• No results found

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

N/A
N/A
Info
Downloaden
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R."

Copied!
149
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Download het nu ( 149 pagina )

Hele tekst

(1)Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.. Citation Sumter, S. R. (2010, March 2). Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15050 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15050. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) 3. ”‘™‹‰—’–‘„‡ ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žǫ ‘ ‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‹†›‡•‹–ƒ—–‡”.

(3) 4. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ.

(4) 5. ”‘™‹‰—’–‘„‡ ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žǫ ‘ ‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ėĔĊċĘĈčėĎċę ‡”˜‡””‹Œ‰‹‰˜ƒ†‡‰”ƒƒ†˜ƒ‘ –‘”ƒƒ†‡‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–‡‹†‡ǡ ’‰‡œƒ‰˜ƒ†‡‡ –‘”ƒ‰‹Ƥ —•’”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ Ǥ˜ƒ†‡” ‡‹Œ†‡ǡ ‘Ž‰‡•„‡•Ž—‹–˜ƒŠ‡–‘ŽŽ‡‰‡˜‘‘””‘‘–‹‡• –‡˜‡”†‡†‹‰‡‘’†‹•†ƒ‰͞ƒƒ”–͜͜͞͝ Ž‘‡͟͝ǣ͠͡——” †‘‘” ‹†›‡•‹–ƒ—–‡” ‰‡„‘”‡–‡•–‡”†ƒ ͥͣͥ͝.

(5) ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. 6. ėĔĒĔęĎĊĈĔĒĒĎĘĘĎĊ. ”‘‘–‘”. ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤǤ‡•–‡„‡”‰ȋ‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–‡‹†‡Ȍ. ‘Ǧ’”‘‘–‘”. ”ǤǤǤ‘Š‘”•–ȋ‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–‡‹†‡Ȍ. ˜‡”‹‰‡Ž‡†‡. ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ ‘‘••‡•ȋƒ–Š‘Ž‹‡‡‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–‡—˜‡Ȍ ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ—”‹•ȋ”ƒ•—•‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–Ȍ ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ‘ŽŽ‡„‡”‰Šȋ‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹––”‡ Š–Ȍ ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ‡‡•ȋ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•Ȍ.

(6) ͣ. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Šǡ

(7) ‡’––Š‡Ƥ”•–ˆ‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”†ƒ›Ǩ Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by, †–Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒ†‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken (1915).

(8) 8. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. ‡š– –›’‡•‡– ƒ† ƒ†‡ ‹–‘ ’ƒ‰‡• „› —•–ƒ˜‘ ‡””‡‹”ƒǡ •–‡”†ƒǡ —•‹‰ †‘„‡

(9) ‡•‹‰͟Ǥ›’‡ˆƒ ‡‘•–ƒ–‹ƒȋ ‘Š —†•‘Ȍƒ†ƒŽ‹„”‹ȋ— ƒ• †‡ ”‘‘–ȌǤ ‘˜‡”†‡•‹‰„›ǤǤ—–‡” ”‹–‡†„›

(10) ’•ƒ’”—‡”•

(11) ȀǣͥͣͤǦͥ͜Ǧͥ͜͞͡͝͠͡Ǧ͡.

(12) ͥ.

(13) †‡š ͝͝. čĆĕęĊė ͝ ȉ ‡‡”ƒŽ

(14) –”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ. ͣ͞. čĆĕęĊė͞ ȉ ‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǣ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹†‹•–”‡••ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǫ. ͠͡. čĆĕęĊė͟ ȉ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹•–”‡••”‡•’‘•‡• †—”‹‰ƒ’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•ǣ‘ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‰”‘™‘”‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡ –‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǫ. ͢͟. čĆĕęĊė͠ ȉ Š‡’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ƒ† ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǣƒ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. ͤ͡. čĆĕęĊė͡ ȉ Š‡”‘„—•–‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ŽˆǦ‡•–”ƒ‹– ƒŽ‡ǣŠƒ–†‘‡••‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹–‡ ‘’ƒ••ǫ. ͥ͡. čĆĕęĊė͢ ȉ Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡” ‹ƪ—‡ ‡‹ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǣ‹ŽŽ–Š‡–‡‡ƒ‰‡”‡˜‡”„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡•‹•–ǫ. ͟͝͝. čĆĕęĊėͣ ȉ —ƒ”›ƒ†‘ Ž—•‹‘Ǥ. ͝͞͡. ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•. ͝͠͝. ‡†‡”Žƒ†•‡ƒ‡˜ƒ––‹‰. ͥ͝͠. —””‹ —Ž—‹–ƒ‡.

(15) ͜͝. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ.

(16) ͝͝. čĆĕęĊė͝Ǥ. ‡‡”ƒŽ

(17) –”‘†— –‹‘. ‘ ‹ƒŽš‹‡–›†—”‹‰†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ȋȌǡ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒǡ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡‘•– ‘‘ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•‹ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ȋŽŽ‡†‹ Ƭ ‹”•Šˆ‡Ž†Ǧ‡ ‡”ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤ ”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘””ƒ‰‡„‡–™‡‡ͣτƒ†͟͝τȋ —”ƒ”ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡–”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡’‹’‘‹–‡†–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡ ‡ ȋƒ’‡‡ Ƭ ’‡ ‡ǡ ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋ͜͜͞͝Ȍ ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡–‘ˆ ͜͝Ǧ͝͝›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ† ͝͡›‡ƒ”• ‹ˆ–Š‡› Šƒ† ‘–”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ› ‘–Š‡” Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥƒ”‡Ž›Šƒ•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡–„‡‡”‡’‘”–‡††—”‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž› Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†‘”ƒˆ–‡”Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥͤ͜τ‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡––‘ ‡–ƒŽǤ•–—†›”‡’‘”–‡†ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡ͤ͝›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(18) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘” ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–’‡”‹‘†Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ••ƒ—ǡ ‘”ƒ†–ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡”ƒ ȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍ ˆ‘—†’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–•–ƒ”–‡†ƒ–͜Ǥ͡τƒ‘‰͝͞Ǧ͟͝›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†•–‘͞τƒ‘‰ ͝͠Ǧͣ͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•Ǥ‹‹Žƒ””‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡”‡’‘”–‡†„›‹–– Š‡ǡ–‡‹ǡƒ†‡••Ž‡” ȋͥͥͥ͝ȌǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•™‡”‡•‘‡™Šƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǤ

(19) –Š‡ ‹–– Š‡‡–ƒŽǤ•–—†›•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹–‘Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡ ‡ƒ†›‘—‰ƒ†—Ž–Š‘‘†ǡ–Š‹•‹•͠Ǥ͜τƒ‘‰–Š‡͝͠Ǧͣ͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ƒ†ͤǤͣτ ƒ‘‰–Š‡ͤ͝Ǧ͞͠›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•Ǥ

(20) –Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•—†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡ ”‹•‡‹ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ‘›‡”ǡƬ ‘†‘Ž‡–œǡͥͥ͜͝Ǣ‡ƒ”ǡͥͥ͜͝Ǣ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ‹‡„‡Ž‹ǡƬ”‡ơ‡”•ǡ͜͜͞͝ȌǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ” ‹ ‘Ǧ.

(21) ͝͞. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡ„—––Š‡Ƥ†‹‰•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹š‡†Ǥ‘‡•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—† •—’’‘”–ˆ‘”ƒŠ‹‰Š•ƒŽ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ••ƒ—ǡ‘”ƒ†–ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡”ƒ ȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍ •–—†‹‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”• ‹ ƒ ‘—‹–› •–—†› ‘ˆ ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡–•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ͝͞ƒ†ͣ͝›‡ƒ”•ȋϋ͜͟͝͡ȌǤŽ‘•–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ȋͣ͠Ǥ͞τȌƒ†ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–—„‡”‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”•„‡‹‰”‡’‘”–‡†„› –Š‡͝͠Ǧ͝͡›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•Ǥ –Š‡”•–—†‹‡•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”™‡”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ —ŽŽ‘‡ǡ ‹‰ǡ Ƭ ŽŽ‡†‹ ǡ ͜͜͞͝Ȍ ‘” ‡˜‡ †‹‹‹•Š‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‹• –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ. —ŽŽ‘‡Ƭƒ‡ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡‡•ƒ†‘•–ƒȋ͜͜͞͡Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‹ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡‘•–’”‘‘— ‡††—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǤŠ—•ǡ•–—†‹‡•‹‰Š–‘–•Š‘™ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ„—–‹ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡ ‘–”ƒ•–‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•†‘ „‡ ‘‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡š‹•–‹‰ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ’‡‡ ƒ† ’‡ ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ͜͜͞͠ ”‡˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– Dz‘–”ƒ”› –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘”‡ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† Ž‹––Ž‡ Šƒ‰‡‘”‡˜‡ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ˆ”‘Žƒ–‡ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†–‘‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡dzȋƒ’‡‡Ƭ’‡ ‡ǡ’Ǥͣ͠͝ȌǤŠ‹•”‡˜‹‡™ ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‡–‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǤŠ‡”‹•ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡ˆƒ –‘”•–Š‡› †‹• —••‡†‹ Ž—†‡†ǡ‰‡‡–‹ •ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ‡–ǡ’ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‹ƪ—‡ ‡•ǡƒ†–”ƒ—ƒ–‹  ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ–Š‡›†‹• —••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡–ƒ†’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ƒ† ’Š‘„‹ƒǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’ƒ‹† –‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(22) •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡› ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡– „‘—† ‘•‡– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ ‹• †—‡ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‡ƒ”ǤŠ‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•†‘ ‘–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘”‡†‹•–”‡••†—”‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–†‹•–”‡••„‡ ‘‡•ƒŽƒ”‰‡” ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ•ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‡ ‘—–‡”‘”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’‡‡”‹–‡”Ǧ ƒ –‹‘•ƒ”‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘–Š‡ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••‹‰Š–„‡‡š’‡”‹Ǧ ‡ ‡†ƒ•‘”‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ƒ†–”‹‰‰‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧ ƒ ‡ǡ‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡”• ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ—’ –‘ ‘™ –Š‡ Ƥ†‹‰•‘ –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹š‡†ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ —•‘ –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡ƒ„•‡–ǡ‹–”‡ƒ‹•— Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–Ǧ„‘—† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡– –Š‡•‹•.

(23) čĆĕęĊė͝. ͟͝. ™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–Ǧ„‘—†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ„‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ. Š›™‘—Ž†ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡„‡ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǫǣ‡–‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ› Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‘ —”†—”‹‰–Š‹•’Šƒ•‡‹Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ‘†‡Ž• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘•‡– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹•’Žƒ ‡†ƒ–ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ƒ†™Š›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘–‹‘•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘’‡‡” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ‹• —••‡†„‡Ž‘™ƒ”‡–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–‘ —”™‹–Š‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‡š– ‹‰Š– ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ —””‡– ™‘” ™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–ǡ ‹‰—”‡ ͝‘—–Ž‹‡• –Š‡ƒ••—‡†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•‹•Ǥ ƐƚƌĞƐƐƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ WƵďĞƌƚĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ. ƐĞůĨͲ ĐŽŶƐĐŝŽƵƐŶĞƐƐ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽ ƉĞĞƌŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ. Age. WƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ. ƐĞůĨͲƌĞƐƚƌĂŝŶƚ. ^ŽĐŝĂůǀĂůƵĂƟǀĞ&ĞĂƌƐ͗ ĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐ͕ĂǀŽŝĚĂŶĐĞ͕ ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ. ĞŐŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ. ŵƵůƟͲƚĂƐŬŝŶŐ ŽŐŶŝƟǀĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŝǀĞ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ. ‹‰—”‡͝Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•–Šƒ–‹‰Š– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• †—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ.

(24) ͝͠. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. Cognitive Development. Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –ƒ‡• ‹‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ’• †—”‹‰ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ǡ ’”‘‰”‡••†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‹••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ”‘ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ ‹ƒ‰‡–ȋͥͣ͝͞Ȍ™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰‡‡”‰‡•ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ͝͞ –‘ ͝͡›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ƒ„•–”ƒ – ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ Šƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† — Š ƒ––‡–‹‘ ȋ ƒ– Š‡”ǡ ƒ– Š‡”ǡ ‡”Ž‹ǡ Žƒǡ Ƭ ‹ Šƒ”†•ǡ ͥͥ͜͝ȌǤ ‘–Š‡” –‘’‹ –Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡‹•–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ ‡†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ –ƒ‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡ŽƒǤͥͤ͜͝Ǣ‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ‡••‡ŽǡƬ Žƒ˜‡ŽŽǡͥͣ͜͝ȌǤ‡ ‡–Ƥ†Ǧ ‹‰•ˆ”‘„”ƒ‹•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡”‡‡™‡†‹–‡”‡•–‹ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†‡—”ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ—•ǡ͜͜͞͡Ǣ ‹‡††‡–ƒŽǤǡͥͥͥ͝ȌǤŠ‡•‡•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘„”‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘‰‹–‹‘†—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǤŠ‡ ˆ”‘–ƒŽ Ž‘„‡ƒ”‡ƒ• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡•ƒ‹† –‘ ƒ–—”‡ ‹–‘ Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡ ‡ ƒ””›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋƒ—•ǡ͜͜͞͡ȌǤ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•‹‰Š–„‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡†”‹˜‡„›ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ƒ•–—†›ƒ‘‰͟–‘͝͠›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ǡ—”‹•ǡ‡” ‡ŽǦ „ƒ Šǡ‡‡•–‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ†‡”ƒ†ȋ͜͜͞͞Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‰‡ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‹”™‘””‹‡•Ǥ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡–•ǯƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡–‘”‡ƪ‡ –‘—’ ‘‹‰‡˜‡–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‘”‡™‘””›‹–Š‡”——’–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘••‘ǡ ‘—‰ǡ ‡‹ƒǡƒ†—”‰‡Ž—Ǧ‘††•–—†‹‡†ˆ”‘–ƒŽŽ‘„‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹ƒ•ƒŽŽ •ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͥ–‘ͤ͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ȋϋ͜͞ȌǤ

(25) ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ ƒ„•–”ƒ –”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†•‡–•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‹–‘Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ †‹”‡ –Ž‹„‡–™‡‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ„•–”ƒ –”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹–‡‡†•–‘„‡‡–‹‘‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡ơ‡ –™ƒ••ƒŽŽƒ†–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡•‹œ‡Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ Š—•ǡˆ—–—”‡•–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ„•–”ƒ –”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥ ™‘ƒ•’‡ –•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ” ƒ”‡ ”‡ —”•‹˜‡ –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† —Ž–‹–ƒ•‹‰Ǥ ‡ —”•‹˜‡ –Š‹‹‰ ‹‰Š– „‡•– „‡ ˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡ˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ” ‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”•‹‰Š––Š‹ƒ„‘—–ƒ†Œ—†‰‡›‘—Ǥ‡ —”Ǧ •‹˜‡–Š‹‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡––‘’Žƒ›‹–‘–Š‡™‹•Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǡ.

(26) čĆĕęĊė͝. ͝͡. „—–‹–‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘’ƒ˜‡–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”‹•‡ —”‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘”Ž‡•• ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‡‹–Šȋͥͤ͜͝Ȍˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡ —”•‹˜‡ –Š‹‹‰ ™ƒ• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •‡ŽˆǦ‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ• ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”ƒ –—ƒŽ•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†‹†‡ƒŽ•‡Ž˜‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‹•‰”‘™‹‰†‹• ‘”†ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‹•‡ —”‹–‹‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ”‡“—‹”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ• –‘ „‡ Šƒ†Ž‡† •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ —”‹‰ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ›‘— ‡‡† –‘ǣ ͝Ȍ”‡‡„‡”™Šƒ–›‘—™‡”‡‰‘‹‰ –‘•ƒ›ǡ ͞Ȍ’ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ͟Ȍ „‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‹•Œ—†‰‹‰›‘—”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†›‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ‘–Š‹ ‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡–Š‹‰••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”‡“—‹”‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ —”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‡‘”› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋ ƒ–Š‡” ‘Ž‡ǡ ‹ Ǧ ‡”‹‰ǡ„”‹†‰‡ǡƬ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ͜͜͞͠Ȍƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—Ž–‹–ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹‰Š–ƒŽŽ‘™ Š‹Ž†”‡–‘”‡ƪ‡ –‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ—Ž–‹–ƒ•‹‰ ™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•–‘‘–‘Ž›„‡––‡”–Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ„—–‹–™‘—Ž†ƒ– –Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡–ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– –Š‡›ƒ”‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ Pubertal Development. ‘” †‡ ƒ†‡• ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ™ƒ”‡Ǧ ‡••ƒ†•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘„›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ—„‡”–›Šƒ•„‡‡‹˜‘‡†„› •‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹•–•ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‹• Šƒ‰‡ǤŽ‹†ƒ†‘™‡ ȋͥͣͥ͝Ȍƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ’—„‡”–›„”‹‰•ƒ„‘—–ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‡ŽˆǦ ‘Ǧ • ‹‘—•‡••Ǥ‘”‡•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘–Š‡”••–ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡†’”‡‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‘™ „‘†‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š —†‡”‰‘ †”ƒƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡• ƒ– ’—„‡”–›ǡ ‹‰Š– ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ȋ—••ǡ ͥͤ͜͝ȌǤ

(27)  Ž‹‡™‹–Š –Š‡•‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ǡŠ‘’•‘ƒ† ‘‘†˜‹ȋ͜͜͞͡Ȍ•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–DzŠ‡„—”‰‡‘‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ„•–”ƒ – –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’•› Š‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’—„‡”–›ǡ ƒ ˆ‘•–‡”•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•‹•‡ŽˆǦ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ•‡ŽˆǦ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ •‡Žˆdzȋ’Ǥͤ͠͝ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹•‡ŽˆǦ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘„›‘–Š‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Š ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‹‡†–‘’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘•Š‹’‹•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ‘‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—†‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹ ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡‡•Ƭ‘•–ƒǡ͜͜͞͡Ȍ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡.

(28) ͢͝. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. Šƒ‰‡•‹‰Š–„‡Ž‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ’—„‡”–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†–Š‡”‹•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•–‘‘ —”†—”‹‰‹†Ǧƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ȋ‡•–‡„‡”‰ ‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͞͠Ȍ™Š‹ Šƒ‡•‹–Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–’—„‡”–›™‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ ƒ—•ƒŽˆƒ –‘”‹ –Š‡‡–‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡•‡‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ‰‡Ƥ†‹‰•ǡ‹–„‡ ‘‡• †‹ƥ —Ž––‘†‡†— ‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–’—„‡”–›ǯ•”‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡†‹”‡ –”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ •Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’—„‡”–›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Šƒ•‹ˆƒ –‰‘‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›—‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ

(29) •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ’—„‡”–›Šƒ•„‡‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹•–‹‰ƒ–‘”‘ˆƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ †‹•‘”†‡”• ȋƒŠŽǡ ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– •—’’‘”––Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’—„‡”–›–”‹‰‰‡”•ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ†‹•‘”Ǧ †‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘•–—†‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡”‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ Psychosocial Development. †‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ „—– –Š—• ˆƒ” ˆ‡™ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡•–—†‹‡† ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—ơƒƒ†–‡‹„‡”‰ȋ͜͜͜͞Ȍ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡†‘†‡Ž‘ˆ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ–—”‹–›Ǥ‘‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘†‡Žƒ”‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡–ƒ‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ȍǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹Ǧ „‹Ž‹–›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ—–‘‘›Ȍǡƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‹’—Ž•‡ ‘–”‘ŽȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ‹Ž› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ —†‡”Ǧ •–ƒ†‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ƒ†”‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹›‘—–Šǡ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‹•‘†‡Ž ƒƒŽ•‘ „‡––‡”‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—Ǧ ‡ ‡‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘•Š‘™ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›†‡ Ž‹‡†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•†‡ Ž‹‡‹• •ƒ‹†–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡•‹•– ’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡ ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–›‘—–Šƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘’‡‡”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤ ‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†ǡ‹ˆ›‘—†‘˜‡”›’‘‘”Ž›ǡ†ƒƒ‰‡›‘—”’‡‡”•–ƒ–—•ǡ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž†‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•™‘—Ž†Ǧƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›Ǧ„‡‘”‡ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š’‡‡”•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹–ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ– ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ȋƒ—ơƒƬ–‡‹„‡”‰ǡ͜͜͜͞ȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™‘—Ž†‡‡’ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•ˆ”‘‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹’”‘„Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜Ǧ ‹‘”•ǡ‹–‹‰Š– ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž‘ˆ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• Šƒ• „‡‡†‹”‡ –Ž›–‡•–‡†ǡ ƒ‡Ž›‡‰‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‰‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ.

(30) čĆĕęĊė͝. ͣ͝. ‡–Ȃƒ‘†‡Ž‹–”‘†— ‡†„›‘‡˜‹‰‡”ȋͥͥ͟͝ȌǦ ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†‹†‡’‡†Ǧ ‡–Ž›‘ˆƒ‰‡ƒ†‹•ƒ‹†‡š‘ˆƒ Š‹Ž†ǯ•Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‰‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ„‡˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‡‰Žƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š™‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‡‰‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡š’Žƒ‹••‘‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡‘•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ‘˜‡”ƒ†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ––Š‡‘ˆ‘”‹•–•–ƒ‰‡ȋ͠Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒˆ‘ —•‘”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ •‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡƒ†„‡‹‰Ž‹‡†ƒ†ƒ ‡’–‡†ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†‘”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• –Šƒ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ–ƒŽ‘™‡”‡‰‘Ž‡˜‡Žǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡

(31) ’—Ž•‹˜‡ȋ͞Ȍƒ†‡ŽˆǦ’”‘–‡ Ǧ –‹˜‡ȋ͟Ȍ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

(32) –Š‡Žƒ––‡”•–ƒ‰‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡Ž‡••ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡”‡ ‹’”‘ ‹–›‘ˆ ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’•ǡ„—––ƒ‡ƒ‘”‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ˜‹‡™ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡Ž‡•••‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘ ’‡‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ƒ†”‡Œ‡ –‹‘Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡•–—†›„›‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ–Š‡”‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‡‰‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Šƒ•‘–„‡‡•–—†‹‡†Ǥ. ‘ ‹ƒŽš‹‡–›ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––—†› Background Thesis. ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –ǡƒ‘͜͜͞͡ǡˆ‡™Žƒ”‰‡• ƒŽ‡•–—†‹‡•Šƒ†„‡‡ ‘†— –‡†–‘•–—†›–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ••ƒ—‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͥͥͥ͝Ȍƒ† ‘ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‘Ž›‘‡ •–—†›Šƒ†„‡‡ ‘†— –‡†–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š‹ Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ȋ‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ ‘” –Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽš‹‡–›ƒ†‘”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–—†›ȋ•–—†›ǡ ™™™Ǥ•ƒ†ǦŽ—ǤŽȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •–—†›ǡ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ – ‡ ‘’ƒ••‡† –™‘ ƒ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–”ƒ†•Ǥ ‡ •–”ƒ†‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹•™ƒ•–‘–”ƒ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†•–”ƒ†‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•„‡–™‡‡Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•›‘—–Šȋ•‡‡–Š‡•‹•‹‡”•ǡ ͥ͜͜͞ȌǤ  ‘Š‘”–Ǧ•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰™‹–Š–Š”‡‡™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡† –‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Š‘”–ȋ–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”Ȍ–‹‡ •’ƒ ȋ•‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͝ȌǤ Š‡ Ƥ”•– ȋ͝Ȍ ƒ† Žƒ•– ȋ͟Ȍ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†Ǧ ‡”‡†ƒ‹ƒ••‡••‡–•ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡†–™‘˜‹•‹–•–‘–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™‹–Šƒ’—„Ž‹  •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹ȋǮƒŒ‘”ǯȌ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†˜‹•‹–ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†™ƒ˜‡.

(33) ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. ͤ͝. ȋ͞Ȍ™ƒ•ƒǮ‹‘”ǯƒ••‡••‡–†—”‹‰™Š‹ Šƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•™ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡††—”‹‰ƒ–™‘–‘–Š”‡‡Š‘—”•‡••‹‘Ǥ ‘‡•—”‡‹–™‘—Ž†„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–‡•––Š‡‡ơ‡ –•‘ˆ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹– ™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘˜‡”–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•’ƒ‘ˆ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ –Š‡’”‡Ǧ’—„‡”–ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ’—„‡”–ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†ˆ”‘–™‘Ž‘ ƒŽ’”‹ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘ŽǤ Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡‘–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›‹ˆ–Š‡›Šƒ†‘™†›•Ž‡š‹ƒ‘”Ž‹‹–‡† —– Š’”‘Ƥ ‹‡ ›ǤŠ‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‡š Ž—†‡†‹ˆ–Š‡›”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ›–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ‘”’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‹Ž†”‡™Š‘•‡•–ƒ–—• Šƒ‰‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ •–—†›™‡”‡”‡–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡͝Ǥ‘Š‘”–Ǧ‡“—‡–‹ƒŽ‡•‹‰™‹–ŠŠ”‡‡ƒ–ƒ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ˜‡•ȋ͝–‘͟ȌǤ Primary School. Secondary School. 4 9/10. 5 10/11. 6 11/12. 7 12/13. 8 13/14. 9 14/15. 10 15/16. C1 n = 38. C2 n = 44. C3 n = 44. C4 n = 43. C5 n = 42. C6 n = 41. C7 n = 47. C1. C2. C3. C4. C5. C6. C7. C1. C2. C3. C4. C5. C6. 11 16/17. 12 17/18. grade age. assessment / type / year T1 – Major 2006-2007* T2 – Minor 2007-2008 T3 – Major 2008-2009*. C7. * Major assessment includes the Leiden PST. ŽŽ ’”‹ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž Š‹Ž†”‡™Š‘ ‘’Ž‹‡†™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ Ž—•‹‘ƒ†‡š Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‡š ‡‡†‡† –Š‡ —„‡” –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† „‡ ‹ Ž—†‡†ǡƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘™ƒ• ƒ†‡Ǥ ‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡† ‹ •— Šƒ™ƒ›–‘‡•—”‡˜ƒ”‹‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ‡“—ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ƒ†‰‡†‡”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ†–‘‡•—”‡‹–™ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ ‰”‘—’™‹–Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡’‘”–‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–› ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ „‘–ŠŽ‘™ƒ†Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•›‘—–ŠȌǤ ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†”‡•‡ƒ” Š•–”ƒ†™‹–Š‹–Š‹• Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†›Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•›‘—–Š™‡”‡‘˜‡”•ƒ’Ž‡†ȋ ‹‰Šš‹‘—•‰”‘—’.

(34) čĆĕęĊė͝. ͥ͝. ϋ͟͞Ǣ•‡‡‹‡”•ǡͥ͜͜͞ȌǤŠ‹•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰Šš‹‘—•‰”‘—’™ƒ•‘–‹ Ž—†‡† ‹–Š‡•–—†‹‡•‹–Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹•ǤŠ‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ˆ‘”’”‹ƒ”›ƒ† •‡ ‘†ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡•‹‹Žƒ”ǡ‡Ǥ‰ǤƒŽŽ• Š‘‘Ž•™‡”‡•‡–‹ƒ’”‡Ǧ†‘Ǧ ‹ƒ–Ž›‹††Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ‡‹†‡ƒ†‹–•‡˜‹”‘•Ǥ’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ––‡Ǧ –‹‘™ƒ•’ƒ‹†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡‡‘—‰Šƒ†‹ Ž—†‡† •‹‹Žƒ” —„‡”‘ˆ „‘›•ƒ†‰‹”Ž• –‘•–—†› „‘–Š ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†‰‡†‡”‡ơ‡ –• ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‰‡†‡”ƒ†ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ƤƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹•ȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ ‹‰Šš‹‘—•‰”‘—’Ȍ‹ Ž—†‡†ͥͥ͞’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ The Leiden Public Speaking Task.  ”— ‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹• –Š‡ ‡‹†‡ —„Ž‹ ’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ•ȋ‡‹†‡ȌǤ’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘•ǣ͝Ȍ‘•–•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”Šƒ† —•‡†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–†ƒ–ƒƒ†‹–™ƒ•—‘™™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽƒ••‡••‡––ƒ•Ǥ’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –ƒ™‹†‡ƒ””ƒ›‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(35) ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–ǡ‹–‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹•™ƒ›‹–™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘•–—†›ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†–‘•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡”‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘„•‡”˜‡”•”‡’‘”–‡††‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹‡”˜‘—•‡••Ǥ͞ȌŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡ƒ”•’‡ƒ‹‰‹’—„Ž‹ ȋ— ”‡„‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͜͞ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹– ™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•™‘—Ž†‡˜‘‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒǦ –‹‘ƒ†–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹ƒ•’‡‡ Š–ƒ•™‘—Ž†„‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘„‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ͟Ȍ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡‡•–‘„‡•‘‡ƒ —Ǧ —Žƒ–‹‰‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—Ǧ ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘’‡‡”•ȋ‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ ‡ ‡ǡƒ’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•‹ ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆƒ‰‡’‡‡”•™ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‘’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ•™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ– ™ƒ••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘—”•’‡ ‹Ƥ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ‹•Ǥ—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡‹†‡™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•’‡ ‹Ƥ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–—†›ƒ††‡•‹‰‡†‹•— Šƒ™ƒ› –Šƒ–‹– ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡• ™‹–Š‹ƒŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰Ǥ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹†‡™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ‹ Ž—†‡†‹„‘–ŠƒŒ‘”ƒ••‡••‡–•Šƒ•”‡ ‡–Ž›„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ȋ‡•–‡„‡”‰ ‡–ƒŽǤǡͥ͜͜͞ȌǤ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ǡƒ•Š‘”–‹’”‡••‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ.

(36) ͜͞. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. Š‡‡‹†‡‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›–™‘ƒ‹‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ǧ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ’Ž‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ –‹‡Ǥ  ™‡‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ –—ƒŽ •’‡‡ Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Ƥ”•–ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹• ˜‹•‹––Š‡›™‡”‡•Š‘™–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›•’ƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡•’‡‡ Š™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ ƒ† ‹–”‘†— ‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ™Š‘ ™‘—Ž† ‘‹–‘” –Š‡ •‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• †‘‡–‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–Š–Š‡•‡––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹†‡ƒ†–‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› ƒš‹‡–› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ —ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡‹•–”— –‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡ ŠǤ Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–‘Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘–ƒŽˆ‘”Ƥ˜‡‹—–‡•ƒ„‘—– –Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ‘˜‹‡•–Š‡›Ž‹‡†‘”†‹†‘–Ž‹‡Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹•–”— –‡† –Šƒ––Š‡–ƒ•™ƒ••‹‹Žƒ”–‘’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ–• Š‘‘Žƒ†–Š—••Š‘—Ž† ’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”•’‡‡ Š‹ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ‡”Ǥ Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆƒ‡š–‡†‡†’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘–‹‡‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘ •–—†›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘†‹ơ‡”‡––‹‡’‘‹–•ǡ–Š‹• ‹•†—”‹‰ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ††—”‹‰–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ –”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹ƒ‰‡–ǡͥͣ͝͞Ȍ‹‰Š–ƒ‡ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘•Š‘™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”› ˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ† ‘ ‡”• †—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”Ǧ ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‡™„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†™Šƒ––Š‡–ƒ• ‘’”‹•‡†ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘—•‡–Š‡–ƒ•—Ž–‹’Ž‡–‹‡•‹ƒŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘•–’—„Ž‹  •’‡ƒ‹‰–ƒ••ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‹’”‘’–—•’‡‡ Šȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹”• Š„ƒ—ǡ‹”‡ǡƬ ‡ŽŽŠƒ‡”ǡͥͥ͟͝Ȍǡƒ†•— Šƒ–ƒ•‹•‘–•‹‹Žƒ”™Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ”‡‹˜‹–‡† ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‹‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ‡•–Š‡–ƒ• ‘”‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ•›‘—–Š‡ ‘—–‡”ƒ–• Š‘‘ŽǤ ‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡‡‹†‡ƒ‡•—•‡‘ˆƒ’”‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‡†’”‘Œ‡ –‡†ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ƒ‰‡’‡‡”•ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡””ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒƒŽ‹˜‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ—†‹Ǧ ‡ ‡•™‡”‡ƤŽ‡†—†‡”•—’‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‘”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—†‹Ǧ ‡ ‡‡„‡”•™‡”‡‹•–”— –‡†–‘•Š‘™ƒ–—”ƒŽ„—–‡—–”ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǤŠ‡ Š‹ŽǦ †”‡™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘Ž‘‘‹–‘ƒ†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ‡”ƒǡŠ‡”‡„› ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‡›‡ ‘–ƒ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‡„‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡƒ—†‹‡ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•™‡”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”† ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒ‰‡ ‡ơ‡ –• ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡• ƒ‘– „‡.

(37) čĆĕęĊė͝. ͞͝. †‡†— ‡†–‘†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹ƒ—†‹‡ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‰”‘—’ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒ—†‹‡ ‡• ”‡•’‘† †‹ơ‡”‡–Ž› –‘ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•˜‡”•—•‘Ǧ•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—• Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ–”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒš‹‘—• Š‹ŽǦ †”‡‘”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ȋŽÚ–‡ǡ‹–ǡƬ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡͣ͜͜͞ȌǤ Assessments.

(38)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •’‡‡ Š –ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ —””‡– •–—†› ‹ Ž—†‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ƒ‰‡ –‘ •–—†› –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‡••†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ •‡ ‘†•–”ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ ––Šƒ– ‘’ƒ”‡††‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•›‘—–Šȋ•‡‡‹‡”•ǡͥ͜͜͞Ǣ‹‡”•ǡŽÚ–‡ǡ‘Š‘”•–ǡ Ƭ ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ ‹ ’”‡••ȌǤ  ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• •‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ •–—†› –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡͞Ǥ‡ƒ•Ǧ —”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹•ƒ”‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ†ƒ‰‰‡”•›„‘ŽǤ ƒ–ƒ’”‡•‡–‡†™‡”‡ƒŽŽ–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒ••‡••‡–ȋ͝ȌǤ. Š‡ŠǦ’”‘Œ‡ – Š‡Ƥ”•–›‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ˜‡›‡ƒ”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ•†‡˜‘–‡†–‘™‘”‹‰‘—––Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǡ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹ ƒŽ–Š‹ ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡ǡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘•–”— –‹‰–Š‡ Žƒ„•’ƒ ‡•Ǥ — Š –‹‡™ƒ• –ƒ‡ —’ „› ‘•–”— –‹‰ƒ Žƒ„•’ƒ ‡ –Šƒ–™‘—Ž† ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ„ •’ƒ ‡ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ–™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ”‘‘•ƒ†‘‡ ‘–”‘Ž”‘‘ǤŠ‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ –™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ”‘‘•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘”—’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•‡••‹‘•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ› Š‹Ž†”‡ ‘—Ž† Š‘‘•‡–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›™‹–Šƒˆ”‹‡†ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‡ –‹‹† ›‘—–ŠǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –‡•–‹‰–Š‡Žƒ„•’ƒ ‡•™‡”‡‘—–Ƥ––‡†™‹–Šǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•Ǣ͝Ȍ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ›• ”‡‡•–‘ ‘‹–‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ͞ȌƒŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ‹”Ǧ ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰•›•–‡ ™Š‹ Š‡’––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ‘•–ƒ–‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•‡••‹‘•–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†‹‰•ǡ͟Ȍƒ ‡‹Ž‹‰Ǧ‘—–‡†ȋ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ȍ’”‘Œ‡ –‘”–‘‹‹Ǧ ‹œ‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‘” ‘‹•‡ǡ ƒ† ͠Ȍ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ • ”‡‡ –‘ ’”‘Œ‡ – –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ”‡Ǧ.

(39) ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. 22. ‘”†‡†ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•‹œ‡Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡͞Ǥ˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹ Ž—†‡†‹‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” ŠǦ”‘Œ‡ – Assessment Time T1. T2. T3. WƵďĞƌƚĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ^ĐĂůĞ;WĞƚĞƌƐĞŶ͕ƌŽĐŬĞƩ͕ZŝĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ΘŽdžĞƌ͕ϭϵϴϴͿ. *†. *. *. dĂŶŶĞƌ^ĐŚĞŵĂƟĐƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ;dĂLJůŽƌĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϭͿ. *. *. *. Chapter. Pubertal Development 3. Psychosocial Development ^ĞůĨͲZĞƐƚƌĂŝŶƚ^ĐĂůĞ;tĞŝŶďĞƌŐĞƌΘ^ĐŚǁĂƌƚnj͕ϭϵϵϬͿ. *†. ZĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽWĞĞƌ/ŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ;ZW/͕^ƚĞŝŶďĞƌŐΘDŽŶĂŚĂŶ͕ϮϬϬϳͿ. *†. ŐŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;^dͲz͕tĞƐƚĞŶďĞƌŐĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϬͿ. *. *. ^ŝdžWĂƌƚƐdĞƐƚ;^Ͳ͕ŵƐůŝĞĞƚĂů͕͘ϮϬϬϯͿ. *. *. ZĞĐƵƌƐŝǀĞdŚŝŶŬŝŶŐDĞĂƐƵƌĞ;DŝůůĞƌ͕<ĞƐƐĞů͕Θ&ůĂǀĞůů͕ϭϵϳϬͿ. *. *. ŶĂůŽŐŝĞƐ;d͕ǀĞƌƐΘ>ƵĐĂƐƐĞŶ͕ϭϵϵϭͿ. *. *. *. *. 5. *. 6. ŽŐŶŝƟǀĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ. ΏŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƚŚĞƐŝƐ. ΎŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĂƚƟŵĞŽĨĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ. ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘‡ ‡†‹–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ͜͜͞͡ƒ†™‹ŽŽ ‘‡–‘ƒ Ž‘•‡ƒ––Š‡ ‡†‘ˆͥ͜͜͞Ǥˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•‘‡—‡š’‡ –‡††‡Žƒ›• ™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ƒ›‡ƒ”ǯ•‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ ‹–•”—Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ„–‘‘‘”‡–‹‡–Šƒ‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰™ƒ•‹–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ„‡‹‰”‡‘†‡Ž‡†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”‘„•–ƒ Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡†‹•ƒ’Ǧ ’‘‹–‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ’”‹ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž Š‹Ž†”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‡”• Š‘‘Žǡ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ––Šƒ–ƒ–Š‹”†• Š‘‘ŽŠƒ†–‘„‡”‡ ”—‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‡Žƒ›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”͟™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‘‰‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•ŠǦ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•†‘‡•‘–”‡’‘”–‘Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǡ„—–‘Ž›‘–Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ •‡ –‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ––Š‡Ƥ”•–†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ Outline of the current thesis. Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹• ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–™‘’ƒ”–•Ǥ

(40) ƒ”–

(41) ȋŠƒ’–‡”•͞Ȃ͠Ȍ–Š‡ƒ‹ “—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‰”‘™‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‘”‡ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒǦ –‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹•’‘•‡†ǤŠ—•ǡƒ”–

(42) ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ.

(43) čĆĕęĊė͝. 23. ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†™Š‹ Šƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹Ǧ –‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

(44) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ•–ƒ”–™ƒ•ƒ†‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‹ Š ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‰Š– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ

(45)  •Š‘”–ǡ†‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”•‰”‘™•–”‘‰‡”‘”‘”‡•ƒŽ‹‡–†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǧ ‡ ‡ǫ

(46) ƒ”–

(47)

(48) –Š‡’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–™‘‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‡”‡•–—†‹‡†Ǥ Part I. Ž–Š‘—‰Š•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡‘–Š‡”‹•‡†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– †‘ ‘– •Š‘™ –Š‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ƒ† ‹ •‘‡ ƒ•‡• ‡˜‡ •Š‘™ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ —ŽŽ‘‡ǡ‹‰ǡƬŽŽ‡†‹ ǡ͜͜͞͝ǡ —ŽŽ‘‡ Ƭƒ‡ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤŠƒ’–‡”͞”‡ƪ‡ –•‘‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›Ƥ†‹‰•Ǥ

(49) –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹ †‹•–”‡••ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡™‡”‡•–—†‹‡†Ǥ›•–—†›‹‰„‘–Š†‹•–”‡••ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‹– ™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–‡•––Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–’‘•‹–‡†„›ƒ’‡‡ƒ†’‡ ‡ȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ”‡•–”‘‰‡”‹Ž‹ˆ‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ –Šƒ†‹•–”‡••Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡†‹ơ‡”‡––›’‡• ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•†‘‡–‘–‡•–™Š‡–Š‡”•‘‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘”‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍ‹– ™ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡† –Šƒ– •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† •Š‘™ –Š‡ •–”‘‰‡•– ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ǡ Šƒ’–‡”͟‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•‹•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–”‡••”‡•’‘•‹˜‹–›Ǥ‘–Š‡„‡•–‘ˆ‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ȋŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽȌ•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •–”‡•• ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘—‹–› •ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•™‹–Šƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡•–”‡••‘”ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡Ǧ –‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘”›”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡–ƒ•‹–•‡ŽˆǤ

(50) –™ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‘„•‡”˜‡††—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡™‘—Ž† ”‡•—Ž– ‹•–”‘‰‡”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•†—”‹‰ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”‡••‘”Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” •–—†‹‡••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‹‰Š–„‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—Ǧ ƒ–‹‘„›’‡‡”•ǡƒ•’‡‡ Š–ƒ•‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ‰‡’‡‡”•ȋ•‡‡‡‹†‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ȍ™ƒ• ‡’Ž‘›‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡‹”•–”‡••”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ

(51) ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’—„‡”–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘Ž› Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ’—„Ž‹ .

(52) 24. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡŠƒ’–‡”͠ˆ‘ —•‡†‘Š‘™ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” †‹• —••‡† –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š’‘•‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‡š’‡”‹Ǧ ‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡• ‹‰Š– ’‘••‹„Ž› ‡Ž— ‹†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

(53) ‘”†‡”–‘ ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•’‡ –”—‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ ‘ ‡”•ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–„‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–• Ž‘•‡ ‡†‡†“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•™‡”‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Šƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽŽ‘™‡† —• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ „‘–Š “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ‰‡ †‹ơ‡”Ǧ ‡ ‡•‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ Part II. Ž–Š‘—‰Š — Š ƒ––‡–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ’ƒ‹† –‘ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’—„‡”–› ‹ –Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‘’•‘Ƭ ‘‘†˜‹ǡ͜͜͞͡Ȍǡ‹–™ƒ•†‡‡‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™Š‡ •–—†›‹‰ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ Ž› ˆ‡™ ‹•–”—‡–• ™‡”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ —– Š –‘ ƒ••‡•• ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ”‡ƒ•‘ –Š‡ ‡ŽˆǦ‡•–”ƒ‹–  ƒŽ‡ ȋ‡‹„‡”‰‡”Ƭ Š™ƒ”–œǡͥͥ͜͝Ȍƒ†‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‡‡”

(54) ƪ—‡ ‡ ƒŽ‡ȋ–‡‹Ǧ „‡”‰ Ƭ ‘ƒŠƒǡ ͣ͜͜͞Ȍ ™‡”‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ —– Š ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’•› Š‘‡–”‹  ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•™‡”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ‘–Š ‘•–”— –•ƒ”‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆƒ—ơƒ ƒ†–‡‹„‡”‰ǯ•ȋ͜͜͜͞Ȍ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

(55) –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡†ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒ–†‹ơ‡”‡–•’‡‡†•Ǥ ‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹– Šƒ•†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡ –•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž› †‹ơ‡”‡– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹– ‹ Ž—†‡• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ—ơƒ ƒ† –‡‹„‡”‰ ȋ͜͜͜͞Ȍ ”‡’‘”–‡† –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ˆ”‘‰”ƒ†‡ͤ–‘ƒ†—Ž–Š‘‘†Ǥ

(56) –™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ–›‘—–Š™Š‘”‡’‘”–Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•‹‰Š–„‡‘”‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡ ‡™ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘•Š‘™ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†—”‹‰‹†Ǧƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǡƒ‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘ ’‡‡”‘’‹‹‘ȋ–‡‹„‡”‰Ƭ‹Ž˜‡”„‡”‰ǡͥͤ͢͝ȌǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡ ‡ ‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ —‡š’‡ –‡† †‡Žƒ›•ƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘™ƒ•‘‰‘‹‰„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•Š’”‘Œ‡ –ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•‘–›‡– ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ȍ–‘–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”™‹–Š‹–Š‡ —””‡––Š‡•‹•Ǥ

(57) ƒ”–

(58)

(59) ‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǡ.

(60) čĆĕęĊė͝. 25. Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒƒ ‘—–™ƒ•‰‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ’”‘’‡”Ǧ –‹‡•‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡•–”ƒ‹–ȋŠƒ’–‡”͡Ȍƒ†”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡‡”‹ƪ—‡ ‡ȋŠƒ’–‡”͢Ȍ ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ

(61) –Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‘•‡–™‘‹•–”—‡–•ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ„‡•–—†‹‡†Ǥ.

(62) 26. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ.

(63) ͣ͞. čĆĕęĊė͞. ‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǣ ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹†‹•–”‡••ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǫ This chapter has been published as: Sumter, S.R., Bokhorst, C.L., & Westenberg, P.M. (2009). Social fears during adolescence: is there an increase in fear and avoidance? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 987-903.. „•–”ƒ – ‹†Ǧƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ‘•‡– ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ ƒ† ‹• ƒ••—‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ †‹ƒ‰Ǧ ‘•‡†™‹–Š•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‘‘–‘Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”‘” †‹•–”‡••ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ‹––Ž‡ƒ––‡–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡’ƒ‹†–‘ –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ

(64) –Š‡ —””‡–•–—†›ǡƒ ‘—‹–›•ƒ’Ž‡™‹–ŠͥȂͣ͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ȋϋ͢͜͞Ȍ ‘’Ž‡–‡† ƒ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ š‹‡–› ‹•‘”†‡”•

(65) –‡”˜‹‡™  Š‡†—Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š‹Ž†”‡ ȋ

(66) ǦȌ ȑ‹Ž˜‡”ƒǡ ǤǤǡ Ƭ Ž„ƒ‘ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͥͥ͢͝ȌǤ Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV child version, child interview scheduleǤƒ–‘‹‘ǣŠ‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ȒǤŠ‡›”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡† ƒƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‹„‘–Š ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ††‹•–”‡••ǡ™‹–Šƒ•–”‘‰‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–Šƒ‹†‹•–”‡••Ǥ Š‡•ƒ‡’ƒ––‡”™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘”‰‹”Ž•ˆ‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„› ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‘‡ơ‡ –•™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•‹–—ƒǦ –‹‘•Ǥ.

(67) –”‘†— –‹‘ ‹†Ǧƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ‘•‡– ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒǤ ‘•– •–—†‹‡•”‡’‘”–ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘•‡–ˆ‘”–Š‹•†‹•‘”†‡”‘ˆ͜͝›‡ƒ”•‘”‘Ž†‡”ȋƒ’‡‡Ƭ.

(68) 28. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. ’‡ ‡ǡ ͜͜͞͠ȌǤ ”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ †—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ‡š ‡‡† –Š‘•‡ †—”‹‰ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘† ƒ† ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ ••ƒ—ǡ ‘”ƒ†–ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡”ƒ ȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍ ‘†— –‡† ƒ ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •–—†› ƒ‘‰͜͟͝͡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•ˆ”‘ƒ ‘—‹–›•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘—†–Š‡†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ”‘͜Ǥ͡τˆ‘”͝͞Ȃ͟͝›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†•–‘͞τƒ‘‰͝͠Ȃͣ͝›‡ƒ” ‘Ž†•Ǥ‹–– Š‡ǡ–‡‹ǡƒ†‡••Ž‡”ȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘–‹—‡† ‹–‘Žƒ–‡ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ƒ†›‘—‰ƒ†—Ž–Š‘‘†Ǥ

(69) –Š‡‹”•ƒ’Ž‡–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”–Š‡ͣ͝͠͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•™ƒ•͠Ǥ͜τǡ–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ͤ͝͞͠›‡ƒ”‘Ž†•ǡ™ƒ•ͤǤͣτǤ Social phobia and social fears.

(70)  ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ™‹–Šƒ‰‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ• ”‹„‡†–‘ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•ƒ••—’–‹‘Šƒ•‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›•–—†‹‡•‘•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ —ŽŽ‘‡ǡ‹‰ǡƬŽŽ‡Ǧ †‹ ǡ͜͜͞͝Ǣ —ŽŽ‘‡Ƭƒ‡ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š•‘‡•–—†‹‡•”‡’‘”–ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ †—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡‡•Ƭ‘•–ƒǡ͜͜͞͡Ǣ‡•–‡„‡”‰ǡ”‡™‡•ǡ ‘‡†Ǧ Šƒ”–ǡ‹‡„‡Ž‹ǡƬ”‡ơ‡”•ǡ͜͜͞͠Ȍǡ‘–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•”‡’‘”––Šƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ” ƒ”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ —ŽŽ‘‡‡–ƒŽǤǡ͜͜͞͝Ȍ‘”‡˜‡†‹‹‹•Š†—”‹‰–Š‹•–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ —ŽŽ‘‡Ƭƒ‡ǡ͜͜͞͞ȌǤ ”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–—•‡‘ˆ•—„–›’‡• ƒ„‡˜‡”›‡Ž‹‰ŠǦ –‡‹‰™Š‡•–—†›‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•Ǥ‹–Š‹•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹–Šƒ•„‡‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š†‹ơ‡”‡– Ž—•–‡”•‘”•—„–›’‡•‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”•™Š‹ Š•Š‘™†‹ơ‡Ǧ ”‡–ƒ‰‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ

(71) –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‡ƒ”•ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•†‘‘– Šƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‘–Š‡”•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•†‘•Š‘™ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ™‹–Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‡•–‡„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ•–—†‹‡†–Š”‡‡•—„–›’‡•‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”• ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‡ƒ”‘ˆ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ƒ†”‹–‹ ‹•• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ƒ”—”˜‡› Š‡†—Ž‡ˆ‘” Š‹Ž†”‡Ǧ ‡˜‹•‡† ȋ ǦǢ ŽŽ‡†‹ ǡ ͥͤ͟͝ȌǤ Š‡› ‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‡•™‹–Šƒ Ž‡ƒ”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‡ƒ”‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ƒ”‘ˆ Š‹‡˜‡‡–‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”‘ˆ —‹•Š‡–™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–‹•Ž‡•••–”‘‰ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•™‡”‡ ‘„‹‡†‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ƒ†”‹–‹ ‹•• ƒŽ‡ǡ‘ƒ‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡• ™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ǤŠ‹•Ƥ†‹‰†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ•’‡ ‹Ƥ •—„–›’‡•‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›‹‰Š–„‡––‡”–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒǤ.

(72) čĆĕęĊė͞. ͥ͞. Social phobia and avoidance. ‡‘’Ž‡ †‹ƒ‰‘•‡† ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ †‘ ‘– ‘Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ †‹•–”‡••ǡ „—–ƒŽ•‘”‡’‘”–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ•ƒ ˆƒ –‘”–Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘ƒ™‘”•‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•‘”†‡” ȋŠƒ”–‹‡”ǡ ƒœ‡ǡ Ƭ –‡‹ǡ ͥͥͤ͝Ȍǡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”• ȋ—”‹•ǡ ͜͜͢͞Ȍ ƒ† ‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ǡ•‡‡ 

(73) Ǧ ȋ‡”‹ ƒ •› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ͜͜͜͞ȌǤ ‡ ‡ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ †‹ƒ‰‘•‡• †—”‹‰ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡‹‰Š–„‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘ ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ƒ’‡‡ƒ† ’‡ ‡ ȋ͜͜͞͠Ȍ ’”‘’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹•‡šƒ –Ž› –Š‹• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǡ –Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡• ‘•– †—”‹‰ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ †‹•–”‡••Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– Dz–Š‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡– ‘•‡– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ †—”‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡ ƒ› ’‡”Šƒ’• Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ –‘†‘™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ—•‡†„›•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ƒ––Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡–Šƒ™‹–Š ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‡••dzȋƒ’‡‡Ƭ’‡ ‡ǡ͜͜͞͠ǡ’Ǥͣ͠͝ȌǤ Š‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ˜‘‹†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ• •–”‡••ˆ—Žǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‘”‡ ™‹–Š ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‹•–”‡••Ǥ

(74)  ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‡’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›‡˜‹†‡ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ‘‡–ƒŽǤȋͣ͜͜͞Ȍˆ‘—†–Šƒ– Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•†‹ƒ‰Ǧ ‘•‡†™‹–Š•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ȋȌ†‹ơ‡”‡†‹Š‘™–Š‡›”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹”Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‹–‡‡”‰‡†–Šƒ–•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—• ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•™‡”‡‘”‡‡ƒ‰‡”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Š‡‹”›‘—‰‡” ‘—Ǧ –‡”’ƒ”–•Ǥ‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡Dz—•‹ ƒŽ‘”ƒ–ŠŽ‡–‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡dz ƒ†Dz•’‡ƒ‹‰–‘ƒ†—Ž–•Ǥdz

(75) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›”‡’‘”–‡†‘”‡†‹•–”‡••‹–Š‡•‡•‹–—Ǧ ƒ–‹‘• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ ƒ† ‹ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•–Šƒ Š‹Ž†”‡™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†‘†‡”ƒ–‡–‘•‡˜‡”‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••Ǥ Š‹••–—†›•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ–™‹–Šƒ‰‡ „‘–ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‹•–”‡••‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ

(76) –‹•— Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ’’‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡‡šƒ – Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒš‹‡–› Šƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ ȋ ‡‹„‡”‰ǡ ͜͜͟͞ȌǤ ‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‹‰Š– „‡ –Šƒ– ‹ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒš‹‡–› ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ †‹ƥ —Ž– –‘ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Šǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ–ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›™‹ŽŽ‘•–‘ˆ–‡„‡.

(77) ͟͜. ėĔĜĎēČĚĕęĔćĊ ĊĆėċĚđǫ. Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‡‹„‡”‰‡–ƒŽǤȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍ”‡’‘”–ƒ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥͥ͝„‡–™‡‡ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›‹–Š‡‹” Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ‘•–—†›–Š‡”‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ǡ‹–•‡‡•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹Ǧ ’ƒ–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ††‹•–”‡••‹‰Š–„‡— ŠŽƒ”‰‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• •‘‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ••ƒ—‡–ƒŽǤȋͥͥͥ͝Ȍˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡͝͞Ȃͣ͝›‡ƒ”‘Ž† ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–•‹–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–›•–—†›™Š‘”‡’‘”–‡†•‘‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•ƒŽ•‘‹†‹Ǧ ƒ–‡† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• •–—†› •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡› †‹† ‘– ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‡† Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‹”•ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ

(78)  ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‹•”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡’ƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ Current study.

Referenties

Download het nu ( PDF - 149 pagina - 1.73 MB )

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden.. Note: To cite this publication please use the final

Growing up to be fearful? Social evaluative fears during adolescence Sumter, S.R.

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded