University of Groningen
Electromagnetically induced transparency with localized impurity electron spins in a semiconductor
Chaubal, Alok
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date: 2018
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Chaubal, A. (2018). Electromagnetically induced transparency with localized impurity electron spins in a semiconductor. University of Groningen.
Copyright
Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).
Take-down policy
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
Electromagnetically induced
transparency with localized impurity
electron spins in a semiconductor
Zernike Institute PhD thesis series 2018-08 ISSN: 1570-1530
ISBN: 978-94-034-0407-3 (printed version) ISBN: 978-94-034-0406-6 (electronic version)
The work described in this thesis was performed in the research unit Physics of Nanodevices of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The work was part of the programme Solid state quantum information processing of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), which is part of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The project was mainly funded by FOM, and did profit from collaboration with projects funded through a Vidi grant from NWO and the national NanoNed and NanoLabNL initiatives. During the final years of this project, it was embedded in a project funded by the European Research Council via ERC Starting Grant 279931.
Thesis cover design: Marloes Viet
Cover page theme: The dancing couple in a starry night is an artistic
visualization of a superposition of spin up and spin down for an electron in a GaAs nuclear spin environment.
Electromagnetically induced
transparency with localized impurity
electron spins in a semiconductor
PhD thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken
and in accordance with
the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on
Friday 16 February 2018 at 11.00 hours
by
Alok Chaubal
born on 20 October 1983 in Mumbai, India
Supervisor
Prof. C. H. van der Wal
Assessment committee Prof. B. J. van Wees Prof. D. Bouwmeester Prof. S. F. Fischer
This thesis is dedicated to my father Ulhas V. Chaubal, my mother Naina U. Chaubal, to the loving memories of my late aunt Snehalata V. Chaubal, and to my wife Mayuri Nalawade.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Quantum information science . . . 1
1.2 Goals and scope of this PhD research . . . 2
1.3 The D0 system in GaAs . . . . 5
1.4 Electromagnetically induced transparency . . . 10
1.5 Nuclear environment and dynamic nuclear polarization . . . 13
1.6 Localized quantum systems in solids . . . 14
2 Electromagnetically induced transparency with an ensemble of donor-bound electron spins in a semiconductor 23 2.1 Introduction . . . 24
2.2 Materials and methods . . . 26
2.3 Transmission spectroscopy . . . 27
2.4 Demonstration of EIT . . . 28
2.5 Spin coherence time T2∗ and signatures of Dynamic Nuclear Polar-ization . . . 30
2.6 Conclusions . . . 31
3 High-resolution magneto-optical transmission spectroscopy on the donor-bound-exciton complex in GaAs 35 3.1 Introduction . . . 36
3.2 Properties and models of the D0X system in GaAs . . . . 38
3.3 Single-laser spectroscopy . . . 40
3.4 Two-laser spectroscopy . . . 42
3.5 Analysis and discussion . . . 49
3.6 Conclusions . . . 51
3.7 Appendix: Notes on notations used in the literature . . . 54
3.8 Appendix: Derivation of hole g-factors . . . 55
3.9 Appendix: Fitting the magneto-spectroscopy results . . . 56 vii
viii Contents
4 Electromagnetically induced transparency as probe for nuclear spin polarization around donor-bound electrons in GaAs 61
4.1 Introduction . . . 62
4.2 Material . . . 62
4.3 Spectroscopy method . . . 64
4.4 Dynamic nuclear spin polarization by optical excitation . . . 64
4.5 Relation between EIT line shape and Overhauser field . . . 65
4.6 Build-up of nuclear spin polarization . . . 67
4.7 Decay of nuclear spin polarization and bi-directionality of DNP . 68 4.8 Invasive character of EIT as a probe . . . 71
4.9 Conclusion . . . 73
5 Polarization-preserving confocal microscope for optical experi-ments in a dilution refrigerator with high magnetic field 77 5.1 Introduction . . . 78
5.2 Microscope design and operation . . . 79
5.3 Characterization of performance . . . 87
5.4 Application: Spectroscopy and EIT with n-GaAs . . . 91
5.5 Summary . . . 95
6 Coupled confocal microscopes with polarization-selective out-puts and fiber access in a cryogenic system 99 6.1 Introduction . . . 100
6.2 Three-fiber coupled confocal microscopes: design and construction 100 6.3 Performance tests . . . 103
6.4 Summary and outlook . . . 110
Academic summary 113
Wetenschappelijke samenvatting 117
Acknowledgements 121
Curriculum vitae 125
