value it. Such frankness will help the scientist and the consumer. People with nothing to hide have everything to gain.
Guardian Weekly
Tekst 10
Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle
BY SALLY POOK
IN the peaceful and harmonious world of yoga, lawsuits are about as rare as a teacher laughing at your tree pose.
But litigation has brought discord to the brave new world of Bikram Yoga, the sweaty version of the ancient Indian discipline, practised in mirrored rooms in sweltering heat.
Created by Bikram Choudhury, 57, the yoga style has won fans among celebrities such as Madonna, Raquel Welch and Serena Williams, and is claimed to have curative qualities.
Mr Choudhury, one of America’s best- known yoga masters, who practises in Beverly Hills, recently copyrighted, trademarked and franchised his set of 26 poses. He has sent a flurry of “cease and desist” letters, warning people not to teach his style or anything derivative unless they
have graduated from his training programme and paid a franchise fee.
This has angered many US yoga teachers. A California-based group of them, the Open Source Yoga Unity, is suing Mr Choudhury, claiming that yoga is a 5,000-year-old tradition that cannot be owned. The lawsuit asks a judge to determine whether he is entitled to copyright his material.
“We are not disputing that Mr Choudhury did something creative and useful in putting postures together in a certain order,” said Elizabeth Rader, a copyright attorney representing the group.
“Our belief is that you can’t treat the poses as private property. We want this clarified. Right now, people out there are trying to teach yoga and they are not sure what is going to get them sued.”
Jacob Reinbolt, the lawyer who helped to copyright Bikram Yoga, said: “We are not talking about copyrighting the individual steps, but the selection and arrangement of steps.”
He compared it to the choreography of a ballet.
Mr Choudhury, a former yoga champion in his native India, has seen the number of Bikram studios in America grow from 10 in 1996 to about 600 today. The first in Britain opened four years ago, and about 20 teachers now instruct on the discipline in this country.
Helen Currie, who opened her studio, Bikram Yoga Chiswick, in west London, a year ago, said of the copyrighting: “He is just trying to keep the yoga professional and pure, well-taught and well-managed.
He doesn’t want anyone just going off and teaching it.
“His 26 positions are unique. He is not saying you can’t teach the positions. He is just saying, ‘Don’t call it Bikram – don’t teach Bikram style unless you have done the proper training’.”
Daily Telegraph
Bikram Yoga: its creator has copyrighted his set of 26 poses
Tekst 11
Birds and buildings:
How to stop one flying into the other
CAN modern man pursue his urban ambitions and still coexist with nature?
The question seems particularly relevant if you are a bird and you are heading for Chicago, where the annual spring migration is just reaching its peak.
Perched on the edge of Lake Michigan, this huge city is directly in the path of some 300 species of avian travellers, many of whom prefer to hug the shoreline rather than cross the huge lake.
That is not always a safe choice, given Chicago’s lofty skyline. In the late 1960s, flocks of warblers, thrushes, cuckoos and other species flew headlong into the newly built, 96-storey John Hancock Centre. The birds, which navigate at night using celestial cues, were attracted by the building’s lights. Their dead bodies littered the sidewalks below as the sun rose.
Mirrored glass is a growing hazard, even in daylight. Michael Mesure of the Fatal Light Awareness Programme (FLAP), a Toronto-based environmental
group, recalls seeing at least 500 birds hit two mirrored office towers in his city one morning a few years ago. “It was literally hailing birds,” he recalls. His group now tries to aid the injured, and rather bizarrely stores masses of dead birds in a freezer until it can photograph them en masse.
On the worst count, some one billion birds a year hit glass in America. Those that die on the spring migration are the fittest of the flock, having already survived thousands of miles in the air.
Chicago and Toronto are trying to help.
Both cities pursue organised “lights out”
programmes during peak migration periods, when tall office buildings are asked to turn out the lights on their upper floors overnight - and death rates have fallen sharply. New York has a similar but smaller programme.
Chicago is trying particularly hard to lure in feathered visitors. The mayor, Richard Daley, has added lakefront parks, bird sanctuaries and nesting grounds, and the result has been dramatic. As many as 7m birds use the city’s lakefront parks annually, says Doug Stotz, an ornithologist at the Field Museum, many of them rare.
The Economist
Tekst 1 Thom Gunn
1p 1 Which of the following does Chris Roberts see as Thom Gunn’s greatest merit?
A He attracted both old and young audiences, in the US and in Great Britain.
B He bridged the gap between high culture and popular culture.
C He was both a gifted poet and an important film writer.
Tekst 2 The Paperless Newspaper
1p 2 Which of the following fits the gap in the text?
A amount of information gained from
B amount of time spent on
C psychological significance of
D public’s general dislike of
Tekst 3 The following text…
3p 3 Geef bij elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze in de loop van de passage juist of onjuist blijkt te zijn.
1 De ik-persoon kan zich precies herinneren wat hij deed op het moment dat er een man schreeuwde.
2 De ik-persoon weet vanaf het moment dat hij begint te rennen dat zijn leven een dramatische wending zal nemen.
3 De ik-persoon heeft later luchtopnamen gezien van de situatie die hij beschrijft.
4 Tegelijk met de ik-persoon komen vier landarbeiders ook toe rennen.
5 Clarissa was in staat om waar te nemen hoe de situatie zich ontwikkelde.
6 De ballonvaarders zijn in gevaar omdat hun ballon dreigt los te raken van de mand.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “juist” of “onjuist”.
Tekst 4 Claims about global warming poison the atmosphere
3p 4 Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming is met het standpunt van de schrijver in de alinea’s 1-3.
1 All warnings that the environment in developing countries is under threat are wildly exaggerated.
2 Developing countries have problems that are far more urgent than the alleged problem of global warming.
3 Pointing the finger at the developing countries as a cause of environmental problems is outrageous.
4 The developing world should learn to maintain a balance between technological progress and a healthy environment.
5 It is inevitable that developing countries will come to face the environmental problems that the West is now having to deal with.
6 If those who warn of global warming have their way, the developing countries stand to lose out.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.
1p 5 Which of the following words from paragraph 2 is used ironically?
A cant
B chastised
C audacity
D cools
“global warming has morphed into an ancient-style religion” (paragraph 4)
1p 6 What aspect of ancient-style religion is referred to in this paragraph?
A The conviction that there is a divine explanation for each natural phenomenon.
B The division of people into believers and non-believers.
C The requirement that people give up their desire for material progress.
D The threat of being abandoned by the gods.
1p 7 What is the main point made in paragraphs 5 and 6?
A Compared to other continents, Europe is warming up only very little.
B Global warming is a misleading term, as temperature extremes are regional.
C The facts do not indicate a connection between human activity and climate change.
D The misinterpretation of freak weather situations is not a new phenomenon.
1p 8 What point does Philip Stott make by comparing the global warming industry to Monthy Python’s Life of Brian (paragraph 7)?
A Any event or phenomenon can always be interpreted as a confirmation of one’s belief.
B Global warming could well have provided suitable material for a Monthy Python film.
C People who show themselves devoted to any cause that comes their way are laughable.
1p 9 Which of the following is true with regard to paragraph 8?
1 It points to America as the main victim of global warming.
2 It supports those who blame global warming for climate change.
A Only 1 is true.
B Only 2 is true.
C Both 1 and 2 are true.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is true.
1p 10 Which of the following fits the gap at the beginning of paragraph 10?
A For this reason
B Nevertheless
C To be fair
D What is more
Tekst 5 Diana syndrome: we get the conspiracies we deserve
1p 11 What does paragraph 1 focus on?
A The failure of the authorities to establish the truth about Princess Diana’s death.
B The large number of people who believe in the idea of foul play behind Princess Diana’s death.
C The many nonsense stories about Princess Diana’s life which spread after her death.
1p 12 Which of the following statements concerning “unsubstantiated rumours of conspiracy”
(paragraph 1) is/are correct, judging from paragraphs 1-3?
1 The fact that they will be checked lends them more weight.
2 The fact that they will be part of an official inquiry does not stand to reason.
A Only 1 is correct.
B Only 2 is correct.
C Both 1 and 2 are correct.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is correct.
C “While he … Dead’.”
1p 14 How could the last sentence of paragraph 5 also begin?
A Indeed we are …
B Instead we are …
C Yet we are …
1p 15 What does paragraph 6 focus on?
A The belief that there is a purpose to life.
B The enormity of people’s grief at losing a child.
C The growing tendency to show private emotion in public.
D The unwillingness to face the fact that certain things just happen.
1p 16 What is Michael Meacher (paragraph 8) an example of?
A Of a well-informed person who believes in conspiracy.
B Of someone foolish enough to openly disagree with the US government’s decisions.
C Of someone who in spite of his respectable status cannot counter the general public’s lack of trust.
1p 17 Which of the following is/are true with regard to Frank Furedi’s thoughts on a remedy for the “lack of trust” (last paragraph)?
1 He draws attention to the problem, but offers no concrete solution.
2 He thinks the middle classes should show more political commitment.
A Only 1 is true.
B Only 2 is true.
C Both 1 and 2 are true.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is true.
Tekst 6 Poor little ex-rich people
2p 18 Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 1 en 2.
1 California’s prosperity is based on the enormous quantities of gold found in the nineteenth century.
2 Most of the investors in the microchip industry were young people.
3 The media made Silicon Valley sound synonymous with wealth.
4 The rise of the microchip industry reconfirmed California’s image as the Golden State.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.
1p 19 How can the reviewer’s overall tone in paragraph 3 be characterised?
A As emotional.
B As mocking.
C As neutral.
2p 20 Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 4 en 5.
1 The authors of Down and Out in Silicon Valley are just as naive about the Californian dream as the employees in Silicon Valley.
2 The reviewer does not take the Krantzlers’ professional observations seriously.
3 Down and Out in Silicon Valley links the mental problems of the people working in Silicon Valley to their materialistic attitude.
4 Down and Out in Silicon Valley exposes the ruthless attitude of the employers in Silicon Valley.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.
3p 21 Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 6 en 7.
1 Former Silicon Valley employees do not object to benefiting from a system they seemed to hold in contempt.
2 The future of the Silicon Valley industry ultimately lies in the hands of the U.S.
government.
3 Down and Out in Silicon Valley describes psychological distress in the context of financial aspirations.
4 The pursuit of dreams of big money and happiness has claimed victims throughout American history.
5 Down and Out in Silicon Valley suffers from the moralistic tone of its authors.
6 The reviewer ends on a cynical note because of Americans’ never-ending material aspirations.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.
Tekst 7 Are we right to treat animals the way we do?
Kies bij iedere open plek in de tekst het juiste antwoord uit de gegeven mogelijkheden.
1p 22
A essential
B varied
C vegetarian
1p 23
A Even if
B Since
C Whereas
1p 24
A added advantage of
B downside of
C inconsistency of
1p 25
A government subsidies
B the meat industry
C the power of the Animal Liberation Movement
D the price of meat
1p 26
A Fortunately
B Indeed
C Ironically
D Moreover
1p 27
A considerable justification
B no obvious purpose
C serious drawbacks
D the interest of animals at heart
1p 28
A Admittedly
B Even so
C In this case
C kept in the dark as to
D responsible for
Tekst 8 The Commons clocks off
“The Commons clocks off” (kop)
1p 30 Citeer het zinsgedeelte dat aangeeft wat het voorstel hiertoe precies inhoudt.
“a warning” (line 12)
1p 31 What is the writer afraid of?
A Parliament might become unwilling to work outside office hours.
B Parliament might receive the government’s proposals too late to be able to study them.
C The government might be tempted to force through its own political preferences even more.
D The government might not be able to debate proposals for new legislation extensively enough.
1p 32 What does the writer express his concern about in lines 24-37 (“The support … say so.”)?
A MPs’ ignorance of parliamentary customs and traditions.
B Parliament’s growing inefficiency.
C The danger of parliamentary proceedings losing their significance.
D The danger of the opposition having their way.
“promises well” (line 45)
1p 33 With regard to what does Eric Forth’s appointment promise well?
A Chances for the Tories in the next election.
B Modernisation of parliamentary practice.
C Parliamentary debate.
D Support for the government.
1p 34 How does the writer of the article answer the question the article starts with?
A Negatively.
B Neutrally.
C Positively.
Tekst 9 Who pays the piper?
1p 35 Wat suggereert de schrijver door te vermelden dat “the research was funded by Lichtwer Pharma GmbH, which manufactures garlic pills” (regels 7-9)?
2p 36 Op welke twee manieren zijn wetenschappers bij de industrie betrokken volgens regels 15-22 (“Scientists … tomorrow.”)?
1p 37 What is the “inhibition” (line 33) that certain scientists may suffer from?
They feel they cannot
A go against obvious public health interests.
B report objectively on research results.
C waste taxpayers’ money.
1p 38 Which of the following sentences illustrates what is meant by “Such frankness” (line 36)?
A “Three years … the heart.” (lines 1-5)
B “Last week … they submit.” (lines 10-13)
C “Successive governments … national wealth.” (lines 23-24)
Lees bij de volgende opgaven steeds eerst de vraag voordat je de bijbehorende tekst raadpleegt.
Tekst 10 Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle
“Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle” (kop)
1p 39 Welke vraag is aan de rechter voorgelegd in een proces tegen Bikram Choudhury?
Tekst 11 Birds and buildings: How to stop one flying into the other
1p 40 Waaruit bestaat de methode die het artikel noemt om het probleem van “one flying into the other” (kop) te reduceren?
