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Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence

Sumter, S.R.

Citation

Sumter, S. R. (2010, March 2). Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15050

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15050

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

(2)

͟͝͝

Š‡…—””‡––Š‡•‹•™ƒ•™”‹––‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‹ƒŽš‹‡–›ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ǧ

Ž‘’‡–•–—†›ǤŠ‡ƒ‹ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͥ–‘ͣ͝

›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘”‡’‘”–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•—•‹‰†‹ơ‡”‡–“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ••‡••‡– –‡•– ™ƒ• ‹…Ž—†‡† ƒ•

™‡ŽŽ –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ †‹ơ‡”‡– …‘’‘‡–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡

ƒ†’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒ‰‡

”‡Žƒ–‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹‰Š–„‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…ˆ‘”•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ

ˆ‡ƒ”•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽȋ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ”‡™‡•ǡ‘‡†Šƒ”–ǡ‹‡„‡Ž‹ǡƬ”‡ơ‡”•ǡ͜͜͞͠Ȍǡ

ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‡š’‘•‡†–‘ƒ’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰•–”‡••‘”•’‡…‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†

ˆ‘”–Š‡…—””‡–•–—†›Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ•ƒ‰‡…ƒ„‡•–„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ’”‘š›‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ††‹Ǧ

–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‡”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ’—„‡”–ƒŽǡ

…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ†’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȌǤ›‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š›•‘‡…Šƒ‰‡•‘……—”ƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ƒ‰‡

‘””ƒ–Š‡”–‹‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‘–‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•–—†›ƒŽŽ†‡˜‡ŽǦ

‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–

–Š‡•‹•ǤŠ‡…—””‡––Š‡•‹•™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’—„‡”–ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

—ƒ”›ƒ†‘…Ž—•‹‘

čĆĕęĊėͣ

(3)

ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

͝͝͠

ƒ”– Ǥ”‘™‹‰—’–‘„‡ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žǫ

Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘’‘•‡†‹–Š‡Ƥ”•––Š”‡‡…Šƒ’–‡”•™ƒ•™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•

‰”‘™—’–‘„‡‘”‡ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ••–—†‹‡†ˆ‘”†‹•–”‡••ƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‹†‹ơ‡”‡–•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ȋŠǤ͞Ȍǡˆ‘”•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‡”˜‘—•‡••ƒ†

’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•‹ƒ’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•ȋŠǤ͟Ȍǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Šƒƒ••‡••Ǧ

‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽȋŠǤ͠ȌǤ

Chapter 2Ǥ ‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ƒ‹•‘ˆ Šƒ’–‡” ͞™ƒ• –‘ —…‘˜‡”™Š‡–Š‡”

†‹ơ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”• •Š‘™ †‹ơ‡”‡– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ Š‡

”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–—†‹‡•‘ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•™‡”‡‹š‡†Ǥ

‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍ‹–‹••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹–‹‰Š–„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›

–‘ƒ‡ƒ†‹•–‹…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡–•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡™Š‡‘†‹•–‹…Ǧ

–‹‘‹•ƒ†‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”„‡…‘‡•‹†‹•–‹…–ǤŠ—•ǡŠƒ’–‡”͞

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹”‡’‘”–‡††‹•–”‡••ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘†‹•–”‡••‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡…ƒ–‡Ǧ

‰‘”‹œ‡† ‹ –Š”‡‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ˆ‘”ƒŽ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ •‹–—ƒǦ

–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•’‡ƒ‹‰‹’—„Ž‹…Ȍǡ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•

ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ȍƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„›‘–Š‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ™ƒŽ‹‰‹ŠƒŽŽ™ƒ›•ȌǤŠ‡•–—†›

’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡…‡–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ƒ”‡†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•

–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•–—†‹‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–—†‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͞͠ǡ

—ŽŽ‘‡Ƭ‹‰ǡͥͥ͟͝Ȍ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••…‘…‡”‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•†‹†

‘–•Š‘™ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡†…Šƒ‰‡•ǡ„—–†‹•–”‡••‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•†‹†Ǥ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ƒ’‡‡ ƒ† ’‡…‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ

’Š‘„‹ƒ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡”ƒ–‡•‹‰Š–„‡ƒ‹Ž›†—‡–‘…Šƒ‰‡•‹Ž‹ˆ‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡††‹•–”‡••‘›‘—–Šǯ•ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰

ƒ†™ƒ•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ‘–‡•––Š‹•ƒ••—’–‹‘Šƒ’–‡”͞ƒŽ•‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•†‘‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ˜‘‹†‡†‘”™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡•ƒ‡

•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•’ƒ”–Ž›•—’’‘”–ƒ’‡‡ƒ†

’‡…‡ǯ••—‰‰‡•–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‰‡›‘—–Š”‡’‘”–‡†‘”‡ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ƒ†

–Š‡ƒ‰‡‡ơ‡…–•™‡”‡’”‘‘—…‡†‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘–‘–Š‘•‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”†‹•–”‡••Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡŠƒ’–‡”͞•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•„‡…ƒ‡‘”‡ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡Ƥ†‹‰•—†‡”Ž‹‡†–Š‡‡‡†–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š

(4)

͝͝͡

„‡–™‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”™Š‡•–—†›‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•

ƒ†–‘ƒ••‡••ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘†‹•–”‡••Ǥ

Chapter 3Ǥ ‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡• ‹ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ

ˆ‡ƒ”•ǡŠƒ’–‡”͟‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•™‘—Ž†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–‘

‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•–”‡••”‡•’‘•‡•†—”‹‰ƒƒ…–—ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡•–”‡••‘”ǡƒ’—„Ž‹…

•’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•ǤŠ‡’ƒ’‡”’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡…‡–Šƒ–•’‡ƒ‹‰‹’—„Ž‹…”‡•—Ž–‡†

‹ •–”‘‰‡” ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› …‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ† ƒŽ’ŠƒǦƒ›Žƒ•‡

–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•–ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†‡”˜‘—•Ǧ

‡••†—”‹‰–Š‹•–ƒ•†‹†‘–‡‡”‰‡Ǥ—””‡•—Ž–•Ǧ„‘–Š–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ•–”‘‰‡”

’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡’‘”–‡†‡”˜‘—•‡••Ǧ

™‡”‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–™‘”‡…‡–•–—†‹‡•ǡ–Š‹•‹•—ƒ”ǡ‡™‡”ƒǡ ”‡ǡ‘‰ǡƒ†

”‹‰‰•ȋͥ͜͜͞Ȍƒ†–”‘—†‡–ƒŽǤȋͥ͜͜͞ȌǤŠ‡•‡•–—†‹‡•Š‘™‡˜‡”™‡”‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘

ƒ‡ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ……‘—–‘ˆƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ

‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡‹†‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡

†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ†‹•–‹…–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”Ǧ

‡…‡‹ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡•’‡‡…Šƒ†”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ…–—Ǧ

ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡•’‡‡…ŠǤ•Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡†ǡ–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›

™ƒ•‘•–’”‘‘—…‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

‘–Š‡”…‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡––Š‡•‹•™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ

‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡…Šƒ‰‡•

‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜‡††—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǤŠƒ’–‡”͟ˆ‘…—•‡†‘–Š‡

‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•‘ˆ–‡„‡‡’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ƒ•ƒ‹•–‹Ǧ

‰ƒ–‘”‘ˆƒ–‹‡‘ˆ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•–”‡•••‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡƒŠŽǡ͜͜͞͠ǡƒŠŽƬ—ƒ”ǡ

ͥ͜͜͞ȌǤƒ›•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‘‡†ƒ–’—„‡”–›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘†‡’”‡••‹‘ƒ†”‹•

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‰‘Ž†ǡ‘•–‡ŽŽ‘ǡƬ‘”–Šƒǡͥͥͤ͝ǡ–‡‹„‡”‰ǡƒŠŽǡ‡‹–‹‰ǡ

—’ˆ‡”ǡƒ•–‡ǡƬ‹‡ǡ͜͜͢͞Ȍǡ„—–‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‘Ž›ˆ‡™•–—†‹‡•

ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ’—„‡”–›‘„•‡”˜‡†‹…Šƒ’–‡”͟™‡”‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Šƒ‰‡ǡ

„—–‘–•–”‘‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ‰‡‡ơ‡…–•Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Šˆ—”–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘•–—†›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡

’—„‡”–›ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹†‡’–Šǡ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•

•Š‘—Ž†„‡•–—†‹‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽ–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—Ǧ

ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Chapter 4Ǥ –Š‹•…Šƒ’–‡”–Š‡’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ

čĆĕęĊėͣ

(5)

ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

͢͝͝

…‡…‡™ƒ••–—†‹‡†‹‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤŠ‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–•–—†›ȋŠǤ͞Ȍƒ†–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜Ǧ

‹‘”ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–•–—†› ȋŠǤ͟Ȍ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‡‹†‡  Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹…

•’‡ƒ‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›†‹•–”‡••‹‰Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ž‹––Ž‡‹•‘™

ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘’‹…•–Šƒ–™‡•–‹ŽŽ‡™Ž‹––Ž‡

ƒ„‘—–‹…Ž—†‡†ǣ™Š‹…Š‡Ž‡‡–•†‘ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡––Š‹ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡŠ‘™–Š‡›

‡š’‡…––‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†™Š‘•‡‘’‹‹‘–Š‡›ˆ‡‡Ž‹•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ǫ‘

–Š‡›‡š’‡…––‘†‘™‡ŽŽǢ†‘–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡

–Šƒ–Šƒ—––Š‡ǫŠ—•ǡŠƒ’–‡”͠’ƒ‹–‡†ƒ„”‘ƒ†‡”’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰

†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡

††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡„‘—†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹

’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡”ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†

‘”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›–Šƒ–Š‡›‘—‰‡”…Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘Ž†‡”…Š‹Ž†”‡Šƒ†

Ž‡••’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ† ‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–• ‹–Š‡™‡‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•’‡‡…ŠǤ

Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒˆ–‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ…‘–”‹„—–‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”–‘–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

ˆ—–—”‡•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘–‡•–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘‘ˆ…ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

Š‹• …Šƒ’–‡” ƒŽ•‘ ƒ••‡••‡† ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹… •’‡ƒ‹‰

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†“—‡•–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Ƥ†‹‰••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š

ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡‹•ƒ–‹‡‘ˆ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ›‘—–Šƒ”‡‘–‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡

‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•–—†›•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––‘†‡…‹†‡Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡›

Šƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•—•‡†–Š‡‹”‘™‹’”‡••‹‘‘Š‘™™‡ŽŽ‹–™‡–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ

…‘’ƒ”‹•‘•–‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ȍǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘‘‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…–Š‡›

”‡…‡‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ—•‡‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‘

ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‡‡”‘’‹‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹”

‘™‘’‹‹‘„‡…ƒ‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘–Š‡‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ

—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽƤ‡Ž†…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ†›‘—–Š‹‰Š–•–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘

…‘„‹‡†‹˜‡”•‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡‹”‘™ƒ† –Š‘•‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ȍ ‹•‘…‹ƒŽ

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ †‹˜‡”•‡ ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š›

ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•…‘‡–‘”‡’‘”–‘”‡†‹•–”‡••†—”‹‰’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡Ƥ†‹‰•

ˆ”‘–Š‹•…Šƒ’–‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹”’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”‡‡†–‘„‡

‡š’Ž‘”‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ

(6)

ͣ͝͝

General conclusion – Part I

Š‡…—””‡––Š‡•‹•Šƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘’‘•‡†ƒ––Š‡

„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–••‡‡–‘‰”‘™‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‘”‡

™‡ƒ”›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‡‡•–‘„‡•’‡…‹Ƥ…ˆ‘”•‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒǦ

–‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ

—ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†Ƥ†‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘„‘–ŠŠƒ’–‡”͟ȋ•–”‡••”‡•’‘Ǧ

•‹˜‹–›Ȍƒ†͠ȋ’—„Ž‹…•’‡ƒ‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ȍ‹•–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘•‘…‹ƒŽǦ

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘••‡‡•–‘„‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”Ǧ

‡…‡•Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹’Š›•‹…ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡‘•–’”‘‘—…‡†

‹ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•’‡‡…ŠȋŠǤ͟Ȍƒ†‹–™ƒ•‘Ž›–Š‡™‡‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•’‡‡…Š

–Šƒ–‘Ž†‡” •—„Œ‡…–• ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ –Š‡‹”›‘—‰‡”

…‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ȋŠǤ͠ȌǤ –‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†–Šƒ–ˆ—–—”‡•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”’ƒ›

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‡Ƥ†‹‰–Šƒ–•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†‡”˜‘—•‡•••Š‘™‡†‘ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‡

‹Šƒ’–‡”͟ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘—ƒ”‡–ƒŽǤǡͥ͜͜͞ǡ–”‘—†‡–ƒŽǤǡͥ͜͜͞Ȍ‹••‘‡™Šƒ–‹

…‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†–”ƒ‹–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••’”‡•‡–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͞Ǥ –‹•—…Ž‡ƒ”™Š›ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‹†‹•–”‡••ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ƒ‹‰

ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ „—– ‘–†—”‹‰ –Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ ‡”˜‘—•Ǧ

‡••†—”‹‰–Š‡•’‡‡…Š–ƒ•ǤŠ‹•‹‰Š–„‡Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”Ǧ

‡…‡•™‡”‡‘”‡’”‘‘—…‡†‹ƒ„•‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡••‘”ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ—‡

–‘…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•„‡…‘‡‘”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘™‘””›ƒ„‘—–ƒ„•–”ƒ…–

‹†‡ƒ•–Šƒ…Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•™Š‡†‹”‡…–Ž›…‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Šƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Š‹•‹•‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†ƒ•‡“—ƒŽŽ›•–”‡••ˆ—Ž„›…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•Ǥ

––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Šƒ’–‡”͞ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Šƒ–‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–Š‘™“—‡•–‹‘•

ƒ”‡ˆ”ƒ‡†ǡƒ‡Ž›‡ơ‡…–•ˆ‘”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡™‡”‡•–”‘‰‡”–Šƒˆ‘”†‹•–”‡••ǤŠ—•

‹–‹‰Š–„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹†‹”‡…–‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”—•‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡‹†‡

–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘”‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‘•– Ƥ†‹‰• •‡‡ –‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”• ‹•

•’‡…‹Ƥ… ˆ‘” •‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ˆ—–—”‡ •–—†‹‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡‡Ƥ– ˆ”‘

…‘–”ƒ•–‹‰–Š‡‡‹†‡™‹–Šƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘–ƒ•Ǥ

čĆĕęĊėͣ

(7)

ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

ͤ͝͝

ƒ”– Ǥ•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽƒ–—”‹–›ǣ •–”—‡–‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

—„‡”–›Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡–Š‡…ƒ—•ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†

‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ’—„‡”–›™ƒ•–‡•–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͟Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ’—„‡”–› ™ƒ• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† „‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡•

†—”‹‰–Š‡‡‹†‡ǡ–Š‡‡ơ‡…–•™‡”‡Ž‡•••–”‘‰–Šƒ‹‰Š–„‡‡š’‡…–‡†Ǥ

Š‹• Ƥ†‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘ •–—†›‘–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒǦ

„Ž‡•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡”‹•‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ ’”‹‡ …ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ –‘ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š

•‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘ „‡…‘‡ ‘”‡…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•

ȋƒ—ơƒƬ–‡‹„‡”‰ǡ͜͜͜͞Ȍ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†ƒơ‡…–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‹’”‘„Ž‡„‡ŠƒǦ

˜‹‘”ǡ„—–’‘••‹„Ž‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•™‡”‡

–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘’‡‡”‘’‹‹‘ȋ–‡‹„‡”‰Ƭ‹Ž˜‡”„‡”‰ǡ

ͥͤ͢͝Ȍǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

•–”—‡–•Šƒ†–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”—•‡‹–Š‡•–—†›–‘‹˜‡•–‹Ǧ

‰ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

ƒ……‘—–‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‹•–”—‡–•‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

Chapter 5Ǥ Šƒ’–‡”͡–Š‡’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—–…Š–”ƒ•ŽƒǦ

–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ŽˆǦ‡•–”ƒ‹–…ƒŽ‡ȋǢ‡‹„‡”‰‡”Ƭ…Š™ƒ”–œǡͥͥ͜͝Ȍ™‡”‡‹˜‡•Ǧ

–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹–‹•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ…‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽƒ–—Ǧ

”‹–›‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒ—ơƒƒ†–‡‹„‡”‰ȋ͜͜͜͞Ȍǡ‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–Š‡›—•‡†‹’—Ž•‡

…‘–”‘Žƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ƒ•ƒ–—”‹–›‹†‹…‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡…—””‡–•–—†›

–Š‡—–…Š–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡„›ƒœ•‘›‹ǡ‹…‡”‹‰ǡ —‰‡”ǡƒ† ‡••‹‰ȋ͜͜͞͝Ȍ

Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ˆ‘” —•‡ ™‹–Š›‘—‰‡” …Š‹Ž†”‡ ȋͥǦ͜͝›‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†ȌǤ Š‡ ‡™

—–…Š™ƒ•–‡•–‡†‹ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͤ͠͝–‡–‘‡‹‰Š–‡‡›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ǤŠ‡

ˆƒ…–‘”•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›†‹ơ‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ

‘ˆ‡‹„‡”‰‡”ȋͥͥͣ͝ȌǤ–Š”‡‡Ǧˆƒ…–‘”•–”—…–—”‡™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•ƒ„‡––‡”•‘Ž—Ǧ

–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡ˆ‘—”Ǧˆƒ…–‘”•–”—…–—”‡‹–Š‡—–…Š•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ›‘—–Šǡƒ‰‡†͜͝–‘

ͤ͝›‡ƒ”•Ǥ†‹•–‹…–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡•—’’”‡••‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘ǡ‹’—Ž•‡

…‘–”‘Žƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•ǤŠ‡–™‘ƒ–—”‹–›‹†‹…‡•’”‘’‘•‡†„›

ƒ—ơƒƒ†–‡‹„‡”‰ȋ͜͜͜͞Ȍ‡‡”‰‡†ƒ†…ƒ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ 

ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‹’—Ž•‡…‘–”‘Žƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ‹–‹‰Š–„‡‡š’‡…–‡†

–Šƒ–…Š‹Ž†”‡™Š‘”‡’‘”–Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•‹‰Š–„‡‘”‡

•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(8)

ͥ͝͝

Chapter 6Ǥ‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡ŽǦ

‘’‡– ‹• –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ‹‡– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‘—Ž† ”‡•—Ž– ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•

„‡…‘‹‰‘”‡”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘–Š‡‹ƪ—‡…‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Šƒ’–‡”͢’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…

’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•™‡”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡•‹•–ƒ…‡

–‘‡‡” ƪ—‡…‡•…ƒŽ‡ȋ ȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ȋ–‡‹„‡”‰Ƭ

‘ƒŠƒǡͣ͜͜͞Ȍƒ‘‡ˆƒ…–‘”•–”—…–—”‡™ƒ•…‘Ƥ”‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡

•…ƒŽ‡™ƒ•‰‘‘†Ǥ ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ–•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘’‡‡”

‹ƪ—‡…‡™‘—Ž†•Š‘™ƒǦ•Šƒ’‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”ǡ™‹–Š‹†ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ …‡–•„‡‹‰‘•–•‡•‹–‹˜‡ȋ‡”†–ǡͥͣͥ͝Ǣ–‡‹„‡”‰Ƭ‹Ž˜‡”„‡”‰ǡͥͤ͢͝ȌǤŠ‡•‡

ƒ••—’–‹‘•™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ–†‹†‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡”‡•‹•–Ǧ

ƒ…‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†‹ƒ–‹Ǧ•‘…‹ƒŽ•‡––‹‰•Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‹•

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹–Š‡•–—†›’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡†‹†‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘

„‡ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹…”‡ƒ•‡†•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ†—”‹‰

ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡›‘—–Š„‡…ƒ‡„‡––‡”ƒ–”‡•‹•–‹‰’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡ǤŠ‹•Ƥ†‹‰Ƥ–•

™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š‡š‹•–‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†

–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ

ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”†‹ơ‡”‡†

„‡–™‡‡„‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•ǤŠ‡•–—†›•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‰‹”Ž•™‡”‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‘›•‹–Š‡‹”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ”‡’‘”–‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‘”‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– –Šƒ „‘›• †—”‹‰ ‹†Ǧƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ …‡…‡ǤŠ‹•Ƥ†‹‰‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‰‡†‡”†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹‡‰‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ

‡–Ǥ‘Šǯ•‡–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‰‹”Ž•ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͞›‡ƒ”•ƒŠ‡ƒ†

‘ˆ„‘›•ƒ†„‘›•…ƒ–…Š—’ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǤŠ‡ •Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”

ƒ–—”‹–›‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡„‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž•Ǥ•‹‹Žƒ”Ƥ†‹‰™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†„›Ž‹Ǧ

•–”ƒǡ ƒŽ‡ ǡƒƒ‹Œƒ‡”•ǡ—‹–‡ǡ”ƒŒ‡ǡƒ†‡‡—•ȋͥ͜͜͞Ȍ™Š‘ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–

‰‹”Ž•™‡”‡ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ„‘›•‹ƒŽŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Development and the emergence of social fears

‘‹‰„ƒ…–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž’”‡•‡–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͝‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•ƒ›

•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•„—–‘–ƒŽŽǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡ŽƒǦ

–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡

’—„‡”–›ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‡”‡‹–Š‡‡š’‡…–‡†

†‹”‡…–‹‘Ǣ–Š—•ǡ‹ƒ•™‡”–‘–Š‡ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘’‘•‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹–‡‡”‰‡†

–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†™‹–Š‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡

‡ơ‡…–‘ˆ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™ƒ•‘”‡‘†‡•––Šƒ‡š’‡…–‡†Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡

čĆĕęĊėͣ

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ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

͜͝͞

ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡––Š‡•‹•™ƒ•‘ƒ‰‡ƒ†’—„‡”–›‹–™ƒ•‘–›‡–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘

•–—†›–Š‡‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ•†‹•…—••‡†‹–Š‡‹–”‘Ǧ

†—…–‹‘ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘•–—†›–Š‡‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ†’•›…Š‘•‘…‹ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘•–—†›–Š‡†‹”‡…–‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‘‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ

…Šƒ‰‡•ǡŽ‹‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡ǡ™‘—Ž†‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›‡ơ‡…–

ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡Ǥ‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡•‡•‡‡‹‰Ž›

‘†‡•–ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž›…‘–”ƒ”›‡ơ‡…–•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡

˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–†‡˜‡ŽǦ

‘’‡–„‘–Š™‹–Š‹ƒ†„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹•’‡‡†‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–

„”ƒ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ …‘‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡ơ‡…– ‘ˆ ƒ

‹•ƒ–…Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–„”ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ …‡…‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡Ž•‘ǡ‡‹„‡Ž—ˆ–ǡ…Ž—”‡ǡƬ‹‡ǡ͜͜͞͡ǡ”•–ǡ‹‡ǡƬ ƒ”†‹ǡ

͜͜͞͡ǡ–‡‹„‡”‰ǡ͜͜͞͡ȌǤ—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„‹…•–”—…Ǧ

–—”‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒơ‡…–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‘”‡“—‹…Ž›–Šƒ

–Š‡’”‡Ǧˆ”‘–ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ•

ƒ”‡•—Ž–ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•„‡…‘‡‘”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹ơ‡”‡–’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰

ƒŽ…‘Š‘Žƒ„—•‡ǡ”‹•–ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ†‹•‘”†‡”•ȋ–‡‹„‡”‰ǡ͜͜͞͡ȌǤ

Š‹•‹•ƒ–…Š‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†’”‡˜ƒǦ

Ž‡…‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”‘•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‹•”‡ŽƒǦ

–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ

‘‰‡–ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ›•‹–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡

‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ

Š‡—’…‘‹‰Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡…‘…Ž—•‹˜‡‡˜‹†‡…‡

ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ‘†‡Ž’”‡•‡–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”͝ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•’—„‡”–›™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹

•–”‘‰‡”ƒơ‡…–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡

˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•‹†‹…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–‹‰Š––‡’‡”–Š‘•‡

”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ –…ƒ„‡–‡•–‡†™Š‡–Š‡”†‹•…‘”†ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡•—’’‘•‡†Ž›’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘

’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡…‡ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǤŠ‡•‡

…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘‡š’Žƒ‹

‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡‹•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•–Šƒ‡ƒ…Š˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ†‘ˆ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ

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͝͞͝

The next step: When normative social fears deviate

‡…‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’•›…Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ǧ

Ž‘‰›Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹†Ž‡‡–

ƒŽǤǡͤ͜͜͞ǡŽŽ‡ƬŠ‡‡„‡”ǡͤ͜͜͞ȌǤƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘

‹–Š‡–‹‹‰‘ˆ†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ•†‹•…—••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡‹‰Š–

‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•„‡ƒ”‹•ˆƒ…–‘”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’†‡˜‹ƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž•

‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ‘•–‘†‡Ž•‘•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›–‘†ƒ–‡ˆ‘…—•‘Ž›‘‹†‹˜‹Ǧ

†—ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ƒ††‘‘–‹…Ž—†‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ

ƒš‹‡–›‹‰Š–„‡’ƒ”–Ž›†‡–‡”‹‡†‘”†‡’‡†‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǯ

‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‰‡‡•Ȁ–‡’‡”ƒ‡–ǡƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ƒŽŽǤ

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•–‘…‘•‹†‡”‹”‡‰ƒ”†–‘•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ …‡”–ƒ‹ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹–”‘˜‡”•‹‘Ǣ

‡–”›‹–‘–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡’‡”‹‘†‹‰Š–ƒ‡‹–”‘˜‡”–‡†›‘—–Š

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”• †—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡Ǥ Š‹•

…‘—Ž†‡ƒ–Šƒ–‘”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‡ơ‡…–•‹‰Š––‹’–Š‡„ƒŽƒ…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

™‘”•‡‹›‘—–Š™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ‡—’Ǥ

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡŽŽ‡ƒ†Š‡‡„‡”ȋͤ͜͜͞Ȍ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”…”‘••Ǧ†‹•…‹Ǧ

’Ž‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ†‡’”‡••‹‘†—”‹‰

ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡‹–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘•–—†›Dz–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ǡ ƒ† „‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘dz ȋ’Ǥ͟͠͞ȌǤŠ‡–‹’’‹‰’‘‹–‘†‡Ž„›ƒŠŽȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡƒŠŽƬ ƒ”‹”‹ǡ͜͜͞͡Ȍ•‡‡•–‘

„‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž’”‘’‘•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡

‹•ƒ’”‡…ƒ”‹‘—•„ƒŽƒ…‡†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡†‹•–—”„‡†“—‹–‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›

„›•‡‡‹‰Ž›‹‘”…Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ

‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡†—‡–‘–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‡‡”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǡ

ƒ•—’’‘”–‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹‰Š–„‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ‡…‡–•–—†‹‡•„›

ŽÚ–‡‡–ƒŽǤŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•ƒ”‡–”‡ƒ–‡††‹ơ‡”‡–Ž›

„›–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••ƒ–‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ŽÚ–‡ǡ ‹–ǡ Ƭ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ ͣ͜͜͞ǡ ŽÚ–‡ Ƭ‡•–‡Ǧ

„‡”‰ǡͣ͜͜͞ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„‡–™‡‡•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”

ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ȋ‘Š‘”•–ǡŽÚ–‡ǡ—–‡”ǡƬ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡͥ͜͜͞ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š

–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ††”‡••…ƒ—•ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ‹–…‘—Ž†„‡‡š’‡…–‡†

–Šƒ–™Š‡…‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Šƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‘”Ž‹‹–‡†•‘…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–

–Š‡’”‡…ƒ”‹‘—•„ƒŽƒ…‡‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•‹‰Š–„‡†‹•–—”„‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”•‡™‘—Ž†

čĆĕęĊėͣ

(11)

ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

͝͞͞

–”‹‰‰‡”†‡˜‹ƒ–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡’‡”…‡‹˜‹‰Š‹‰Š

•‘…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–…‘—Ž†„‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›„‡‡Ƥ…‹ƒŽ†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡Ǥ

Š—•ǡ–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‡Šƒ˜‡‰ƒ‹‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ

ˆ‡ƒ”•…‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•ƒ…ƒ—–‹‘ƒ”›–ƒŽ‡Ǥ‘•–‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•–—†‹‡†

–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘…—•‡†‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•ƒ†

†‘‘––ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ’‡‡Ƭ’‡…‡ǡ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡…‡ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•‹‰Š–’Žƒ›–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–ƒ†

Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”Ǧ

–ƒ––Šƒ–ˆ—–—”‡•–—†‹‡•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‹ƪ—‡…‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡˜ƒ”‹ƒǦ

„Ž‡•ǡŽ‹‡–‡’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ

(12)

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čĆĕęĊėͣ

(13)

ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ

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