An edition of Part I of "Ma'ani al-Qur'an wa-I'Rabuh" by Ibrahim b. al-Sariy al-Zajjaj.

AN EDITION OF PART I OF fylA<ANI AL-QUR’AN WA 1‘ RABUH BY IBRAHIM B. AL-SARIY Ai.-ZAJJAJ

by

A bdel-G aill Jalab i

Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of London

School of O riental and African Studies May ■■ 1971

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A b s t r a c t

I n t h i s work I h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o r e p r o d u c e t h e t e x t o f M a*ani a i - Q u r * a n i n t h e form d i c t a t e d by t h e a u t h o r , o r a s n e a r a s i t i s p o s s i b l e t o be a t t h i s rem ove, I com pared t h e v a r i o u s c o p i e s e x t a n t an d h av e i s o l a t e d t h e copy 1B1 a s b e i n g t h e m o st c l o s e t o t h e o r i g i n a l . But ev e n t h i s copy i s n o t i n f a l l i b l e and w here t h e r e was a. d o u b t a s t o i t s c o r r e c t n e s s I h a v e u t i l i s e d t h e more c o n v i n c i n g e x p r e s s i o n from a n o t h e r c o p y . I n a l l c a s e s , h o w ev er, I h a v e r e f e r r e d t o t h e o t h e r c o p i e s i n t h e f o o t n o t e s .

As t o t h e p o e t r y u s e d by a l - Z a j j a j t o i l l u s t r a t e h i s e x p l a n a t i o n s , I h av e t r a c e d t h e a u t h o r s h i p o f e v e r y v e r s e p o s s i b l e . Some v e r s e s

c o u l d n o t b e t r a c e d , th o u g h v e r y few , b u t t h e i r a n o n i m i t y d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e m ain t h e s i s ; and i t may be m e n tio n e d t h a t t h e book o f S ibaw ayh c o n t a i n s one h u n d e r e d v e r s e s t h e a u t h o r s o f w h ich a r e n o t known.

. 1 h a v e p r o v i d e d b r i e f b i o g r a p h i e s o f t h e p o e t s , g r a m m a r i a n s . and o t h e r p e r s o n s m e n ti o n e d . Some g r a m m a tic a l q u e s t i o n s h av e b e e n a n a l y s e d i n d e p t h , o t h e r s m e n tio n e d o n l y b r i e f l y an d y e t o t h e r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e th o d s o f a l - Z a j j a j . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e I h a v e c o m p le te d t h e e x p l a n a t i o n and c o r r e c t e d i t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

c o n c e n s u s o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f g ra m m a ria n s .

In th e short introduction I h a v e offered a short biography o f a l - Z a j | a j , h is lif e , e d u c a tio n , his a g e and his books. His largest work Ma<Cfni a l- Q u r < a n being th e su b je ct of this present work, I h a v e fried to throw a ray of light on i t, explaining its v a lu e , its e ffe c t and its style and also displaying the criticism a g ain st i t .

The p a rt of the book which 1 h a v e completed is enough, I th in k , to g ive a c le a r idea o f the man and his unique position amongst the

commentators on ihe Qur* a n . "

A L -Z A JJA J

His life

Abu Ishaq b . a l- S a r i b . Sahl a l - Z a j j a j was one of the w ell-k n o w n grammarians and philologists of th e third and fourth c en tu rie s. He

began his life as a g l a z ie r , h e n c e th e name a l - Z a j j a j , but his o v e r ­ whelming desire was to study A rab ic grammar and p hilology, so he d irected his energy to those su b je cts. A t first he becam e a pupil of Tha«alab^ and when a l-M u b a rra d came to Baghdad h e transferred his studies to him . 2 Perhaps th e enmity which a l - Z a j j a j d e v elo p ed towards

T ha*alab began with th e transfer to a l- M u b a r r a d .

A l-M u b a rrad used to tak e fees from students and tea ch them a c c o rd ­ ing to the am ount p a id . As a l - Z a j j a j was so poor, in f a c t his w ag e was only l i dirhams a d a y , and sometimes less, h e requested th a t he should be taught as much as those who paid th e highest f e e , even though h e could pay only o n e dirham a d a y . In return for this favour h e promised to pay

1. Y a q u t, v o l . 19, p . 117.

2 . Ib id . Y aq u t re la te d th a t in itia lly a l - Z a j j a j w ent to a l-M u b a rra d with the intention of d eb atin g with him and thus exposing his

d e fe c ts , but the latter posed several questions th a t a l - Z a j j a j could not a n sw e r. When th e dire results of his answers w ere pointed out , to him, a l - Z a j j a j f e l t humbled and transferred his studies to a l - M ubarrad .

S e e also T abaqat a l- N a h w i y i n , p . 1 1 8 .

a l-M u b a rra d o n e dirham a day as long as both o f them were a l i v e . A l-M u b a rrad a c c e p te d and th e bargain was f u lfille d , a l - Z a j j a j giving

him o ther assistance w henever h e c o u ld . When a l - Z a j j a j becam e w ealthy he continued to send the promised dirhem and o th er gifts to a l- M u b a r r a d .

Through his persistent study and high in te llig e n c e a l - Z a j j a j

q u ick ly satisfied his desire to a c q u ire k now ledge. His ch an g e of fortune began when some rich Arabs (Banu M aliqa) needed a te a c h e r for their children an d asked a l-M u b arrad to suggest one for them and he chose a l - Z a j j a j . They dw elt near al-B asra and from there a l - Z a j j a j sent his fees and gifts to his tu to r . Soon he becam e w e l l - t o - d o .

A few years later the W azir U baidullah b . a l- Q a s im sought a te a c h e r for his son a l- Q a s im and al-M u b arrad told him th a t he knew no b e tte r tutor than a l - Z a j j a j , and the latter was given the p o st. N ow he becam e an o b je c t of adm iration and envy, but in f a c t he satisfied his student and was much a p p re c ia te d by him .

O n c e a l - Z a j j a j asked his pupil a l- Q a s im w hat h e would do for him if h e becam e W az ir, when h e was asked w hat h e would like a l - Z a j j a j r e p lie d , "I dream of having 2 0 ,0 0 0 dinari*. Later when a l-Q a sim su cceed ed his father as W a z ir, even before a l - Z a j j a j could remind him, h e a p p o in ted him as interm ediary between himself and p etitio n ers,

preparing th e ap p lica tio n s and charging th e fe e s . Soon a l - Z a j j a j c o lle c te d more than the promised sum o f 2 0 ,0 0 0 dinars, but a l- Q a s im ordered him to c o n tin u e in th e same fashion.

H e died in th e y ear 311 AH. and w hen, on his d e a t h - b e d , h e was asked a b o u t his a g e he used his fingers to in d ic ate th a t he had lived

for seventy y e a r s / This would mean th at h e was born in or a b o u t the year 241 A H .

His a g e

This period - the end of th e third cen tu ry AH and the beginning of th e fourth - in which a l - Z a j j a j liv e d , was an extrem ely f e r tile one for th e arts and sciences in all fie ld s. It was rich in learned men whose legacy was destined to be the refe ren c e for centuries a fte r th em . They w ere a c tiv e in c o lle c tin g p hilological material and classifying th e words,

though for grammar most of its principles had a lre a d y been fo rm u la te d . The Book of Sibawayh was considered to be the p eak of grammatical knowledge j

\ and many la te r scholars a ttem p ted to explain the poetry which he had

used as e v id e n c e , including a l - Z a j j a j . O t h e r grammarians WROS'E | GOMMENTRIESyn the com plete book or a t least parts of i t .

1. Y aq u t, vol .1, p . 130.

Grammarians during the period o f a l - Z a j j a j , how ever, did not construct an y new principles of grammar, but extended those a lre a d y existing and made further analysis through them . The most important thing to be borne in mind is th at the two g re a t schools of al-B asra and a l-K u fa had converged to a g r e a t e x te n t, as a result of which e ach g av e c re d e n c e to the o th e r's p rin cip le s. Thus th ere arose a new g en eratio n o f grammarians in Baghdad a c c e p tin g an d absorbing both schools o f th o u g h t.

Th is la tte r movement was due p rin cip ally to the immigration into Kufa of al-A k h fash (Sa?d b . Mas^idah) w here he set up as a te a c h e r and a ttr a c te d a c ir c le of prominent grammarians who wanted to learn from h im . In essence this meant th a t h e p lan ted the seeds of Basran thought into the school of a l- K u f a . In turn, how ever, al-A k h fa sh him­

self was a ffe c te d in some measure by th e school of a l-K u fa and on many grammatical rules he adopted an interm ediate position betw een th e two schools.

The prom inent grammarians o f Kufa studied the Book of Sibawayh under a l- A k h f a s h . O n e of these was a l - K i s a 'i , but as a w ell-k n o w n opponent of Sibawayh he made his study in se c re t and paid a l-A k h fash fifty dinars /

/

1 . M arStib a l- N a h w a y in , p . 74; a l- S ir a f i, p . 5 1 . C f . with Y aqut vol . ^ 6, p . 122 and Inbah a l-R u w ah , vol . 2 , p . 350, they both sta te th a t a l - K i s a 'i paid 70 dinars.

When Baghdad b ecam e the Abbasid cap ital and m a n / grammarians from th e two schools em igrated to it the two schools am algam ated and a wider ap p ro ach was c r e a t e d . This is the reason why a l - Z a j j a j and his contemporary grammarians a d o p ted principles which owed nothing d ire c tly to al-B asra or a l - K u f a . A lthough a l - Z a j j a j was recommended by his te a c h e r a l-M u b a rra d to ignore the book of th e Kufan school,- it seems as though h e had read them thoroughly, probably a fte r h e com pleted

his studies with th e l a t t e r . "

The A ge of Debates

The a g e of a l - Z a j j a j was also the a g e of the d e b a te s . This was e sp ecially true among grammarians, there even being a special lo c a le in Baghdad in which they exchanged views, asked questions and commented in general upon grammatical matters J Rulers would request th a t learned men dispute before them , th e aim being o ften not mere argum ent but th e c la rific a tio n of many pressing q u e stio n s. Long before a l - Z a j j a j many c e le b ra te d debates had thus taken p l a c e . A l - Z a j j a j i , th e s tu d e n f of a l - Z a j j a j , recorded several of them in his book M ajalis a l- * U la m a , 2 the

1. Y a q u t, v o l. 19, p . 122

2 . N a h a y a t a l-< A ra b , v o l . l , p . 2 9 .

la tte r himself having p a rtic ip a te d in some similar d e b a te s . In o n e such , his opponent was Tha< la b , his former tu to r. It was not a real d e b a te as such, how ever, but a ch alle n g in g question by a l - Z a j j a j d ire c te d sp e cifica lly a t Tha< la b , who in reply scorned him and proudly refused to be his o p p o n e n t. A n o th er d e b a te concerned Tha< lab and a l -

M ubarrad,^ and reflects the d ifferen ce betw een their resp ec tiv e schools in th e methods of parsing.

The debates betw een these two learned grammarians a t t r a c t e d so much a tte n tio n , b ecau se they were the most learned exponents of th a t tim e . They competed for the highest grammatical positions in Baghdad, but their enmity was renow ned.

2

a charming style and e le g a n t expression and th e desire to m eet his

op p o n en t, but Tha* lab on the contrary shrank from any such co n fro n ta tio n . A ccording to Tha* lab*s narrativ e h e himself triumphed o v e r a l-M u b a rra d

in o n e o f th eir d e b a te s , statin g th at th e latter was rendered speechless, 4

b u t Y aqut ex p la in e d th a t th e analysis o f al-M u b arrad was co m p lete ly co rrect; and it is a p p a re n t th at it was so . Because of this sta te of a ffairs,

1. p . 3 4 9 . M a j a l i s al-01am aa& Yaqut v #5 . p * l l l

2 . S ee al-BughTah , p . 115; and Y a q u t, v o l. 5 , p . 136, v o l . 19, p . 120.

3 . P u h a a l- I s la m , v o l. 1, p p . 1 -3 3 2 , and Y a q u t, v o l. 19, p . 118.

4 . Y a q u t, v o l . I, p p . l 1 1 -1 1 2 .

7

sometime Tha<!ab sent his students unannounced to question a l-M u b arrad and they would r e g a le him with the la tte r's answ ers. As was mentioned before, a l - Z a j j a j was o n e of those students who a c te d in this c a p a c i t y . The p o p u lace of Baghdad enjoyed the debates between them, to such an e x te n t th at when they were to g eth er, though even by c h a n c e , they were goaded into a d e b a te by their companions, even though these la tte r might not understand a w o rd . ^

These d ebates sometimes d e g en e ra ted into mere display of verbal a g ility designed expressly to display the cleverness of the d e b a te r s . A t the same time they were breeding grounds o f enm ity, each proponent himself claim ing v icto ry , as a l - Z a j j a j said he did over Tha« la b , and

2

Tha* lab said likewise th a t he did over a l- M u b a r r a d .o

Until this time th e school of Basra still held the higher estim atio n , and was preferred by th e students b ecau se it was the more a n c i e n t and also for the distinction of a l- M u b a r r a d .

1 . Y a q u t, v o l . 5 , p . 137.

2 . Ibid.

3. Ibid.

8 .

It was seen how a l - Z a j j a j transferred his study to th e latter and e v en Tha* lab's own so n - in - la w took his w riting m aterials and

.

joined a l-M u b a rra d 's c ir c l e . O n the other hand the Kufans were much more intim ate with th e governors^teaching their children more often than th e Basrans, thus claim ing more official support.

2

A lthough these d e b ates,; w ere o f t e n f a r f r o m a s e a r c h 1 h f t e r t h e t r u t h ) - f - h , fhey were very useful exercises and inspired

the two sides to th in k , read , and pursue even more profound researches, though a fte r al-M u b arrad and Tha<lab this a c tiv ity d e c lin e d . Although th e new school of Baghdad rose into g rea t prom inence, it could still not overwhelm com pletely the two ven erab le older schools.

1 . Y a q u t, v o l. V I, p p . 1 1 1 -1 1 2 . 2 . Dulja a l- l s l a m , v o l. 2 , p . 2 9 7 . 3 . I b i d . , p . 3 13.

Fasih Tha*!cib

■ r 1 1 ■■■■■■ ■ ■ . i

As we have touched on the Fasih of Tha< lab it would n o t come amiss

"V * •

to consider its in flu en ce in th e field of A rabic p h ilo lo g y . It is a small book and in it T ha‘ lab demonstrates the c o rre ct use of special words which confused the students. He mentioned in the p reface th at some words were o rig in ally used in o n e way but had come to be used in more than one w ay, so he demonstrated the proper u se. O t h e r words were used in several ways, some more co rrect than o th ers, so h e showed the most d e s ira b le . Thus, even though th e book is short, it is very im portant.

It was utilised by a l-H a ra w i .(Muh. b . *Ali, d .4 3 3 A . H . ) in three sep arate works. O n e was a mere e x p la n atio n , a n o th e r ex ten d ed the work, c o llatin g the words a lp h a b e tic a lly , dividing the w hole into chapters and giving a tit l e to each; w hile in the third he summarised th e whole work

/

for young students.

<Abd a l- L a tif al-B aghdadi ( d .6 2 9 ) , the c e le b ra te d gram m arian, composed a small work, which he considered to be a supplem ent, saying

_ _ ^mm |

th at it should be added to a l-F ag ih , ex ac tly as a l- lg h f a l o f Abu <Ali a l - ' Far is i which he composed to com plete M a^ani a l-Q u r* a n .

Al-Fagilj and Fa*altu wa a fa * a ltu sometimes cover th e same words b ecau se the former starts by explain in g the verbs of th e form fa*ala and afa < a la in tbe same way as does a l - Z a j j a j . Al-Fasifr, how ever, was a more worthwhile book than Fa<altu wa afa< altu because it ex p la in e d names with their d ifferen t forms, in ad d itio n to which it was much more a ttr a c tiv e in s ty le .

Tfiis may be th e most1 important book of a l - Z a j j a j . Biographers put it e ith er a t th e top of his lis t,o r in the second p la c e a fte r Jam?*

1

a l - N u f q , which was no t a v a ila b le to the people as the C a lip h Mu<tadid kept it in his own lib ra ry . Further, its Q u r a n i c emphasis may be of greater in te rest.

The com plete title of the book is Ma<ani a l - Q u r a n wa H rabuh meaning lite ra lly “Exegesis and grammatical analysis of the Q u r a n ”;

but in the p refa ce a l - Z a j j a j w rites, "This is a book of the parsing and exegesis of the Q u r ^ a n " , thus p lac in g the emphasis primarily on th e former. A gain later on he states t h a t , although this book is a b o u t the parsing of the Q u r a n , it also contains the m eanings.2 In f a c t, as a grammarian a l - Z a j j a j must h av e had interest in linguistic re s e a rc h .

He com pleted this book nearly ten years before his d e a t h , w hile a t the h e ig h t o f his fa c u ltie s, and h e had then taken sixteen years in j

3 i

composing i t . The book was d i c t a t e d , as was the custom of the tim e, to

1. Th is book, which is a summary of al-KhaliM s Kitab a l-< A y i> was lost before anybody becam e a cq u a in te d with its co n te n ts, e x c e p t the C alip h a l - M u ‘ tadid for whom it was w ritte n . When th e book was given to him th e C aliph is said to h a v e put it in his library and it has never b een seen sin c e . '

2 . S ee p . 189.

3 . H e commenced d ic ta tin g th e book in th e second month of th e y ear 285 a n d com pleted it in the third month of 3 0 7 . Y a q u t, v o l . 1, p . 151 .

11 .

students who a tte n d e d him and later read by them to o th e rs. This may explain the textual discrepancies betw een the many copies o f the work e x ta n t. The book becam e in later times almost a basic tex t for both teachers and stu d en ts. Many copies of this work were a n n o ta te d by later hands and i t is impossible to distinguish th e earlie r from th e later

a d d itio n s. The copy lettere d F would a p p ea r to be textual I y the most a b e r r a n t.

His tech n iq u e in this work was in itia lly to q u o te a Q u r ' a n i c verse and im m ediately embark upon a grammatical analysis of th e te x t co n ­ c e rn e d . He would first parse the word in the way he thought most

feasible and d e sira b le . A fter this h e would pass on to one or more a l t e r ­ n a tiv e grammatical renderings, analysing each of them and giving the different meanings in each c ase , until all the possibilities were e x h au ste d . N e x t h e e x p lain ed e ty m o lo g icaliy as many words as h e considered im portant.

He would expose the ro o t o f e ac h and list words of similar d e r i v a ti o n , * i explain in g the meaning of e a c h . A fter th at h e would list words which had all o r most c f the letters in common again^giving th e m eaning of e a c h . He a ttem p ted fin a lly to find a common facto r linking the etymology of a ll of them . For exam ple he re la te d the derivation of several words (S a la h ,

/ •

♦ 1 ^

m usalli, s a liy a , isjhala:) from Salwain (th e rump) or(yudud e t c . ) from

1. pp . 2 4 6 - 7 .

hadd (a d e fin itiv e d iv isio n ). It is His general w a y . Sometimes he deals with parsing first and then with the m eaning. A t o th e r times he treats them in th e reverse o rd e r. In certain cases he confines himself to one a s p e c t, a v o id in g the o th e r .

A lth o u g h , strictly sp eak in g , this was a form o f digression the material thus provided makes the work all the ric h e r. This method resulted in w hat was v irtu ally a Q u r a n i c d ic tio n a ry . This tech n iq u e of p h ilological exp o sitio n , though n o t new , was tak en by a l - Z a j j a j to unprecedented extrem es, in th a t he always attem pted to find a common denominator which would justify the m ultiplicity of examples which he introduced in the course of providing illustrations. O n this latter point he was c h alle n g ed by various contemporary linguists and philologists.

This idea will be discussed la te r .

In his p h ilological explanations and parsing a l - Z a j j a j depends upon himself as a member o f the Basran S chool, in a few cases he did it acco rd in g

3 i

the Kufan m ethod. His normal practice was to illustrate his explanations ; with a line or more of p o e try , taken in most cases, e sp ec ially th e gram­

m atical points, from the book of Siba*4$y£ or those of o th er distinguished

1 . p p . 3 2 4 - 5 .

2 . A l- M u z h ir, v o l . 1, p . 168, and Y a q u t, v o l . l , p p . 1 5 5 -1 4 7 . 3 . p p . 8i j . j

grammarians. In this grammatical commentary of his, a l - Z a j j a j often joined issue with o ther grammarians who had written Qur< a n ic com­

m en taries. He did so in order to pu t forward his own arguments w hether in ag reem en t or disagreem ent with his predecessors. His comments

w hether linguistic, philological or etym ological attem p ted a n exhaustive survey of the re le v a n t points; and he usually ends his explanations saying i t is the sum total of what may be said on th at su b je c t.

For v aria n t reading J^jpiira’ at) a l - Z a j j a j said th a t he d e p en d e d on Abu <Ubaid a l- Q d s im b . S a l la m ^ b u t in parsing Q u r< a n ic verses, when h e showed more than one grammatical v a ria n t which ag reed with a gram­

m atical ru le , he always warned th a t although such were gram m atically c o rre c t, they should not be a c c e p te d as v a ria n t readings of th e Q u r ’ an unless there was a reco g n ized authority for each r e a d in g . O n th e other h a n d , Ibn a l - J a z a r i stated in his introduction th at a n y v a ria n t reading

% — 2

of the Q u r* a n which is gram m atically co rre ct may b e u sed . This opinion was shared by c e rta in linguists. It may be a n indication th a t Abu c Ubaid did not exhaust a ll the Q u r< an ic readings in his book A l - Q i r a ^ a t .

1. p 2 . a * * e 3 * 7 2 . p . 8, Subaih

3 . He had several Q u r a n i c books, among them M a^ani a l" Q u r< a n

and A l - Q i r a < a t . S ee ~

14 .

1

A l - Z a j ja j also did not a c c e p t a strange expression or an unfam iliar e x p la n a tio n .^

For th e meaning of the te x t beyond the linguistic a n aly sis, ■ h e normally says "Commen'ATOHS SAID11, H|t is m entioned in th e

•V

commentaries t h a t . . . . " , f,lt is r e l a t e d . . . . " e t c . This method demon­

strates the extrem e caution with which he approached a s u b je c t. When

th e meaning is ambiguous h e tries to guess the c o rre ct o n e and h e alw ays j

ends his essay with th e words " . . . and God Knows11 or "G od o nly knows

b e s t" . A lthough h e gives v a ria n t readings h e does not try to b e as i exhaustive as when h e gives the various ways of p arsin g . Most of the

readings he shows a r e no t from the seven w ell-know n o n es, b ecau se he !

i

follows the linguists and tries to show the meaning a c c o rd in g ly .

A l - Z a j j a j b e liev e d th at u ltim ately the co rre ct meaning depended /

2 I

upon a thorough knowledge of the A rabic la n g u a g e . As h e was Basran

ii

t !

himself most o f his analyses follow Basran patterns b u t because in Baghdad

the two schools of Basra and Kufa were alre ad y merging h e o c c a sio n a lly j I

1. See p . g ? 2 . See p . 189.

15 .

followed Kufan methods. In some cases he put forward his own o p in io n , w h ich , how ever, was rare ly welcomed by other sp e cia lists.

He also supports his idea concerning the meaning h e chooses for one verse of t h e Q u r < a n by quoting an o th er verse or more, which may be c le a r e r . This way is c a lle d the commentary on t h e Q u r ^ a n an d in f a c t it is a solid and trustworthy m ethod.

He is always a t pains to emphasise the Q u r ^ a n as the m iracle of

i

the Prophet Muhammad; by means of which he ch allen g ed every o n e esp ecially the People of the Book, th e Jew s and C hristians. In various places he emphasizes the f a c t th at th e Prophet Muhammad was illite r a te and was no t a student of any te a c h e r , but he nevertheless told of things which were unknown to them or h im . But a l - Z a j j a j made no a tte m p t to dwell upon elo cu tio n or th e unique expressions in the Q u r ' a n , though /

th at is in f a c t the real m ira c le . That was because he was a grammarian and not a sty list.

i

1 . See p . 3 0 3 .

2 . S ee p . 12. /

16 .

The v alu e of th e Book

The in flu en ce of this book was w idespread, both in time and p l a c e . A l - Z a j ja j read it to his students among whom was AbiT (A li al-F arisi^

who was bom in 2 9 0 .

2

was ab o u t ten years o ld , which means th at a l - Z a j j a j co n tin u ed to teach this book until th e end of his life and students were anxious to study it in their e arly a g e . I h av e referred a lre a d y to ! i t * f r e e ^ tt e n t l J ' usee a fte r a l - Z a j j a j 's d e a t h . "

* ■

l i t h i s b o o k A l k a s h s h a f a |-Z a m a k h sh a ry stated th a t h e depended upon a l - Z a j j a j 's Ma<ani a l-Q u r< a n as his auth o rity in linguistic

3

questions, and h e quoted the latter*s explanations verbatim on many occasions, 4 esp ec ially when al-Zamal$hshary parsed the letters a t the

beginning of th e Q u r a n i c c h a p te rs. 5 /

O t h e r later commentators utilised him, among them al-B ag h aw i and al* K h a ze n . A l-B aghdadi in the preface to his Kh^zaitfat a l- A d a b

— ■■■ ■ i

— —

6

also mentioned Ma*ani al~ Q u r* a n among his a u th o ritie s. The author 1

1. Abu <Ali a l- F a r is i, p . 2 7 0 . 2 . Y aq u t, vol . 7 , p . 2 3 3 .

3 . S ee a l- K a s h a f , vol . 2 , p . 7 3 .

4 . S ee th e verse: 11 ” p . and see Maitshajul

Z am akhshary, p . 8 2 .

5 . S ee v o l . 1, p p . 7 1 , & 12, 15, 7 6 7 . 6 . A l - K h f z a n a h , vol . 1 , p . 3 .

17 .

Lison a t - ‘ A rab m entioned him and qu o ted both his o pinions a n d th e p articu lar examples he p rovided.

As I have sta te d previously, he reviewed the ideas of grammarians who had composed Q u r * a n ic commentaries before him, an d in f a c t these books were numerous and in d ifferen t styles,^ most of them c a lle d

- i - 2

Ma*ani a l - Q u r f a n . They parsed the verses a cco rd in g to their schools, y e t analysed them ety m o lo g ically acco rd in g to th eir kn o w led g e. Some stressed the fig u rativ e expressions. Some co n centrated on the verses which have the a p p e a ra n c e of conversing e t c . 3 A l - Z a j j a j made a w ide argum ent with them supporting his ideas by his own e v id e n c e , asserting his in d e - p en d en ce as a sav an t o f th e A rabic lan g u a g e. Readers, h o w ever, can4

s e e , through th e examples he uses, several ooints of view in this b o o k . As th e book and ideas of SibawaY/f were the most em inent of all grammarians1, a l - Z a j j a j d w elt upon him , and a l - K M l l ^ a s th e tutor of Sibaw ayh, more than o th ers, and th e book contains some ideas o f Sibawahy

5

which were no t mentioned in his book, and also a l - Z a j j a j himself sometimes gives explanations which a re not in the gram m arians1 b o o k s,^ which add to

j

i th e book a g re a t grammatical v a lu e , also he presented th e essence of many researches which can n o t b e gain ed from o th er books.

A l- F a r is i, th e pupil of a l - Z a j j a j , how ever, composed a small book c e n s u r e^Ma^an? a l- Q u r < a n , as we shall discuss l a te r .

1. See Duha a l- ls la m , vol .2 , p . 146.

2 . I b i d . , p p . 5 0 - 5 5 ,

3 . S ee a l - N a d i m , p . 5 0 f f , and Ib id . 4 . S ee pp .2 1 - 2 8 .

5 . S ee p

6 . S e e p . 2 0 5 .

Criticism o f th e Book

As was shown previously, the book was acc la im e d by some linguists and comm entators, but mention should be made of the criticism ag ain st

i t, w h ich , how ever, was not very se v ere , most of it being of a linguistic n a tu re .

1 . A l - Z a j j a j and Abu ‘ Ubaidah

Abu > Ubaidah +fr for some reason^ was the o b je c t of d i s l ik e • ^ He composed an e x e g e tic a l work e n title d A l- M a ja z or M ajaz a l - Q u r ‘ an

in which h e discussed fig u rativ e expressions which his contemporaries

2 -

found u n a c c e p ta b le . His pupil a l- Q a s im b . Sal lam wrote a work on the

. f r o m ^!

Q u r^ a n re la tin g passages from his master and aU D lol-F arra’ , bu t Ahmad 3

b . Hanbal censured him for considering them as veracious so urces. A l -

— £ 1

Farra£ was himself, how ever, v io len tly opposed to Abu ‘ U baidah's work and d e c la re d th a t h e deserved tw enty lashes for i t . 4 Al-Asma«'i reported

- f c- ,5

th a t Abu ‘ Ubaidah commented on th e Q u r a n a cco rd in g to his own methods;.

The f a c t is th at Abu ‘ Ubaidah used his own opinion an d a p p ro ach on several

1 . Y a q u t, v o l . 19, pjb.156, 160; al-Bugh^a h , p . 2 ; T a ‘ rikh Baghdad 1 3 / 6 . 2 . He also composed other Q u r ' an ic works, as was q u o ted by ibn a l -

N a d im (p .5 9 ) but th e names a r e all th e same and perhaps am ount to o ne work o n ly .

3 . Abu *Ali al-Farasi, p . 271.

4 . T a( rikh Baghdad 13/255; Y a q u t, vol .1 9 , p . 5 . Ib id .

p o in ts. As examples: h e considered I S f t " f c * * ? (in th e N am e of A llah) as a mere ap p en d a g e of repetition;^ he said th at

* 2 v i i *

the word ^ \ (Idh) was meaningless; in the verse _J

°'&i* ' ' ' q 3

h e commented th a tjH ^ * (sur) was a plural of (surah) m eaning figures; and y e t ag ain h e eq u ated <>**-*> (some) with

^ ( a l l ) . A l - Z a j j a j im itated him regarding the first ex am p le , but not th e secondhand of th e third h e sa id , "Linguists h av e said th a t the word sur is the plural of r a (figure) bu t commentators said th a t it means horn, A lla h knows, etc."** Although h e did no t mention the

m u

name of Abu c Ubaidah he was c ritic ise d , as no other commentators had even m entioned this e x am p le . Abu * Ubaidah was n o n -th e -le s s trusted by a l - Z a j j a j and h e was described by him as truthful a n d t r u s t w o rth y

r H ow ever, he still criticised him several times in his w ork.

As for a l- F a r r a ? , it is hard to understand Ahmad b . H an b al's o b jec tio n to him . He was renowned as a pious man and his book Ma*an?

a l- Q u r < a n was highly praised and considered to be of the hig h est r a n k .

1 . S ee p 3-. P 88 • S * * g -c tU a f 2 . Ibid. f>P < * i S

3 . Sura 18 (th e C a v e ) , v . l v . ^ 4 l b -

4 . M s. v . 3 , f* 5 9 . ,

5 . S e e p . 4 9 . - ,

6. S e & f f - S I * * 4 < »

i

Duha a i- ls la m , vol„2, p . 308; Y aq u t, vol .2 0 , p p . 1 2 -1 3 .

But h e was in clin ed towards M u*tazilism and had philosophical learn in g s.

A l - Z a j ja j disagreed with him on some points;^ as he did with Abu * Ubaidah but ag ain only to a slight d e g re e .

2 . A l-lsh tiq a q (Etymology a n d Derivations)

We referred e a rlie r to the attitu d es of a l - Z a j j a j towards the methods of d e riv a tio n . H e ap p lies this tech n iq u e q u ite often in th e work under c o n sid era tio n . It is a linguistic m atter, pure and sim ple, and w hether th e end result is right or wrong it does not ra d ic a lly touch upon ex eg e sis.

Even today there is a renewal of this tech n iq u e i n Q u r * a n i c exegesis - to exhaust the meanings of words and choose whichever may be the fitte s t.

2

The rendering of words with all th e letters or most of them in common to one root or more does no t touch d ir e c tly upon Q u r^ a n ic e x eg e sis. This criticism is d irec te d a t a l - Z a j j a j himself not a t the book, M a*ani a l - Q u r ^ a n . D espite this^it would b e useful to e lu c id a te his idea on

Ish tiq aq .

Linguists h a v e w idely differing approaches to this s u b je c t, but in 3 a l-lsh tiq a q al Saghir it is found th a t Sibawayh and a l - Z a j j a j possess similar

1 . / U j t f f ' 2L O 6 > ^ t+Q 3 1

2 . Lectures by S h . A . a l - K h u l i . 3 . A l- M u z h ir, v o l . ! , p . 164.

id eas.^ Arabs were always interested in words and their o rig in s. They asked ab o u t (Mind) one of th e places of pilgrim age and A b o i t T

i 2

a H c h a i l and so o n , with many others, which is an in d icatio n th a t they b eliev ed th a t names a re derived from th e m eanings. This subject had been a common theme in th e works of earlier etym ologists.

Among works on this su b ject is th a t of Ibn D u r a id .^ He started his work by exp lain in g the meaning of the name of the Prophet Muhammad,

f M

and then his father and all his predecessors from A dnan, and then h e w ent through the other names arranged in a lp h a b e tic a l o rd er. This method of Ibn Duraid bears a sim ilarity to th a t of a l - Z a j j a j and it should be noticed

th at they were both influenced by K i t a b “a l - A y n *i n w h i c h A l - K h a l i l t r i e d to encompass all the words in the A rabic language and thus by its very

natu re his book attem pts th e widest ideal of verbal d e riv a tio n . A l - Z a j j a j

5

was not p a rticu la rly accom plished in linguistics and thus depended upon a l - ; A y n , bu t in a d d itio n this book had another a ttra c tio n for him: it was ; praised by his tutor a l-M u b a rra d ^ for it is hard to find a n y linguistic material

A l- M u z h ir , v o l . I , p . 165.

2 . I b i d . , p . 168.

3 . I b i d . , p . 169, and Ibn a l - N a d i m , p p . 7 8 - 9 3 .

4 . Published by F. F estiv eled , G o tten b u rg , 1854 & A . S .Ha am * C a i r o 1 9 6 8 5 . Y a q u t. vtt! - 1* P .

6 - Duha a I-Islam , v . 2 , p . 2 6 8 . s e e a l s o A lm ozher V .l.P ,3 9 $ f M a ra te b a l - Nahweyeen- j

In his work th at is not derived from al-<Ayn J This work also helped him to decipher the book Jaml« a l-N u tq , the exhaustive collection of words by Mahbarah b . af-N adlm .o

For hts Ideas on the derivation of words o l-Z a jjaj was criticised

3

severely and challenged until he was rendered speechless. But it should be noticed that his opponents were not unbiased, although he did adm ittedly exaggerate.

3 . The Criticism of al-Faris!

Abu «Ali al-Farlsi was one of al-Zaj]aj*s students# w h ile s t i l l &koutS t w e n t y ,h e l i s t e n e d t o him t e a c h i n g h i e foook^Ma'&ni &1 ■•Qur'an*' a &cl

afterwards he composed a book called a H g h fa l in which he compiled the mistakes In a l-Z a jJaj's book and the questions he had ignored. He accumulated about one hundred all told, and all of them, with a few exceptions, are on linguistics. In fact they are not mistakes a t a l t , but merely concision or references In passing by at-Z ajfa[ t a I-Far Is i

extending them or mentioning what was ignored. According to al-F artsi, many of these subjects are derived from the book of Sibawayh but were misunderstood by a l-Z a j)a |, and also some mistakes were due to Sibawayh*s

... . ■■■.... — „i, , i Hi ■■■■ ■... ... .... . ...

1. Duha aM slam , v . 2 , p . 2 68.

2 . Y aqut, v o l.1 , p . 150.

3 . Ib id ., and al-M uzhlr, v . 1, p . 168.

te c h n iq u e . F o rtu n ately , a g re a t many of them a re in the p art of the book which we a re studying.

Although th e book has an o th er name a l - M a s a 1 i l a l - M u s l a h a h r a l a g l - Z a j j a j in Ma<ani a i- Q u r * a n (also named a H g h f a l ) w here a l-F a risi

explains th a t it is a book of questions ignored or wrongly ex p la in e d by a l- F a r is i, b u t th e former name is more appro p riate becau se rig h tly it

does not re f le c t on a l - Z a j j a j 's c o m p e te n c e . It is not my intention to study the book*a I - I g h f a l* bu t to choose some aspects of it which would demons­

trate a l-F a risi's a ttitu d e towards his tu to r.

1) In th e beginning of his book a l - Z a j j a j said th at h e disliked to

an aly se the name of God 'A lla h 1, although etymologists had w ritten many works on this s u b j e c t T h i s is a demonstration of his p iety and his

veneration of the Holy N a m e , but a l-F a risi explained w hat may be said ab o u t this n am e, in this case there is no m istake, but something has been

d e lib e ra te ly o m itte d .

2) Following his own method in parsing the word *J L a l - Z a j j a j i

\ *■ ^

2

considered it a d ju n c t and letter possessive but

a l-F a risi critic ise d this statem ent se v ere ly , but then no prominent gram­

marian a c c e p te d this idea e i t h e r .

\l 1

3) In parsing At ff Lam Mlm al-Z a[faf exposed the Ideas of many etymologists and commentators, the view of al-Farisi Is that they should be considered consonants* There Is nothing In this against a l-Z a jja j *

1 ’ "

4) The words yuqlnun al FarisI corrected In the way

already m entioned.

2

5) Concerning a l-Z a jja f s parsing of the ^ ^ ^ ^

v j ® a!-Faris! did not acce p t the parsing

and gave his own idea, but Abu Hayyan explained that the latter did not understand correctly** Thus again there is no true mistake*

6) A l-Z a jja j, explaining the particle 'Lan1^ stated that Sibawayh related that al-K halit had given two views as to its origin. A l- Fdrisl commented saying that these were not related by a t-K h a lil, who had only one way, but originated with Sibawayh himself.

7) As to a l-Z a jja jS explanation of the word •Allahuma1 meaning O Lord, al-Farisi said that the former did not transcribe exactly

what Sibawayh had written* This is tru e .^ I

1. p*21.

2 . p . 9 ! .

3 . Ai-Bahr al-M uhit, v o l.I , pp. 131-2.

4 . p . 186.

5 . p . 156.

6 . Sibawayh, vol .1 , p . 369.

In th e latter two cases it can be seen th at a l-F a risi was more fam iliar with th e book of Sibawayh than a l - Z a j j a j .

From these few examples it can b e seen th at a l-F a risi sometimes persecuted his tutor and sometimes merely wished to display his own expertise; he did th e same with his other tutor I bn a l - S a r r a j . He was still very young and wished to gain prom inence for himself through his criticism of w ell-know n tutors, bu t there was g rea t enmity betw een him and a l - Z a j j a j to which Abu Hayyan made re fe re n c e .^ '

/

1. Sibaw ayh, v . 1# p . 36 9 .

His books

M any o f his o th er works h av e been lo st. A l-S u y u ti listed ten and

]

said th at h e had w r i t t e n o th e rs . A ll these books concern in some

m easure A rab ic lin g u istics, some a re mere grammars, some co n cern prosody (K . aW A ru d and K. a l- Q a w a f ? ) « The w hole can be a p p re c ia te d by an appraisal o f two of th em .

*) K halq a l-ln sa n (Components of th e body)

The aim of this book is to show the students the nam e o f ev ery p art o f th e b o d y . He started with th e head and g av e a d escrip tio n o f i t , and of th e c h in , e ars, fa c e , e y es, nose and so o n . For each p a rt h e gives the general name and the names o f the lesser p arts, he did not even shy a t denom inating the p riv ate parts of both m ale and fem a le . The work is co m p lete in th irty -fo u r p a rts.

Al-Asma< i also w rote a book w ith th e same title but his has more to commend it than th a t of a l - Z a j j a j , as h e gives more exam ples from poetry w hereas the la tte r quotes only o n e v e rse . H ow ever, a l- Z a j j a j named some parts th a t al-A sm a*i n e g le c te d , for exam ple the ears and the p riv a te p a rts.

But a ll - in - a l l the form er's book is m erely a sp e c ia list d ic tio n a ry .2

1 * Bughiatu a l-W a a h , p . 180.

2 . It was published by D r. Ibrahim al-S am m arrd i, Baghdad, in 1964.

In it th ere is a long introduction in which many of the ab o v e points a re expounded Jfi g re a te r le n g th .

This is a short work but in fa c t a very useful o n e , as it answers some problems co n cern in g sp ecial v erb s. The g eneral p rin c ip le in A rab ic grammar in regard to verbs is th a t those composed o f th e rad ic als ( f a ‘ a la ) a re some­

times tra n sitiv e and sometimes in tra n s itiv e . When in th e former s t a t ^ a verb can be made tran sitiv e by g iv in g it th e form a f a < a la . In doing th is, o n e le tte r is ad d ed to its basic ra d ic a ls , i . e . the h a m z a . If this verb had o rig in a lly o n e o b je c t, in the new form it can h a v e two o b je c ts . If it had two o b je c ts , it can h av e th ree in th e new form . In some cases these verbs a re rev e rsib le .

H itherto grammar books g av e only ‘fo rm al1 exam ples to illu stra te this g en eral r u le . A l- Z a jja j now d ire c te d his a tte n tio n farth e r to the ex ce p tio n al use of th e form ^ f c a l a ^ a s in tra n sitiv e , as w ell as th e use of fa< ala as tra n s itiv e . In doing so , a l- Z a j j a j tried to g u id e the students as to th e c o rre c t use of the verbs and th e ir c o n ju g atio n s. H e arran g ed his book a lp h a b e tic a lly so th a t it would b e easy to lo c a te an y req u ired v e rb . How*-

i

i

e v e r, he did not p la c e th e ham za a t th e beginning of th e letters of the a lp h a b e t, but a t the e n d . He also did not exhaust a ll th e possible verbs,

b u t those h e did u tilise w ere th e most essential and confusing o n e s. In the p re fa c e he w ro te, "This is a book in w hich we s ta te w h at verbs th e Arabs used in the moods fa* a ltu and a fa * a ltu , when the m eaning o f both is th e sam e; and w h at they used in th e forms fa< altu and afa < a ltu when th e m eaning is d ifferen t; and w h at they used fa< altu or a f a 'a l t u f o r ."

28.

A cco rd in g ly th e book was d iv id ed into th ree p a rts . The first was th e most e x te n siv e , in it h e listed a lp h a b e tic a lly th e verbs used in th e mood fa< altu and a fa < a ltu when th e m eaning is th e sam e, and those in the same moods, each form giving a d ifferen t m eaning. In this way verbs beginning w ith th e same le tte r w ere divided into two gro u p s. In th e second p a rt he m entioned the verbs in th e mood a fa < a ltu , as this form was sometimes n e g le c te d com pletely and a t o th er times p referred to

fa < a ltu . The third p a rt was devoted to the mood fa<a1tu, a g a in empb.acising fo rm s I as in th e previous two se c tio n s. The book is illu stra te d

throughout w ith poetry and Q u r ’ a n ic verses b u t not to a g re a t e x te n t.

In th e two la tte r sections th e words a re also listed a lp h a b e tic a lly , but in th e second p a rt the ham za preceeds the y a . O n th e w hole it is not

an a ttr a c tiv e b o o k , but a m ere d ictio n ary for a sp e cific c a te g o ry . It / w ill be rem em bered th a t Abu «U baiydah also w rote a work on th e same

su b je c t, F aca la wa a f a ^ l a , b u t it is now lo st.

The ch ro n o lo g ical seq u en ce o f the two books Ma^an? a l - Q u r ’ an 1 and Fqgqltu wa afa < a ltu is unknow n, as they h av e many words and

expressions in com m on. The co n trast in th e styles of a l- Z a j j a j and

1 . Jurj? Z a id a n , Tarikh A dab al-L u g h a a l-< A ra b iy a , v . 2 , p . 180.

A cco rd in g to Z a id a n , a copy o f this work is in C a iro , to g eth er w ith a n o th er book by Abu a l-Q a s im <Ali b . H am zah .

A cco rd in g ly the book was div id ed into th ree p a rts. The first was th e most e x te n siv e , in it h e listed a lp h a b e tic a lly the verbs used in the mood fa< altu an d a fa * a ltu when th e m eaning is th e sam e, and those in th e same moods, each form giving a d ifferen t m eaning. In this way verbs beginning w ith th e same le tte r w ere divided into two groups. In th e second p a rt h e m entioned the verbs in the mood a fa « a ltu , as this form was sometimes n e g le c te d co m p letely and a t o th er tim es preferred to

fa < a ltu . The third p a rt was devoted to the mood fa < a ltu , again emphacising f o r m s i as in th e previous two se c tio n s. The book is illu stra te d

throughout with poetry and Q u r ’ a n ic verses but not to a g re a t e x te n t.

In th e two la tte r sections the words a re also listed a lp h a b e tic a lly , but in th e second p a rt th e ham za preceeds the y a . O n th e w hole it is not

an a ttr a c tiv e boo k , but a m ere d ictio n ary for a sp e cific c a te g o ry . It / w ill be rem em bered th a t Abu ‘ U baiydah also w rote a work on th e same

su b je c t, F aca la wa afa*c»la, but it is now lost J

The ch ro n o lo g ical seq u en ce o f the two books M a*ani a l* Q u ryan 1 and F a*altu wa qfq<altu is unknow n, as they h av e many words and

expressions in com m on. The co n trast in th e styles of a l- Z a j j a j and

1. J u r ji Z a id a n , Tarikh A dab al-L iigha a l-< A ra b iy a , v . 2 , p . 180.

A cco rd in g to Z a id a n , a copy o f this work is in C a iro , to g eth er w ith an o th e r book by Abu a l-Q a sim <Ali b . H am zah .

Abu < U baiydah is due to th e fa c t th a t w hereas in th e a g e of th e former th e emphasis in lite ra tu re was upon the conveying of inform ation to th e student and fa c ilita tin g his w ork, th a t of th e la tte r was upon c o lla tin g and re c o rd in g .

Some of the biographers m entioned among a l-Z a jja j* s works o n e book e n title d al-R ad d *ala Fasih Tha* lab (th e refu tatio n o f Tha< lab*s Fas7It) J Y a q u t, how ever, q u o ted some o f his c r itic s 1 comments on th e b o o k .

2

of tw enty leaves and co n tain ed tw enty m istakes, which he p ro ceed ed to en u m e rate. Y aqut also commented th a t th e linguists did n o t a g re e w ith a l- Z a jja j in this criticism and many w rote books supporting T ha‘ lab*s views as th e c o rre c t o n e s.

1 . v . 1, p .

2 . S e e A I-M u z h ir, v . 1, p .

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