• No results found

Ontsnippering van natuurgebieden: effecten op natuur, mobiliteit, bereikbaarheid, verkeersveiligheid en geluid. Achtergronddocument bij de Nationale Natuurverkenning 2.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Ontsnippering van natuurgebieden: effecten op natuur, mobiliteit, bereikbaarheid, verkeersveiligheid en geluid. Achtergronddocument bij de Nationale Natuurverkenning 2."

Copied!
90
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)5,90UDSSRUW 2QWVQLSSHULQJYDQQDWXXUJHELHGHQ HIIHFWHQRSQDWXXUPRELOLWHLWEHUHLNEDDUKHLG YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGHQJHOXLG $FKWHUJURQGGRFXPHQWELMGH1DWLRQDOH 1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJ .7*HXUV$6FKRHPDNHUV $*0'DVVHQ :++RIIPDQV:7LPPHUPDQV  -50$ONHPDGH *3YDQ:HH .  . 

(2)  

(3) . $GYLHVGLHQVW9HUNHHUHQ9HUYRHU $OWHUUD. 'LWRQGHU]RHNZHUGYHUULFKWLQRSGUDFKWHQWHQODVWHYDQKHW0LOLHXHQ1DWXXUSODQEXUHDXLQ KHWNDGHUYDQSURMHFW1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJ. 5,903RVWEXV%$%LOWKRYHQWHOHIRRQID[.

(4) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.

(5) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. $EVWUDFW 5RDG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH H[HUWV LPSRUWDQW HIIHFWV RQ WKH TXDOLW\ DQG TXDQWLW\ RI DQLPDO KDELWDWV $QLPDOVDUHNLOOHGE\URDGWUDIILFDQGURDG³IUDJPHQW´KDELWDWVGLYLGLQJZLOGOLIHSRSXODWLRQV LQWRVPDOOHUDQGPRUHLVRODWHGXQLWV7KLVPD\WKUHDWHQVSHFLHVRIDQLPDOVZKRKDYHWRFURVV URDGV WR PHHW WKHLU ELRORJLFDO QHHGV 7KLV UHSRUW GLVFXVVHV WKH LPSDFWV RI KDELWDW GHIUDJPHQWDWLRQE\UHVWULFWLQJWUDIILFRQSURYLQFLDODQGPXQLFLSDOURDGVLQQDWXUHDUHDVLQWKH 1HWKHUODQGV 7KH VWXG\ DQDO\VHG ERWK LPSDFWV RQ ZLOGOLIH KDELWDW TXDOLW\ QRLVH OHYHOV LQ QDWXUH DUHDV

(6)  DQG KXPDQV SDVVHQJHU PRELOLW\ DFFHVVLELOLW\ LPSDFWV QRLVH OHYHOV LQ UHVLGHQWLDODUHDVURDGVDIHW\

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

(8) LVQHFHVVDU\.

(9) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.

(10) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 9RRUZRRUG 'LWUDSSRUWEHVFKULMIWHHQYHUNHQQHQGHVWXGLHQDDUGHHIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQ RS SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ LQ KHW NDGHU YDQ GH WZHHGH 1DWLRQDOH 1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJ'HVWXGLHLVXLWJHYRHUGGRRU$OWHUUDGH$GYLHVGLHQVW9HUNHHUHQ9HUYRHU $99

(11)  YDQ PHW 0LQLVWHULH YDQ 9HUNHHU HQ :DWHUVWDDW HQ KHW 0LOLHX HQ 1DWXXUSODQEXUHDX YDQKHW5,90 'H DXWHXUV EHGDQNHQ 5LHQ 5HLMQHQ (GJDU YDQ GHU *ULIW HQ 5RJLHU 3RXZHOV YDQ $OWHUUD HQ 7RRQYDQGHU+RRUQ $99

(12) YRRUFRPPHQWDDURSHHQHHUGHUHYHUVLHYDQGLWUDSSRUW9HUGHU ZRUGW+DQV6QLMGHUV $XUD

(13) EHGDQNWYRRUKHWPDNHQYDQGHLOOXVWUDWLHV.

(14) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.

(15) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. ,QKRXG 6DPHQYDWWLQJ. . . ,QOHLGLQJ. . . %HVFKULMYLQJUHIHUHQWLHHQRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW. . . . . . . ,QWURGXFWLH. .  8LWJDQJVSXQWHQUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW  $OJHPHHQ  8LWJDQJVSXQWHQLQIUDVWUXFWXXU  8LWJDQJVSXQWHQJHOXLG.    . . 8LWJDQJVSXQWHQ2QWVQLSSHULQJYDULDQW. . . 5HODWLHPHWGH19.VFHQDULR¶V. . 0HWKRGLHNHIIHFWHQEHUHNHQLQJHQ. . . ,QGLFDWRUNHX]H. . . 1DWXXU. . . 3HUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW. . . %HUHLNEDDUKHLG. . . *HOXLG. . . 9HUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG. . (IIHFWHQRSQDWXXU. . . ,QWURGXFWLH. . . 5HVXOWDWHQ. . . &RQFOXVLHV. . (IIHFWHQRSSHUVRQHQYHUNHHU. . . ,QWURGXFWLH. . . 5HL]LJHUVNLORPHWHUV. . . 9HUSODDWVLQJHQ. . . &RQFOXVLHV. . (IIHFWHQRSEHUHLNEDDUKHLG. . . ,QWURGXFWLH. . . 9RHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQ. . . ,QWHQVLWHLWFDSDFLWHLWYHUKRXGLQJHQ. . . 3RWHQWLsOHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQ. . . .RVWHQYDQFRQJHVWLHHQRPULMGHQ. . . &RQFOXVLHV. .

(16) 3DJYDQ . . . (IIHFWHQRSJHOXLG. 5,90UDSSRUW . . ,QWURGXFWLH. . . *HOXLGEHODVWLQJHQEORRWVWHOOLQJ. . . *HOXLGVEDWHQ. . . &RQFOXVLHV. . (IIHFWHQRSYHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLG. . . ,QOHLGLQJ. . . 5HVXOWDWHQ. . &RQFOXVLHVHQGLVFXVVLH. . /LWHUDWXXU. . %LMODJH 9HU]HQGOLMVW. . %LMODJH ,QIUDVWUXFWXXULQGHUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW. .

(17) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 6DPHQYDWWLQJ ,QIUDVWUXFWXXU ZHJHQVSRRUZHJHQZDWHUZHJHQ

(18) YRUPWYDDNHHQEDUULqUHYRRUPHQVHQGLHU HQ GRRUVQLMGW GH HFRORJLVFKH KRRIGVWUXFWXXU (+6

(19)  RS GLYHUVH SOHNNHQ (IIHFWHQ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ EHVWDDQ XLW GH YHUQLHWLJLQJ HQ YHUVWRULQJ YDQ GH KHW OHHIJHELHG YDQ GLHUHQ  DDQULMGLQJHQ HQ YHUGULQNLQJHQ YDQ GLHUHQ HQ EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ 'H EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU EHPRHLOLMNW EHZHJLQJHQ YDQ GLHUVRRUWHQ WXVVHQ OHHIJHELHGHQ RI PDNHQ GH]H ]HOIV RQPRJHOLMN +HW LVROHUHQ YDQ OHHIJHELHGHQ YHUKRRJW GH NDQV RS ORNDDOXLWVWHUYHQYDQVRRUWHQHQKHWYHUPLQGHUW GH NDQV RS HHQ VSRQWDQH WHUXJNHHU YDQGLHUVRRUWHQ 9RRU KHW RQWVQLSSHUHQ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ ]LMQ YHUVFKLOOHQGH PDDWUHJHOHQ PRJHOLMN ,Q GH HHUVWH SODDWV ]LMQ PLWLJHUHQGH PDDWUHJHOHQ PRJHOLMN LQ GH YRUP YDQ IDXQDSDVVDJHV ]RDOV HFRGXFWHQ HQ GDVVHQWXQQHOV

(20)  ,Q GH WZHHGH SODDWV NDQ ZRUGHQ LQJHJUHSHQ LQ GH LQIUDVWUXFWXXU ]HOI GRRU ELMYRRUEHHOG ZHJHQ I\VLHN DI WH VOXLWHQ RI YHUNHHUVOXZWHPDNHQ+HWYHUNHHUFRQFHQWUHHUW]LFKKLHUGRRURSHHQEHSHUNWHUDDQWDOZHJHQ ZDDUGRRU KHW OHHIJHELHG YDQ GLHUVRRUWHQ JURWHU NDQ ZRUGHQ 7RW RS KHGHQ ULFKWWH GH EHOHLGVPDWLJHDDQGDFKWYRRUHQKHWRQGHU]RHNQDDURQWVQLSSHULQJ]LFKYRRUDORSGHHIIHFWHQ RSQDWXXUHQQLHWRSGHHIIHFWHQRSGHPHQV DOVZHJJHEUXLNHURIDOVEHZRQHU

(21) 'HDDQGDFKW YRRU RQWVQLSSHULQJ OLMNW ]LFK HFKWHU WH YHUEUHGHQ =R LV RQWVQLSSHULQJ JHDJHQGHHUG LQ KHW 1DWLRQDDO 9HUNHHUV HQ 9HUYRHUV3ODQ 1993

(22)  HQ LQ GH 9LMIGH 1RWD RYHU GH 5XLPWHOLMN 2UGHQLQJ 9RRU HHQ HYDOXDWLH YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJVEHOHLG LV KHW HFKWHU QRRG]DNHOLMN RP GH HIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJ]REUHHGPRJHOLMNLQNDDUWWHEUHQJHQ+LHUWRHKHEEHQ$OWHUUDGH $GYLHVGLHQVW 9HUNHHU HQ 9HUYRHU HQ KHW 5,90 HHQ HHUVWH YHUNHQQLQJ XLWJHYRHUG QDDU GH PRJHOLMNH HIIHFWHQ YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ YDQ KHW ZHJHQQHW (U LV HHQ ]RJHQRHPGH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW RSJHVWHOG ZDDUELM RS GLYHUVH SOHNNHQ LQ 1HGHUODQG ZHJHQ ]LMQ µRQWVQLSSHUG¶ GLH QDWXXUJHELHGHQ GRRUVQLMGHQ 2QWVQLSSHULQJ YLQGW LQ GH]H VWXGLH DOOHHQ SODDWV GRRU GH GHVEHWUHIIHQGH ZHJHQ YHUNHHUVOXZ WH PDNHQ DOOHHQ EHVWHPPLQJVYHUNHHU PDDNWQRJ PHWHHQODJHVQHOKHLG

(23) JHEUXLNYDQGHZHJHQ 'H RQWVQLSSHUGH ZHJHQ ]LMQ YRRUQDPHOLMN SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ HQ EHODQJULMNH JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ LQ KHW 2RVWHQ HQ 1RRUGHQ YDQ 1HGHUODQG PHW QDPH RS GH 9HOXZH 7ZHQWH GH $FKWHUKRHN LQ 'UHQWKH HQ RS GH 8WUHFKWVH +HXYHOUXJ 6QHOZHJHQ ]LMQ QLHW JHVHOHFWHHUG RPGDW DIVOXLWLQJ GDDUYDQ JURWH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVFRQVHTXHQWLHV KHHIW WHUZLMO YDDN PHW ORNDOH PDDWUHJHOHQ DOV HFRGXFWHQ HQ IDXQDSDVVDJHV HHQ GHHO YDQ GH EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ ZHJJHQRPHQ NDQZRUGHQ9RRUGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW]LMQLQGHHHUVWHSODDWVGHHIIHFWHQRSGHQDWXXU RQGHU]RFKW+LHUYRRU]LMQGHHIIHFWHQEHUHNHQGRS D

(24) GHKDELWDWNZDOLWHLWYDQJHELHGHQYRRU GLHUVRRUWHQHQ E

(25) GHJHOXLGVEHODVWLQJLQGHHFRORJLVFKHKRRIGVWUXFWXXU (+6

(26) ,QGHWZHHGH SODDWV]LMQGHHIIHFWHQRSGHPHQVEHUHNHQGZDDUELMLVJHNHNHQQDDU D

(27) SHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW E

(28)  EHUHLNEDDUKHLG XLWJHGUXNW LQ FRQJHVWLH HQGHDXWREHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQ F

(29)  GH JHOXLGEHODVWLQJLQZRRQJHELHGHQHQ G

(30) YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGXLWJHGUXNWLQKHWDDQWDOPRJHOLMNH YHUNHHUVVODFKWRIIHUV.

(31) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. 8LW GH]H YHUNHQQHQGH VWXGLH EOLMNW GDW KHW RQWVQLSSHUHQ YDQ SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ EHODQJULMNH YRRUGHOHQ NDQ KHEEHQ YRRU GH QDWXXU 'H KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW YRRU GLHUVRRUWHQ GLH JHYRHOLJ ]LMQ YRRU EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ ]RDOV GH ERRPPDUWHU HQ KHW HGHOKHUW

(32)  NDQ ORNDDO PHHU GDQ  WRHQHPHQ 'H HIIHFWHQ OLMNHQ RS ODQGHOLMNH VFKDDO HFKWHU EHSHUNW 'LW NRPW GRRUGDW GH WRWDOH RPYDQJ YDQ GH YHURQGHUVWHOGH RQWVQLSSHUGHJHELHGHQWHQRS]LFKWHYDQKHWWRWDOH DUHDDOQDWXXUJHELHGLQ1HGHUODQGEHSHUNW LV'HHIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJOLMNHQYRRUJURWHUHGLHUVRRUWHQ HGHOKHUWZLOG]ZLMQ

(33) NOHLQHU GDQ YRRU NOHLQHUH GLHUVRRUWHQ ]RDOV GH ERRPPDUWHU

(34)  9RRU GH JURWHUH GLHUVRRUWHQ KHHIW RQWVQLSSHULQJ YDQ KHW SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQQHW YRRUDO HIIHFW RS GH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW DOV NOHLQH SRWHQWLsOH

(35)  OHHIJHELHGHQ ZRUGHQ VDPHQJHYRHJG WRW JURWHUH ]RDOV RS GH 8WUHFKWVH +HXYHOUXJ

(36)  'H JHOXLGEHODVWLQJ QHHPW LQ HHQ JURRW JHELHG URQGRP GH YHUNHHUVOXZH SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMN ZHJHQ DI 'LW OHLGW WRW HHQ EHSHUNWH YHUEHWHULQJ YDQ GH DNRHVWLVFKHNZDOLWHLWYDQGHJHKHOH(+6KHWDUHDDO(+6PHWHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJJURWHUGDQ G% $

(37) QHHPW±WHQRS]LFKWHYDQGHUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWLQDIPHWSXQWWRW 1DDVW GH HIIHFWHQ RS QDWXXU KHHIW KHW RQWVQLSSHUHQ YDQ ZHJHQ LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ YHUVFKLOOHQGHHIIHFWHQRSGHPHQV]RZHOLQGHSRVLWLHYHDOVQHJDWLHYH]LQ+HWEHODQJULMNVWH QHJDWLHYH HIIHFW LV GDW GH EHUHLNEDDUKHLG SHU DXWR YHUVOHFKWHUG ]RZHO XLWJHGUXNW LQ RS LQIUDVWUXFWXXUJHULFKWHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQ YRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQFRQJHVWLHORFDWLHV

(38) DOVLQRS DFWLYLWHLWHQ JHULFKWH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQ KHW PRJHOLMNH DDQWDO EHVWHPPLQJHQ GDW PHQVHQ ELQQHQ HHQ EHSDDOGH WLMG NXQQHQ EHUHLNHQ

(39) 2SKHWZHJHQQHWOHLGWRQWVQLSSHULQJWRW JURWHUH YHUNHHUVGUXNWHPHHUFRQJHVWLHHQDQGHUHYHUWUDJLQJHQHQRPULMGHQ+HWHIIHFWRSFRQJHVWLH NDQZRUGHQXLWJHGUXNWLQKHWDDQWDOYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQ+HWDDQWDOYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQRSKHW KRRIGHQRQGHUOLJJHQGZHJHQQHWWH]DPHQQHHPWLQGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWWHQRS]LFKWH YDQ GH UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW LQ  ± PHW UXZZHJ  WRH +HW DDQWDO YRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQ QHHPW YRRUDO WRH RS KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHW FLUFD 

(40)  HQ GDQ PHW QDPH RS GH KRRIGZHJHQ EXLWHQ GH 5DQGVWDG HQ EXLWHQ GH VSLWVSHULRGHQ 'RRU ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ KHW NHX]HJHGUDJ YDQ UHL]LJHUV ELMYRRUEHHOGDQGHUHWLMGVWLSRIURXWHNHX]H

(41) LVGHWRHQDPHYDQ FRQJHVWLHYRRUKHW SHUVRQHQYHUNHHUEHSHUNW WRHQDPHYDQYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQ

(42) 'H]HJHGUDJVYHUDQGHULQJHQ ZRUGHQERYHQGLHQJHVWLPXOHHUGGRRUGHYHURQGHUVWHOGHLQWURGXFWLHYDQHHQFRQJHVWLHKHIILQJ RSORFDWLHVPHW]ZDUHFRQJHVWLH

(43) ]RQGHUGH]HKHIILQJ]RXKHWHIIHFWRSFRQJHVWLHJURWHU]LMQ +HW HIIHFW YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ RS GH JHPLGGHOGH UHLVWLMGHQ YDQ DXWR HQ YUDFKWDXWRYHUSODDWVLQJHQLVHFKWHUJURWHU WRWWRHQDPH

(44) +LHULQNRPHQQDPHOLMNQDDVW FRQJHVWLH RRN GH ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ GH URXWHNHX]H RPULMGHQ

(45)  WRW XLWGUXNNLQJ 'RRU GH JHPLGGHOGH WRHQDPH YDQ UHLVWLMGHQ QHHPW GH SRWHQWLsOH EHUHLNEDDUKHLG YDQ YHUVFKLOOHQGH EHVWHPPLQJHQ ZHUN EHYRONLQJ QDWXXU

(46)  DI RS QDWLRQDDO VFKDDOQLYHDX QHHPW KHW DDQWDO EHVWHPPLQJHQ GDW HHQ LQZRQHU SHU DXWR NDQ EHUHLNHQ PHW JHPLGGHOG  WRW  SURFHQW DI +LHUPHH OLMNHQ RS QDWLRQDOH VFKDDO GHHIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJRSEHUHLNEDDUKHLG UHODWLHI EHSHUNW2SORNDOHVFKDDONDQGH DIQDPHYDQEHUHLNEDDUKHLGHFKWHUKHHOJURRW]LMQYRRUGH LQZRQHUVLQHQURQGRPGHRQWVQLSSHUGHJHELHGHQQHHPWGHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQWRW HQNHOHWLHQWDOOHQSURFHQWHQDI.

(47) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 'H HIIHFWHQ YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ RS JHOXLG ]LMQ RYHUZHJHQG SRVLWLHI 3HU VDOGR OHLGW RQWVQLSSHULQJ WRW HHQ DIQDPH YDQ GH DDQWDOOHQ LQZRQHUV GLH RS KXQ ZRRQORFDWLH ]LMQ EORRWJHVWHOGDDQHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJYDQRIG% $

(48) PHWRQJHYHHU ,QDEVROXWH ]LQJDDWKHWRPHQNHOHWLHQGXL]HQGHQ !HQ!G% $

(49)

(50) UHVSHFWLHYHOLMNHQNHOHGXL]HQGHQ ZRQLQJHQ ! G% $

(51)

(52)  /DQJV HQNHOH VQHOZHJHQ GRRU VWHGHOLMNH JHELHGHQ WUHGHQ GRRU GH WRHJHQRPHQ YHUNHHUVGUXNWH HFKWHU ZHO HQNHOH RYHUVFKULMGLQJHQ YDQ JHOXLGQRUPHQ RS YRRU ZRRQJHELHGHQ 2P GLW WH YRRUNRPHQ LV PLWLJHUHQG EHOHLG QRGLJ ]RDOV YHUGHUH

(53) ZHJGHNYHUEHWHULQJHQ 9HUGHU OHLGW RQWVQLSSHULQJ WRW HHQ OLFKWH

(54)  YHUEHWHULQJ YDQ GH YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGKHWDDQWDOYHUNHHUVGRGHQHQ±JHZRQGHQQHHPWLHWVDI'DWNRPWRPGDWHU HHQ YHUVFKXLYLQJ YDQ KHW YHUNHHU RSWUHHGW YDQ UHODWLHI RQYHLOLJH SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ QDDU UHODWLHIYHLOLJHVQHOZHJHQ 'HKRRIGFRQFOXVLHLVGDWRQWVQLSSHULQJYDQLQIUDVWUXFWXXU GRRUSURYLQFLDOHHQJHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ YHUNHHUVOXZ WH PDNHQ

(55)  GXLGHOLMNH SRVLWLHYH HQ QHJDWLHYH HIIHFWHQ KHHIW 3RVLWLHYH HIIHFWHQ WUHGHQ RS YRRU GH QDWXXU GH ORNDOH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW YRRU EDUULqUHJHYRHOLJH GLHUVRRUWHQ HQ GH DNRHVWLVFKH NZDOLWHLW LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ QHHPW WRH 'DDUQDDVW KHHIW RQWVQLSSHULQJ JXQVWLJH HIIHFWHQ RS YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLG HQ JHOXLGKLQGHU 'H EHODQJULMNVWH QDGHOHQOLJJHQRSKHWJHELHGYDQEHUHLNEDDUKHLG 2S EDVLV YDQ GH]H YHUNHQQHQGH VWXGLH LV KHW WH YURHJ RP HHQ FRQFOXVLH WH WUHNNHQ RYHU GH ZHQVHOLMNKHLG YDQ KHW RQWVQLSSHUHQ YDQ SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ9RRU]R¶QFRQFOXVLHGLHQHQDOOHUHOHYDQWHYRRUHQQDGHOHQEHWHULQNDDUWWH ZRUGHQ JHEUDFKW PHW QDPH RS UHJLRQDDO QLYHDX HQ PRHWHQ HYHQWXHOH DOWHUQDWLHYH PDDWUHJHOHQZRUGHQRQGHU]RFKW1DGHURQGHU]RHNLVRQGHUPHHUJHZHQVWQDDU œ (HQ DQDO\VH YDQ PDDWUHJHOHQ ZDDUELM GH QDWXXUYRRUGHOHQ RRN JURWHQGHHOV

(56)  EHUHLNW NXQQHQZRUGHQPHWPLQGHUQDGHOLJHJHYROJHQYRRUGHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGELMYRRUEHHOGGRRU DOOHHQ µV QDFKWV ZHJHQ LQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ DI WH VOXLWHQ 2RN ]RXGHQ IDXQDSDVVDJHV HQ HFRGXFWHQ DOV DOWHUQDWLHI NXQQHQ GLHQHQ YRRU KHW YHUNHHUVOXZ PDNHQ YDQ SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ,QGH]HVWXGLHLVQLHWRQGHU]RFKWRIHQZDDUGLW]RXNXQQHQ œ 'HDI]RQGHUOLMNHORFDWLHVYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJ HQGHHIIHFWHQHUYDQ

(57) KHWLVGHQNEDDUGDWHU ORFDWLHV ]LMQ ZDDUYDQ GH QDWXXUYRRUGHOHQ UHODWLHI EHSHUNW ]LMQ WHQ RS]LFKWH YDQ GH QDGHOHQ YRRU EHUHLNEDDUKHLG ,Q GH]H VWXGLH ]LMQ GH HIIHFWHQ QLHW RS KHW QLYHDX YDQ DI]RQGHUOLMNHORFDWLHVEHVWXGHHUG œ 'HHIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQYRRUKHWVQHOZHJHQQHWHQKHWVSRRUZHJHQQHW 9RRUDO YRRU JURWHUH GLHUVRRUWHQ HGHOKHUW ZLOG ]ZLMQ

(58)  LV RQWVQLSSHULQJ YDQ KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHWZHOOLFKWEHODQJULMNHUGDQKHWSURYLQFLDOHZHJHQQHW œ +HW HIIHFW YDQ PLWLJHUHQGH PDDWUHJHOHQ RP RYHUVFKULMGLQJHQ YDQ JUHQVZDDUGHQ YRRU JHOXLGRSVQHOZHJHQWHYRRUNRPHQ+HWJDDWELMYRRUEHHOGRPKHW YHUGHU

(59) YHUEHWHUHQYDQ KHWZHJGHNRIKHWYHUODJHQYDQGHULMVQHOKHLG ELMYRRUEHHOGYDQQDDUNPXXU

(60)  œ 'H HIIHFWHQ RS HPLVVLHV GRRU SHUVRQHQYHUNHHU HQ PHW QDPH GH OXFKWNZDOLWHLW ODQJV VQHOZHJHQ 'H HIIHFWHQ RS GH WRWDOH 1HGHUODQGVH HPLVVLHV GRRU KHW ZHJYHUNHHU ]LMQ ± JH]LHQ GH EHSHUNWH HIIHFWHQ RS GH KHW DXWR HQ 29JHEUXLN  EHSHUNW HFKWHU RS ORNDDO.

(61) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. QLYHDX NXQQHQ RYHUVFKULMGLQJHQ YDQ JUHQVZDDUGHQ YRRU OXFKWNZDOLWHLW YRRU ZRRQJHELHGHQRSWUHGHQ,QGH]HVWXGLHLVGLWQLHWRQGHU]RFKW œ 'H ORNDOH HQRI UHJLRQDOH HIIHFWHQ YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ RS YHUSODDWVLQJVJHGUDJ HQ DFWLYLWHLWHQSDWURQHQ YDQ LQZRQHUV 2P GLW WH NXQQHQ DQDO\VHUHQ LV HHQ YHUGHUH GLIIHUHQWLDWLHYDQGHPRELOLWHLWVSURJQRVHVQRGLJELMYRRUEHHOGGRRUJHEUXLNWHPDNHQYDQ UXLPWHOLMNGHVDJJUHJHHUGHUH UHJLRQDOH

(62) YHUNHHUPRGHOOHQ œ 'HHIIHFWHQYDQKHWYHUNHHUVOXZPDNHQYDQGRRUJDDQGHZHJHQRSGHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQ DFWLYLWHLWHQYRRUYHUVFKLOOHQGHEHYRONLQJVJURHSHQ]RDOVRXGHUHQHQMRQJHUHQ 9RRUSROLWLHNHEHVOXLWYRUPLQJRYHURQWVQLSSHULQJLVHHQEUHHGEHRRUGHOLQJVNDGHUQRGLJ(HQ NRVWHQEDWHQDQDO\VHZDDULQ]RPRJHOLMNGHHIIHFWHQLQJHOGZRUGHQXLWJHGUXNW]RXKLHUYRRU HHQ EUXLNEDDU NDGHU NXQQHQ ELHGHQ +LHUELM PRHWHQ QDDVW KHW VDOGR YDQ HIIHFWHQ RRN GH LQYHVWHULQJVNRVWHQYDQYHUVFKLOOHQGHDOWHUQDWLHYHRQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQLQEHVFKRXZLQJ ZRUGHQ JHQRPHQ  2S EDVLV YDQ GH UHVXOWDWHQ YDQ GH]H VWXGLH NDQ QRJ JHHQ HLQGFRQFOXVLH ZRUGHQ JHWURNNHQ RYHU KHW VDOGR YDQ RS JHOG ZDDUGHHUEDUH

(63)  NRVWHQ HQ EDWHQ (HQ HHUVWH UXZH DQDO\VH YDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW JHHIW DDQ GDW GH RS JHOG ZDDUGHHUEDUH NRVWHQ YRRUDO WRHQHPHQ GRRU H[WUD UHLVWLMGNRVWHQ YDQZHJH ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ GH URXWHNHX]H YDQ KHW SHUVRQHQ HQ YUDFKWYHUNHHU 'H WRWDOH WRHQDPH YDQ GH YHUSODDWVLQJVNRVWHQ GH VRP YDQ ILOHNRVWHQRPULMGHQHQYUDDJXLWYDO

(64) OLMNWYDQGH]HOIGHRUGHYDQJURRWWHWHNXQQHQ]LMQDOVGH RS JHOG JHZDDUGHHUGH

(65)  EDWHQ YRRU GH PHQV YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGVEDWHQ HQ JHOXLGVEDWHQ LQ ZRRQJHELHGHQ

(66) 'HRQ]HNHUKHLGLQGHRPYDQJYDQGHYHUVFKLOOHQGHNRVWHQHQEDWHQLVHFKWHU JURRW YRRUDO GH WRHQDPH YDQ GH YHUSODDWVLQJVNRVWHQ YRRU KHW YUDFKWYHUNHHU HQ GH RPYDQJ YDQ GH JHOXLGEDWHQ HQ YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGVEDWHQ ]LMQ HUJ RQ]HNHU 2I KHW VDOGR YDQ HIIHFWHQ SRVLWLHI LV LV QDDVW GH]H RQ]HNHUKHGHQ RRN DIKDQNHOLMN YDQ GH ZDDUGHULQJ YDQ GH HIIHFWHQ YRRU GH QDWXXU 'H]H VWXGLH JHHIW DDQ GDW GRRU RQWVQLSSHULQJ GH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW YRRU EDUULqUHJHYRHOLJHGLHUVRRUWHQWRHQHHPWHQGHJHOXLGEHODVWLQJLQGH(+6DIQHHPWZDWJXQVWLJ LVYRRUQDWXXUHQUHFUHDWLH'H]HHIIHFWHQ]LMQHFKWHUPRHLOLMNLQJHOGXLWWHGUXNNHQRPGDW KHWRQGHUPHHUJDDWRPKHWZDDUGHUHQYDQEHVWDDQVZDDUGHQYDQGLHUVRRUWHQ.

(67) 5,90UDSSRUW. . SDJYDQ. ,QOHLGLQJ. 'H DDQOHJ DDQZH]LJKHLG HQ KHW JHEUXLN YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU KHHIW JHYROJHQ YRRU GH QDWXXU (HQYDQGLHJHYROJHQLVYHUVQLSSHULQJYDQQDWXXUJHELHGHQGDWNDQZRUGHQRPVFKUHYHQDOV KHW XLWHHQYDOOHQ YDQ KHW OHHIJHELHG YDQ HHQ GLHUVRRUW LQ YDQ HONDDU JHVFKHLGHQ IUDJPHQWHQ 9HUVQLSSHULQJKHHIWYHUVFKLOOHQGHHIIHFWHQRSQDWXXU+HWJDDWRPYHUQLHWLJLQJHQYHUVWRULQJ YDQOHHIJHELHGHQDDQULMGLQJHQHQYHUGULQNLQJHQYDQGLHUHQHQEDUULqUHZHUNLQJ9HUQLHWLJLQJ YDQ OHHIJHELHG YDQ SODQWHQ HQ GLHUHQ LV KHW PHHVW GLUHFWH JHYROJ YDQ DDQOHJ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU KHW IXQFWLRQHHO RSSHUYODN YDQ OHHIJHELHGHQ QHHPW DI 9HUVWRULQJ YDQ OHHIJHELHGHQ EHWUHIW RQGHU PHHU YHUNHHUVODZDDL ZHJYHUOLFKWLQJ YHUGURJLQJ HQ YHUYXLOLQJ 9RRU HQNHOH UHODWLHI ]HOG]DPH GLHUVRRUWHQ ]RDOV GH GDV YRUPW KHW DDQWDO DDQULMGLQJHQ HHQ EHGUHLJLQJ YRRU GH SRSXODWLH 'H DDQZH]LJKHLG HQ JHEUXLN YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU ]RUJW YRRU EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YRRU GLHUVRRUWHQ ZDDUGRRU EHZHJLQJHQ WXVVHQ OHHIJHELHGHQ ZRUGHQ EHPRHLOLMNWRI]HOIVRQPRJHOLMNZRUGHQJHPDDNW+HWLVROHUHQYDQOHHIJHELHGHQYHUKRRJWGH NDQV RS ORNDDOXLWVWHUYHQYDQVRRUWHQHQKHWYHUPLQGHUW GH NDQV RS HHQ VSRQWDQH WHUXJNHHU YDQVRRUWHQRSGLHORFDWLH 3LHSHUVHWDO

(68)  ,QKHWQDWXXUEHOHLGLQ1HGHUODQGZRUGWRPGHQDWXXUNZDOLWHLWWHYHUJURWHQGHUHDOLVDWLHYDQGH HFRORJLVFKH KRRIGVWUXFWXXU (+6

(69)  QDJHVWUHHIG ]LH ILJXXU 

(70)  'H (+6 LV LQ  LQ KHW 1DWXXUEHOHLGVSODQ YDQ KHW 0LQLVWHULH YDQ /19 JHwQWURGXFHHUG 9RRU GH UHDOLVDWLH YDQ GH (+6 ZRUGHQ YHUVFKLOOHQGH LQVWUXPHQWHQ LQJH]HW]RDOVKHWYHUJURWHQYDQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ GRRU DDQNRRS HQ GH YHUEHWHULQJ YDQ GH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW ]LH ELMYRRUEHHOG 5,90 E

(71)  2RN KHW RSKHIIHQ RI YHUPLQGHUHQ YDQ GH EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU LV HHQ HVVHQWLHHO RQGHUGHHO YRRU KHW UHDOLVHUHQ YDQ GH (+6 +HW JDDW KLHUELM RP KHW DXWRZHJHQ VSRRU HQ YDDUZHJHQQHW +HW KXLGLJH EHOHLGVGRHO LQ KHW QDWXXUEHOHLG ]RDOV EHVFKUHYHQ LQ GH QRWD µ1DWXXU YRRU PHQVHQ PHQVHQ YRRUQDWXXU¶ /19

(72) LVGDW  YDQ GH JHwQYHQWDULVHHUGH )LJXXU'HEHJUHQ]LQJYDQGH(+6  NQHOSXQWHQ WXVVHQ QDWXXU HQ %URQ5,90 E

(73).

(74) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. LQIUDVWUXFWXXUGLHDOOHHQPHWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHOHPDDWUHJHOHQNXQQHQZRUGHQRSJHORVWLQLV RSJHORVW ,Q  PRHW GH (+6 YROOHGLJ ]LMQ LQJHULFKW PRHWHQ GH YHUHLVWH PLOLHXFRQGLWLHV ]LMQ JHUHDOLVHHUG HQ LV KHW GXXU]DDP EHKHHU YDQ JHELHGHQ HQ VRRUWHQ JHZDDUERUJG %HOHLGVPDWLJ LV RQWVQLSSHULQJ RRN LQ KHW 1DWLRQDOH 9HUNHHUV HQ 9HUYRHUVSODQ 7. 

(75) JHDJHQGHHUG 2QWVQLSSHULQJ NRPW LQ KHW 1993 DDQ GH RUGH ELM D

(76)  EHUHLNEDDUKHLG UDDNSXQWHQ PHW GH UXLPWHOLMNH RUGHQLQJ

(77)  E

(78)  GH NZDOLWHLW YDQ GH OHHIRPJHYLQJ HQ F

(79)  GH UHJLRQDDO JHRULsQWHHUGH JHELHGVJHULFKWH DDQSDN +HW YHUNHHUV HQ YHUYRHUEHOHLG XLW KHW 1993VOXLWDDQELMKHWUXLPWHOLMNEHOHLGGRRU]XLQLJWH]LMQPHWUXLPWHKHWWRWKHWPLQLPXP EHSHUNHQYDQQLHXZHWUDFpVKHWRQWVQLSSHULQJVEHOHLGELMEHVWDDQGHLQIUDVWUXFWXXU ZHJZDWHU HQ UDLO

(80)  HQ GH ]RJHKHWHQ JULMVJURHQH NQRRSSXQWHQ NUXLVLQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU HQ (+6

(81)  +HW 1993VWHOWDOVGRHORPLQGHEHODQJULMNVWHEDUULqUHVLQGH(+6RSJHKHYHQWHKHEEHQ ,QKHWUDSSRUWµ'HZHJPpWGHPLQVWHZHHUVWDQG2SJDYHRQWVQLSSHULQJ¶YDQ$OWHUUDHQKHW ([SHUWLVHFHQWUXP/19 5HLMQHQHWDO

(82) ZRUGHQYHUVFKLOOHQGHORFDWLHVDDQJHJHYHQZDDU KHW RSKHIIHQ YDQ EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ ZHJLQIUDVWUXFWXXU QDDU YHUZDFKWLQJ KHW JURRWVWH QDWXXUUHQGHPHQWKHHIW ]LHILJXXU

(83) . )LJXXU2SJDYHRQWVQLSSHULQJRQWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHVPHWSULRULWHLW. %URQ5HLMQHQHWDO 

(84).

(85) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 'H]H]RJHQRHPGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHVPHWSULRULWHLW]LMQORFDWLHVZDDUGHEDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ ULMNV SURYLQFLDOH HQ RYHULJH ZHJHQ GLUHFWH HIIHFWHQ KHEEHQ RS GH GXXU]DDPKHLG YDQ GLHUSRSXODWLHV XLWJHGUXNW LQ HHQ NDQV RS XLWVWHUYHQ

(86)  'H]H SULRULWDLUH ORFDWLHV ]LMQ DOV XLWJDQJVSXQWJHQRPHQYRRUGH]HYHUNHQQHQGHVWXGLH ,QGH1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJZRUGHQYLHURPJHYLQJVVFHQDULR VRSJHVWHOGYRRUKHWLQVFKDWWHQYDQ GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ QDWXXUEHOHLG 6DPHQZHUNHQGH UHJLR V ,QGLYLGXDOLVWLVFKH 5HJLR V 6DPHQZHUNHQGH :HUHOG HQ ,QGLYLGXDOLVWLVFKH :HUHOG ,Q KHW VFHQDULR 6DPHQZHUNHQGH :HUHOG ZRUGW YHURQGHUVWHOG GDW QDWXXUJHELHGHQ LQ 1HGHUODQG RS GLYHUVH SODDWVHQ ZRUGHQ µRQWVQLSSHUW¶ GRRU PDDWUHJHOHQ DDQ KHW ZHJHQQHW 8LWJDQJVSXQW KLHUYRRU LV GH RSJDYH RQWVQLSSHULQJ ,Q GH UHVW YDQ GLW UDSSRUW ZRUGW GH]H YDULDQW YRRU KHW ZHJYHUNHHU µRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW¶ JHQRHPG 'H RYHULJH VFHQDULR V ZRUGHQ JHEDVHHUG RS EHVWDDQGH JHJHYHQV XLW GH 0LOLHXYHUNHQQLQJ  5,90 D

(87)  HQ GH 9LMIGH 1RWD 7RHWV 9520 E

(88)  ,Q GH 19. ZRUGHQ LQ KHW VFHQDULR 6DPHQZHUNHQGH :HUHOG  WHQ EHKRHYH YDQ JHOXLGEHUHNHQLQJHQ ± RRN YHURQGHUVWHOOLQJHQ JHGDDQ RYHU GH RQWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ KHW VSRRUYHUYRHU HQ GH OXFKWYDDUW ELMYRRUEHHOG VWLOOHUH WUHLQHQ HQ GH UHDOLVDWLH YDQ HHQ OXFKWKDYHQ LQ ]HH  ,Q GLW UDSSRUW ZRUGHQ GH HIIHFWHQ KLHUYDQ QLHW EHVFKUHYHQ 'LW UDSSRUW EHVFKULMIWDOOHHQGHHIIHFWHQYRRUKHWZHJYHUNHHU 2P QDWXXUJHELHGHQ WH RQWVQLSSHUHQ ]LMQ YHUVFKLOOHQGH PDDWUHJHOHQ PRJHOLMN ,Q GH HHUVWH SODDWV NDQ GRRU KHW DDQOHJJHQ YDQ IDXQDSDVVDJHV ]RDOV HFRGXFWHQ HQ GDVVHQWXQQHOV KHW GRRUVQLMGHQYDQQDWXXUJHELHGHQHQEDUULqUHZHUNLQJZRUGHQYHUPLQGHUG,QGHWZHHGHSODDWV NDQ KHW ZHJHQSDWURRQ ZRUGHQ JHZLM]LJG GRRU ZHJHQ I\VLHN DI WH VOXLWHQ RI YHUNHHUVOXZ WH PDNHQKHWYHUNHHUFRQFHQWUHHUW]LFKKLHUGRRURSHHQEHSHUNWHUDDQWDOZHJHQ EXQGHOLQJ

(89) ,Q GH]H VWXGLH ZRUGW YHURQGHUVWHOG GDW RQWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHV RS KHW SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNHZHJHQQHWZRUGHQRSJHORVWGRRUGH]HYHUNHHUVOXZWHPDNHQ ]LHWHNVWER[

(90)  (UZRUGHQJHHQPDDWUHJHOHQRSKHWKRRIGZHJHQQHW ]RDOVIDXQDSDVVDJHV

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µH[WHUQH¶ HIIHFWHQ RSWUHGHQ ]RDOV ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ GH JHOXLGVEHODVWLQJLQZRRQJHELHGHQOXFKWYHURQWUHLQLJLQJHQYHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG.

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

(93)  5HFHQWHOLMNOLMNW ]RZHO GH DDQGDFKW YRRURQWVQLSSHULQJ]LFKHFKWHUWHYHUEUHGHQ =R]LMQRS UHJLRQDDO VFKDDOQLYHDX HQNHOH VWXGLHV YHUULFKW QDDU GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ EXQGHOLQJ YDQ YHUNHHUVVWURPHQRSQDWXXUHQGHPHQV-DDUVPD +RRJHYHHQ 

(94) HQ-DDUVPD :LOOHPV 

(95)  EHVFKULMYHQ ELMYRRUEHHOG HHQ VWXGLH QDDU GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ KHW LQULFKWHQ YDQ YHUEOLMIVJHELHGHQ PHW DOOHHQ ODQJ]DDP ULMGHQG YHUNHHU

(96)  LQ HHQ UXUDOH UHJLR LQ 1RRUG /LPEXUJ RS DXWRNLORPHWUDJH EHUHLNEDDUKHLG UHLVWLMG

(97)  YHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG IDXQD VODFKWRIIHUV HQ JHOXLGEHODVWLQJ 9HUGHU JHHIW 5XQLD 

(98)  NZDOLWDWLHYH HIIHFWLQVFKDWWLQJHQ YDQ KHW DIVOXLWHQ YDQ SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ RS GH 9HOXZH RS GH QDWXXU YHUNHHU UHLVWLMGHQ YHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG

(99) HQOHHIRPJHYLQJ JHOXLGHPLVVLH

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

(101) ZHJHQ YHUNHHUVOXZ WH PDNHQ 'H RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW ZRUGW EHRRUGHHOG RS YHUVFKLOOHQGH HIIHFWHQ RS ODQGHOLMN VFKDDOQLYHDX QDWXXU RQWZLNNHOLQJ GLHUSRSXODWLHV

(102)  SHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW UHL]LJHUVNLORPHWHUV LQWHQVLWHLWHQ YDQ KHW ZHJYHUNHHU

(103)  EHUHLNEDDUKHLG FRQJHVWLH HQ EHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQ

(104) HPLVVLHVYHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGJHOXLGEHODVWLQJGRRUYHUNHHU 'HUHVWYDQGLWUDSSRUWLVDOVYROJWLQJHGHHOG+RRIGVWXNEHVFKULMIWGHXLWJDQJVSXQWHQYDQ GH UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW HQ RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW +RRIGVWXN  EHVFKULMIW GH PHWKRGLHN GLH.

(105) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. JHKDQWHHUGLVELMGHSURJQRVHYDQGHYHUVFKLOOHQGHHIIHFWHQ'HKRRIGVWXNNHQWRWHQPHW EHVFKULMYHQ GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW RS QDWXXU SHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW EHUHLNEDDUKHLG JHOXLG HQ YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLG +RRIGVWXN  EHVFKULMIW GH FRQFOXVLHV HQ HHQ GLVFXVVLHRYHUGHUHVXOWDWHQHQPHWKRGLHNYDQGH]HYHUNHQQHQGHVWXGLH.

(106) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.

(107) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. . %HVFKULMYLQJUHIHUHQWLHHQRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW. . ,QWURGXFWLH. ,QGH]HVWXGLHLVHHQUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWHQHHQRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWRSJHVWHOGRPGHHIIHFWHQ YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ WH NXQQHQ EHSDOHQ 8LWJDQJVSXQW YRRU GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW LV KHW UDSSRUW µ'H ZHJ PpW GH PLQVWH ZHHUVWDQG 2SJDYH RQWVQLSSHULQJ¶ 5HLMQHQ HW DO 

(108) ZDDULQORFDWLHV]LMQDDQJHJHYHQZDDUKHWRSKHIIHQYDQEDUULqUHZHUNLQJYDQLQIUDVWUXFWXXUKHW JURRWVWH QDWXXUUHQGHPHQWKHHIW'H RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW LV HHQ XLWZHUNLQJ YDQ ppQ YDQ GH YLHURPJHYLQJVVFHQDULR V6DPHQZHUNHQGH:HUHOGYDQGHWZHHGH1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJ 19.

(109)  3DUDJUDDI  EHVFKULMIW GH UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW SDUDJUDDI  GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW 3DUDJUDDIJHHIWGHUHODWLHYDQGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWPHWGH19.VFHQDULR¶VDDQ. . 8LWJDQJVSXQWHQUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW.  $OJHPHHQ 2PGHHIIHFWHQYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJWHNXQQHQEHSDOHQLVHHQUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWRSJHVWHOGZDDULQ JHHQ RQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQ ZRUGHQ YHURQGHUVWHOG 'H UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW EHVFKULMIW GH UXLPWHOLMNHHQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOH RQWZLNNHOLQJHQYRRUGHSHULRGH9RRUZDWEHWUHIW GHPRJUDILVFKH HQ VRFLDDOHFRQRPLVFKH RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ LV XLWJHJDDQ YDQ KHW ]RJHQRHPGH (XURSHDQ &RRUGLQDWLRQ VFHQDULR &3% 

(110)  PHW HHQ PLGGHOKRJH SURJQRVH YRRU GH HFRQRPLVFKHJURHLHQEHYRONLQJVRQWZLNNHOLQJ 9RRUZDWEHWUHIWGHUXLPWHOLMNHRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQZRQHQHQZHUNHQLQ1HGHUODQGLVXLWJHJDDQ YDQGH]RJHQRHPGHµFRPSDFWH¶YHUVWHGHOLMNLQJVYDULDQW ]LH*RHWJHOXNHWDO*HXUV 5LWVHPDYDQ(FN

(111) ,QGH]HYDULDQWLVJHHQUHNHQLQJJHKRXGHQPHWGHUHDOLVDWLHYDQGH EHOHLGVYRRUQHPHQV XLW GH 9LMIGH 1RWD RYHU GH 5XLPWHOLMNH 2UGHQLQJ 9520 E

(112)  XLWJHJDDQZRUGWYDQKHWEHOHLGXLWGH$FWXDOLVHULQJYDQKHW9LHUGH 1RWD([WUD $F9,1(;

(113) 9520D

(114)  9RRUZDWEHWUHIWYHUNHHUVHQYHUYRHUEHOHLGHQLQIUDVWUXFWXXURQWZLNNHOLQJHQLVXLWJHJDDQYDQ GHUHDOLVDWLHYDQGHYRRUQHPHQVXLWKHW1DWLRQDOH9HUNHHUVHQ9HUYRHUSODQ 1993

(115) 'H]H YDULDQW ZRUGW LQ GH RQGHUVWDDQGH SDUDJUDDI  EHVFKUHYHQ 'H XLWJDQJVSXQWHQ YRRU GH JHOXLGVSURJQRVHVZRUGHQLQSDUDJUDDIQDGHUWRHJHOLFKW.

(116) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.  8LWJDQJVSXQWHQLQIUDVWUXFWXXU $OV. XLWJDQJVSXQW YRRU GH LQIUDVWUXFWXXURQWZLNNHOLQJHQ LV HHQ EHVWDDQG VFHQDULR YDQ KHW /DQGHOLMN0RGHO6\VWHHP ]LHRRNSDUDJUDDI

(117) JHEUXLNW GDWGRRUGH$GYLHVGLHQVW9HUNHHU HQ 9HUYRHU LV RSJHVWHOG YRRU GH SURJQRVH YDQ GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ 1993EHOHLGVRSWLHV ]LH $99

(118) =LHYRRUHHQXLWJHEUHLGHWRHOLFKWLQJ 5$1'(XURSH

(119)  . ,QGHUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWZRUGWYRRUZDWEHWUHIWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHOHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQXLWJHJDDQYDQ GH XLWYRHULQJ YDQ D

(120)  GH LQIUDVWUXFWXXUSURMHFWHQ XLW KHW UHDOLVDWLHSURJUDPPD HQ GH SODQVWXGLHSURMHFWHQ YDQ KHW 0HHUMDUHQSURJUDPPD ,QIUDVWUXFWXXU HQ 7UDQVSRUW 0,7

(121)   9 : D

(122)  E

(123)  KHW %HUHLNEDDUKHLGV2IIHQVLHI 5DQGVWDG %25

(124)  7. 

(125)  HQ F

(126)  GH EHOHLGVYRRUQHPHQV XLW KHW 1DWLRQDOH 9HUNHHUV HQ 9HUYRHUSODQ 1993

(127)  7. 

(128)  'H]H YRRUQHPHQV EHVWDDQ XLW HHQ PL[ YDQ EHQXWWLQJVPDDWUHJHOHQ XLWEUHLGLQJVORFDWLHV YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXUHQSULMVPDDWUHJHOHQ'HYROJHQGH1993PDDWUHJHOHQ]LMQYHURQGHUVWHOG q YDULDELOLVDWLHYDQGH0RWRU5LMWXLJHQ%HODVWLQJ 05%

(129) HQYDQGHDDQVFKDIEHODVWLQJ RSSHUVRQHQDXWR¶V %30

(130)  q FRQJHVWLHKHIILQJ ]RZHO ELQQHQ DOV EXLWHQ GH VSLWVSHULRGHQ 'H FRQJHVWLHKHIILQJ ZRUGW JHKHYHQ RS FRQJHVWLHJHYRHOLJH ZHJYDNNHQ RS ]RZHO KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHW DOV RS KHW RQGHUOLJJHQG ZHJHQQHW 0HW GH FRQJHVWLHKHIILQJ NRPW KHW VSLWVWDULHI XLW KHW %HUHLNEDDUKHLGV2IIHQVLHI 5DQGVWDG WH YHUYDOOHQ 9HUGHU ZRUGHQ HHQ NOHLQ DDQWDO EHWDDOVWURNHQYHURQGHUVWHOG q ERXZHQRSORFDWLHVZDDUQDLQYRHULQJYDQERYHQJHQRHPGHPDDWUHJHOHQQRJFRQJHVWLHRS KHWKRRIGZHJHQQHWRQWVWDDWLQGHGDOXUHQ q HHQ EHQXWWLQJVSURJUDPPD JHULFKW RS PHHU VDPHQKDQJ HQ DIVWHPPLQJ YDQ EHVWDDQGH PDDWUHJHOHQ 'LW SURJUDPPD UHVXOWHHUW LQ HHQ JHQHULHNH FDSDFLWHLWVYHUKRJLQJ YDQ KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHWYDQ'DDUQDDVWZRUGWLQYRHULQJYDQµFRPSDFWULMGHQ¶RSGHULQJZHJHQ URQG GH VWDGVJHZHVWHQ YHURQGHUVWHOG KHW YHUJURWHQ YDQ GH ZHJFDSDFLWHLW GRRU RS GH]HOIGHEUHHGWHPHHUYRHUWXLJHQPHWHHQODJHUHVQHOKHLG PD[NPXXU

(131) QDDVWHONDDU WHODWHQULMGHQ . . . . 1DDVW LQIUDVWUXFWXXUEHOHLG ZRUGW LQ GH UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW XLWJHJDDQ YDQ GH UHDOLVDWLH YDQ KHW EHOHLG PHW EHWUHNNLQJ WRW YHUYRHUPDQDJHPHQW KHW SDUNHUHQ HQ KHW ]RJHQRHPGH $%& ORFDWLHEHOHLG XLW KHW WZHHGH 6WUXFWXXUVFKHPD 9HUNHHU HQ 9HUYRHU 699,, 

(132)  9HUGHU ZRUGW XLWJHJDDQ YDQ IRUVH LQYHVWHULQJHQ LQ KHW RSHQEDDU YHUYRHU 'H LQYHVWHULQJHQ ULFKHQ ]LFK PHW QDPH RS HHQ YHUEHWHULQJ YDQ KHW DDQJHERGHQ SURGXFW RS DIVWDQGHQ YDQ  WRW  NP+HWVWRSWUHLQHQQHWNULMJWPHHUKHWNDUDNWHUYDQOLJKWUDLOFRQFHSWPHWKRJHUHIUHTXHQWLHV HQPHHUKDOWHV1DDVWQLHXZHYHUELQGLQJHQZRUGWHHQ]ZDDUDFFHQWJHOHJGRSUHLVLQIRUPDWLH DIVWHPPLQJLQNHWHQVLPDJRYHUEHWHULQJHQHHQJHwQWHJUHHUGWDULHIHQNDDUWV\VWHHP  %LMODJHJHHIWHHQXLWJHEUHLGRYHU]LFKWYDQXLWJDQJVSXQWHQ .  . . 2RNZHO0LVFHQDULRRI%RU0L[YDULDQWJHQRHPG.

(133) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ.  8LWJDQJVSXQWHQJHOXLG . ,Q GH YLHU VFHQDULR¶V ]RDOV GLH ]LMQ XLWJHZHUNW YRRU GH 19. LV ELM GH JHOXLGEHUHNHQLQJHQ XLWJHJDDQ YDQ EHVWDDQGH JHOXLGVFHQDULR¶V YDQ GH 9LMIGH 0LOLHXYHUNHQQLQJ 09 'DVVHQ HW DOD

(134) %LMGHDQDO\VHYDQKHWHIIHFWYDQRQWVQLSSHULQJRSGHJHOXLGEHODVWLQJLVXLWJHJDDQ YDQGH1993UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWYRRUZDWEHWUHIWGHYROXPHRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQKHWZHJYHUNHHU GHYHUGHOLQJYDQKHWOLFKWHHQ]ZDUHYHUNHHUQDDU /06

(135) ZHJW\SHHQGHDDQOHJYDQQLHXZH LQIUDVWUXFWXXULQGHSHULRGHWRW1HWDOVELMGHEHUHNHQLQJHQYRRUGH09LVKLHUELMHHQ GUHPSHOZDDUGH YDQ  G% $

(136)  WRHJHSDVW RS GH JHOXLGEHODVWLQJ LQ QLHXZERXZORFDWLHV ,PSOLFLHW LV KLHUPHH YHURQGHUVWHOG GDW ELM QLHXZERXZ PDDWUHJHOHQ ]XOOHQ ZRUGHQ JHQRPHQ GLHYRRUNyPHQGDWGHJHOXLGEHODVWLQJRSZRQLQJHQKRJHULVGDQG% $

(137) /  HWPDDO. ,Q. GH XLWZHUNLQJ YDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW LV JHHQ UHNHQLQJ PHHU JHKRXGHQ PHW GH YHURQGHUVWHOOLQJ GDW KHW YUDFKWYHUNHHU VWLOOHU ZRUGW +LHUGRRU HQ GRRU KHW DO DDQJHVWLSWH YHUVFKLO LQ KHW ZHJHQQHWZHUN LV KHW UHVXOWDDW YDQ GH JHOXLGEHUHNHQLQJ DDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW QLHW ]RQGHU PHHU YHUJHOLMNEDDU PHW GH UHVXOWDWHQ YDQ GH JHOXLGEHUHNHQLQJ DDQGHDQGHUH19.VFHQDULR¶V2PGDW KHW µ1993 VFHQDULR¶ LV EHUHNHQG PHW pQ ]RQGHU RQWVQLSSHULQJ ]LMQ GH UHVXOWDWHQ YDQ GH]H EHUHNHQLQJHQ ZHO GLUHFW RQGHUOLQJ YHUJHOLMNEDDU,QGH09LVYHUGHUYHURQGHUVWHOGGDWLQDOOHULMNVZHJHQYRRU]LHQ]XOOHQ ]LMQ YDQ =HHU 2SHQ $VIDOW %HWRQ =2$%

(138)  +LHUGRRU QHHPW GH JHOXLGHPLVVLH YDQ KHW WRWDOH ZDJHQSDUNQRJHHQVH[WUDPHWG%DI . . 8LWJDQJVSXQWHQ2QWVQLSSHULQJYDULDQW. ,QGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW]LMQZLM]LJLQJHQDDQJHEUDFKWLQKHWLQIUDVWUXFWXXUQHWZHUNYDQGH. UHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWYDQ+HWEHODQJULMNVWHXLWJDQJVSXQWLVGHVWXGLHµ'HZHJPpWGHPLQVWH ZHHUVWDQG2SJDYHRQWVQLSSHULQJ¶YDQ$OWHUUDHQKHW([SHUWLVHFHQWUXP/19 5HLMQHQHWDO 

(139)  ZDDULQ ORFDWLHV ZRUGHQ DDQJHJHYHQ ZDDU KHW RSKHIIHQ YDQ EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXUKHWJURRWVWHQDWXXUUHQGHPHQWKHHIW'H]H]RJHQRHPGHµORFDWLHVPHWSULRULWHLW¶ ]LMQ ORFDWLHV ZDDU ULMNV SURYLQFLDOH HQ RYHULJH ZHJHQ GLUHFWH HIIHFWHQ KHEEHQ RS GH GXXU]DDPKHLG YDQ GLHUSRSXODWLHV 'XXU]DDPKHLG LV KLHUELM XLWJHGUXNW DOV HHQ NDQV RS XLWVWHUYHQYDQPLQGHUGDQLQMDDU'H]HORFDWLHV]LMQJHEDVHHUGRSDQDO\VHVPHWKHW PRGHO /$5&+ ]LH RRN SDUDJUDDI 

(140)  YRRU HHQ DDQWDO NHQPHUNHQGH HQ EDUULqUHJHYRHOLJH GLHUVRRUWHQ QRRUGVH HQ URVVH ZRHOPXLV ]DQGKDJHGLV DGGHU ERRPPDUWHU RWWHU

(141)  /RFDWLHV PHW SULRULWHLW ]LMQ KLHUELM DDQJHGXLG DOV ORFDWLHV ZDDUELM KHW YHUOLHV DDQ GXXU]DDPKHLG YDQ GLHUSRSXODWLHV XLWVOXLWHQG KHW JHYROJ LV YDQ GH EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ YDQ YHUNHHUVZHJHQ HQ ZDDUELMRQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQGDQRRNHIIHFWLHINXQQHQ]LMQ 5HLMQHQHWDO 

(142) JHYHQJHHQFRQFUHWHRQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQSHUORFDWLH+HWUDSSRUW VWHOWGDWRQWVQLSSHUHQ]RZHONDQGRRUIDXQDSDVVDJHV]RDOVHFRGXFWHQHQGDVVHQWXQQHOVPDDU RRN GRRU ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ KHW ZHJHQSDWURRQ ZDDUELM VRPPLJH ZHJHQ ZRUGHQ DIJHVORWHQ RI YHUNHHUVOXZZRUGHQJHPDDNW,QGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWLVYHURQGHUVWHOGGDW.

(143) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. q RQWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHV RS KHW SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQQHW ZRUGHQ RSJHORVW . GRRU GH]H YHUNHHUVOXZ WH PDNHQ GDW ZLO ]HJJHQ PRGHOPDWLJ GH ZHJYDNNHQ HHQ ODJH VQHOKHLG PHH WH JHYHQ 9RRU SURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ LV HHQ VQHOKHLG YDQ  NPXXU YHURQGHUVWHOGYRRUJHPHHQWHOLMNHZHJHQNPXXU q RQWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHV RS KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHW QLHW ZRUGHQ DDQJHSDNW GRRU GH]H YHUNHHUVOXZWHPDNHQYDQZHJHGHEHODQJULMNHYHUNHHUVIXQFWLHYDQKHWKRRIGZHJHQQHW 2QWVQLSSHULQJVORFDWLHV NXQQHQ ZRUGHQ DDQJHSDNW GRRU WHFKQLVFKH PDDWUHJHOHQ ELMYRRUEHHOG LQ GH YRUP YDQ IDXQDSDVVDJHV HFRGXFWHQ

(144)  ,Q GH]H VWXGLH ZRUGHQ JHHQ RQWVQLSSHULQJVPDDWUHJHOHQDDQKHWKRRIGZHJHQQHWYHURQGHUVWHOG . )LJXXU  JHHIW HHQ LOOXVWUDWLH YDQ HHQ ZHJ GLH LQ GH KXLGLJH VLWXDWLH HHQ QDWXXUJHELHG. GRRUVQLMGHQGLHQDRQWVQLSSHULQJHHQYROOHGLJDQGHUHXLWVWUDOLQJKHHIWJHNUHJHQ . . )LJXXU,OOXVWUDWLHYDQHHQKHUSURILOHULQJYDQHHQRQWVQLSSHUGHZHJYRRUHQQDVLWXDWLH.

(145) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 2S EDVLV YDQ GH ERYHQJHQRHPGH XLWJDQJVSXQWHQ LV HHQ RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW JHGHILQLHHUG. ZDDUELMGHORFDWLHVPHWSULRULWHLW]RDOVJHQRHPGLQGHELMODJHYDQGH2SJDYH2QWVQLSSHULQJ 5HLMQHQ HW DO 

(146)  YHUNHHUVOXZ ]LMQ JHPDDNW 'H]H ORFDWLHV ]LMQ SHU JHELHG JHFDWHJRULVHHUG'HYROJHQGHJHELHGHQ]LMQGDDUELMRQGHUVFKHLGHQ q 9HOXZHHQRPJHYLQJppQ q 8WUHFKWVH+HXYHOUXJXLWNRUVHW q 1DWWH$VYDQ)ULHVODQGWRW=HHODQG q %ODXZHSRRUWHQURQG$PVWHUGDP q 'UHQWV%ROZHUN±JURHQYHUERQGHQ q 7ZHQWH6DOODQG*UDDIVFKDSJHVFKDNHOG q .UDOHQVQRHUHQURRGJUHLHQLQKHW%UDEDQWVHODQG q 'ZDUVOHDVLHVXLWGH/LPEXUJVH5XJJHJUDDW        . )LJXXU  JHHIW DOOH LQIUDVWUXFWXXUPDDWUHJHOHQ YDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW ZHHU LQFOXVLHI KHW1993EHOHLG D ORFDWLHVRSKHW]RJHQRHPGHµGRRUVWURRPQHW¶ZDDUGHFDSDFLWHLWYDQGHZHJHQLVYHUJURRW WRW[ULMVWURNHQ E GH RYHULJH ORFDWLHV PHW LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOH XLWEUHLGLQJHQ XLW KHW %HUHLNEDDUKHLGV2IIHQVLHI 5DQGVWDG %25

(147)  F GHORFDWLHVPHWH[WUDXLWEUHLGLQJHQWHQRS]LFKWHYDQKHW%25 G GH ORFDWLHV PHW KHW ]RJHQRHPGH µFRPSDFW ULMGHQ¶ YHUJURWLQJ ZHJFDSDFLWHLW GRRU HHQ ODJHUHULMVQHOKHLG

(148)  H GH SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ GLH FRQIRUP 5HLMQHQ HW DO 

(149)  ]LMQ RQWVQLSSHUG.

(150) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. %RU0L[ 0L

(151)  PHWRQWVQLSSHULQJ YHUJURWLQJFDSDFLWHLW GRRUVWURRPQHW

(152) FRPSDFWULMGHQ ERXZHQ%25 H[WUDERXZHQ1993 RQWVQLSSHULQJSURYLQFLDOH ZHJHQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ JHPHHQWHOLMNHZHJHQ. )LJXXU  /RFDWLHV YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ RS SURYLQFLDOH HQ JHPHHQWHOLMNH ZHJHQ HQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOHZLM]LJLQJHQLQGHSHULRGHYROJHQVGHUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQW %URQ5DQG(XURSH 

(153).

(154) 5,90UDSSRUW. . SDJYDQ. 5HODWLHPHWGH19.VFHQDULR¶V. 'HRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWLVppQYDQGHYLHUVFHQDULR¶VXLWGHWZHHGH1DWXXUYHUNHQQLQJKHW VFHQDULR 6DPHQZHUNHQGH :HUHOG 7DEHO  JHHIW HHQ RYHU]LFKW YDQ GH VFHQDULRLQYXOOLQJ YDQ GH YLHU VFHQDULR¶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

(155). ,QGLYLGXDOLVWLVFKH 5HJLR. 6DPHQZHUNHQGH UHJLR. 'HPRJUDILH. KRJH EHYRONLQJVJURHL (&

(156). KRJHEHYRONLQJVJURHL (&

(157). KRJH EHYRONLQJVJURHL (&

(158). KRJH EHYRONLQJVJURHL (&

(159). (FRQRPLH. KRJHHFRQRPLVFKH JURHL *&

(160). PLGGHOKRJHHFRQRPLVFKH JURHL (&

(161). KRJHHFRQRPLVFKH PLGGHOKRJH JURHL *&

(162) HFRQRPLVFKHJURHL (&

(163). :HJ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU. ZHLQLJQLHXZH EHWHUHEHQXWWLQJEHSULM]LQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU 0,7

(164) DXWRYHUNHHUHQERXZQLHXZH LQIUDVWUXFWXXU0,7 %25HQKHW1993DOVPHGH RQWVQLSSHULQJYDQKHW ZHJHQQHW. ZHLQLJQLHXZH LQIUDVWUXFWXXU 0,7

(165). ZHLQLJQLHXZH LQIUDVWUXFWXXU 0,7

(166). :HJGHN :DJHQSDUN WRY

(167). =2$% PLQGHUVWLO. =2$% DOOHHQVWLOOHUYUDFKWYHUNHHU. =2$% DOOHHQVWLOOHU YUDFKWYHUNHHU. 'XEEHOODDJV=2$% IRUVVWLOOHU. 6SRRUZHJHQ /XFKWYDDUW. JHHQLQJUHHS YUDDJFDSDFLWHLW ZRUGWRS6FKLSKRO JHUHDOLVHHUG. VWLOOHWUHLQZDJRQV YOLHJYHOGRSHLODQGLQ]HH WHUPLQDOEOLMIWRS6FKLSKRO VWUHQJHJHOXLGVQRUPHQDDQ YOLHJWXLJHQ. JHHQLQJUHHS YOLHJYHUNHHU ZRUGWYHUGHHOG RYHUPHHUGHUH YOLHJYHOGHQ. VWLOOHWUHLQZDJRQV 6FKLSKROEOLMIWRS KXLGLJH ORFDWLHVWUHQJH JHOXLGVQRUPHQDDQ YOLHJWXLJHQ.

(168) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW.

(169) 5,90UDSSRUW. . 0HWKRGLHNHIIHFWHQEHUHNHQLQJHQ. . ,QGLFDWRUNHX]H. SDJYDQ. 9RRUGHSURJQRVHYDQGHHIIHFWHQYDQGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW]LMQYHUVFKLOOHQGHLQGLFDWRUHQ JHNR]HQ GLHGH HIIHFWHQ YDQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ YDQ QDWXXUJHELHGHQ EHVFKULMYHQ RS QDWXXU HQ GH PHQVDOVZHJJHEUXLNHUHQEHZRQHU'HLQGLFDWRUNHX]HLVDIKDQNHOLMNYDQGHEHOHLGVUHOHYDQWLH UHODWLH PHW EHOHLGVGRHOHQ

(170)  ZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMNH UHOHYDQWLH HQ GH EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG YDQ JHJHYHQV9RRUZDWEHWUHIWEHOHLGVGRHOHQ]LMQLQGLFDWRUHQRSJHQRPHQGLH]LMQJHUHODWHHUGDDQ KHW KXLGLJH EHOHLG ]RDOV GDW LV JHIRUPXOHHUG LQ KHW 1DWLRQDOH 9HUNHHUV HQ 9HUYRHUV3ODQ 1993

(171)  7. 

(172)  ZDDULQ GRHOHQ ]LMQ RSJHQRPHQ RYHU GH RQWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ EHUHLNEDDUKHLG YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLG HQ RQWVQLSSHULQJ HQ KHW 1DWLRQDDO 0LOLHXEHOHLGV3ODQ  103

(173)  9520D

(174) ZDDULQRQGHUPHHUJHOXLGVGRHOHQ]LMQRSJHQRPHQ &RQFUHHW]LMQGHYROJHQGHLQGLFDWRUHQGRRUJHUHNHQG  (IIHFWHQ RS QDWXXU XLWJHGUXNW LQ GH SRWHQWLsOH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW YDQ JHELHGHQ YRRU EHSDDOGHEDUULqUHJHYRHOLJHGLHUVRRUWHQ+HWJDDW]RZHORPNOHLQHUHGLHUVRRUWHQ ]RDOVGH DGGHUHQGHERRPPDUWHU

(175) DOVRPJURWHUHGLHUVRRUWHQ HGHOKHUWZLOG]ZLMQ

(176)   'H RPYDQJ YDQ GH SHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW SHU YHUYRHUZLM]H DXWR RSHQEDDU YHUYRHU HQ ODQJ]DDPYHUNHHU

(177)   %HUHLNEDDUKHLGXLWJHGUXNWLQ q RQWZLNNHOLQJYDQYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQ'LWLVHHQJHDJJUHJHHUGHPDDWYRRUFRQJHVWLH ZDDUELMHHQYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQKHWYHUVFKLOSHUYRHUWXLJZHHUJHHIWWXVVHQHHQUHLVWLMG PHWRSRQWKRXGGRRUGUXNWHRSGHZHJHQGHUHLVWLMG]RQGHUHQLJRSRQWKRXG q LQWHQVLWHLWFDSDFLWHLWYHUKRXGLQJHQ RS KHW ZHJHQQHW 'LW LV HHQ PDDW RP FRQJHVWLHORFDWLHVRSKHWZHJHQQHWWHNXQQHQYLVXDOLVHUHQ q EHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQEHVWHPPLQJHQSHUDXWR+HWJDDWKLHUELMRPKHWSRWHQWLsOHDDQWDO EDQHQ LQZRQHUV HQ KHFWDUH QDWXXU GDW SHU DXWR EHUHLNW NDQ ZRUGHQ YDQXLW ZRRQORFDWLHV 'LW W\SH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDDW KRXGW ]RZHO UHNHQLQJ PHW GH RQWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ UHLVWLMGHQ RQGHU PHHU GRRU ZLM]LJLQJHQ LQ FRQJHVWLH HQ YHUWUDJLQJHQ

(178) DOVPHWGHUXLPWHOLMNHVSUHLGLQJYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQ  (IIHFWHQRSJHOXLGVEHODVWLQJGRRUZHJYHUNHHUXLWJHGUXNWLQ q KHWJHOXLGEHODVW ODQG

(179) RSSHUYODN JURWHUGDQG% $

(180) /

(181)  q KHWRSSHUYODNWH(FRORJLVFKH+RRIGVWUXFWXXU (+6

(182) PHWHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJJURWHUGDQ 'H]HLQGLFDWRULVJHUHODWHHUGDDQGH1993HQ103GRHOHQRP G% $

(183) / LQJHHQYHUVOHFKWHULQJYDQGHDNRHVWLVFKHNZDOLWHLWLQGH(+6WHUHDOLVHUHQHQLQ  GH JHZHQVWH DNRHVWLVFKH NZDOLWHLW LQ GH (+6 WH UHDOLVHUHQ 'H DNRHVWLVFKH NZDOLWHLWZRUGWLQGHQRWD¶VYRRUDOVQRJQLHW JHNZDQWLILFHHUG ,QGH]HVWXGLHYRRUGH DNRHVWLVFKHNZDOLWHLWKHWJHEUXLNHOLMNHJHOXLGQLYHDXYDQG% $

(184) JHQRPHQ q KHWDDQWDOLQZRQHUVGDWZRUGWEORRWJHVWHOGDDQHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJJURWHUGDQ HQG% $

(185) /  (IIHFWHQRSYHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLGXLWJHGUXNWLQULVLFR VRSDDQWDOOHQOHWVHOVODFKWRIIHUVHQ DDQWDO GRGHOLMNH VODFKWRIIHUV 'H]H LQGLFDWRU LV JHUHODWHHUG DDQ GH 1993GRHOVWHOOLQJHQ . . . . HWPDDO. . $HTXXU. . HWPDDO.

(186) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. RP LQ  HHQ GDOLQJ YDQ KHW DDQWDO GRGHQ LQ KHW ZHJYHUNHHU PHW  HQ ]LHNHQKXLVJHZRQGHQPHWWHEHUHLNHQ 3HULQGLFDWRUZRUGWLQGHRQGHUVWDDQGHSDUDJUDIHQGHPHWKRGLHNNRUWEHVFKUHYHQ. . 1DWXXU. 'H HIIHFWHQ YDQ QDWXXU ]LMQ EHUHNHQG PHW EHKXOS YDQ KHW PRGHO /$5&+6&$1 3RXZHOV 

(187) GDWRQGHUGHHOLVYDQGH1DWXXUSODQQHU $ONHPDGHHWDO

(188) ,Q/$5&+ZRUGWRS EDVLV YDQ YHJHWDWLHW\SHQ HQ UXLPWHOLMNH VDPHQKDQJ GDDULQ GH KDELWDWNZDOLWHLW HQ NDQV RS YRRUNRPHQ YDQ HHQ EHSDDOGH GLHUVRRUW EHUHNHQG 'H WRHNRPVWLJH YHJHWDWLHW\SHQ ]LMQ UXLPWHOLMN JHPRGHOOHHUG PHW KHW VXFFHVVLHPRGHO 60$576802 HQ ZRUGHQ DOV JULGV FHOJURRWWH[P

(189) LQ /$5&+LQJHYRHUG$DQJH]LHQHUTXDYHJHWDWLHJHHQYHUVFKLO LV WXVVHQGHRQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQWHQGHUHIHUHQWLHYDULDQWZRUGWKLHUQLHWYHUGHURSLQJHJDDQ 1DDVWGHYHJHWDWLHW\SHQKRXGW/$5&+UHNHQLQJPHWEDUULqUHZHUNLQJYDQLQIUDVWUXFWXXU 9DQ GHU +RHN HW DO 

(190)  'H]H LV KHW JHYROJ YDQ KHW GRRUVQLMGHQ YDQ OHHIJHELHGHQ GRRU YHUNHHUVZHJHQ'HPDWHYDQEDUULqUHZHUNLQJ LQ/$5&+GRRUODDWEDDUKHLGJHQRHPG

(191) ZRUGW EHUHNHQG RS EDVLV YDQ YHUNHHUVLQWHQVLWHLWHQ XLWJHGUXNW LQ KHW DDQWDO PRWRUYRHUWXLJHQ SHU HWPDDO

(192)  HQ HHQ VRRUWVSHFLILHNH SDUDPHWHU (HUVW ZRUGHQ GH YHUNHHUVLQWHQVLWHLWHQ RS KHW ZHJHQQHW YHUJULG YHUYROJHQV ZRUGW GH ]RJHQRHPGH GRRUODDWEDDUKHLG SHU JULGFHO EHUHNHQG 'H GRRUODDWEDDUKHLG LV HHQ JHWDO WXVVHQ GH  QLHW GRRUODDWEDDU ELM ]HHU GUXNNH ZHJHQ

(193)  WRW ELMQD  PD[LPDDO GRRUODDWEDDU ELM ]HHU UXVWLJH ZHJHQ

(194)  'H GRRUODDWEDDUKHLG '

(195)  LV HHQ QHJDWLHIH[SRQHQWLsOH

(196) IXQFWLHYDQGHHWPDDOLQWHQVLWHLWHQHHQVRRUWVSHFLILHNH FRQVWDQWH E

(197)  ' H 'HVRRUWVSHFLILHNHSDUDPHWHUJHHIWGHYHUVFKLOOHQLQRYHUVWHHNEDDUKHLGDDQ =RLVYRRUHHQDGGHUHHQZHJDOVQHOHHQDEVROXWHEDUULqUHRPGDW]HRSJODGGHRSSHUYODNNHQ ]LFK VOHFKWV WUDDJ NXQQHQ EHZHJHQ HQ GRRU KXQ OHQJWH GH NDQV JURRW LV GDW ]H GRRU HHQ YRHUWXLJ ZRUGHQ JHUDDNW 9RRU HHQ ]DQGKDJHGLV YRUPHQ DOOHHQ ZHJHQ PHW UHODWLHI KRJH LQWHQVLWHLWHQ HHQ DEVROXWH EDUULqUH 9RRU GH JURWHUH GLHUVRRUWHQ YRUPHQ ZHJHQ QRRLW HHQ DEVROXWHEDUULqUHPDDUYHUNHHUVVWHUIWHNDQORNDDOZHOSHUPDQHQWHYHVWLJLQJYRRUNRPHQ . E LQWHQVLWHLW. 9HUGHUNXQQHQZHJHQORNDOHSRSXODWLHVYDQHHQVRRUWRSGHOHQ FRPSDUWLPHQWHUHQ

(198) KHWJHHQ YDQLQYORHGLVRSGHNDQVRSYRRUNRPHQ NOHLQHUHORNDOHSRSXODWLHVKHEEHQHQODJHUHNDQV

(199)  'LW HIIHFW WUHHGW SDV RS ELM HHQ EHSDDOGH PLQLPXPZDDUGH YDQ GH YHUNHHUVLQWHQVLWHLW GH]H ZDDUGHLVVRRUWVSHFLILHN %XLWHQ GH YHJHWDWLHVWUXFWXXU HQ EDUULqUHZHUNLQJ KRXGW /$5&+ UHNHQLQJ PHW HHQ DDQWDO VRRUWVSHFLILHNH SDUDPHWHUV ]RDOV GH GLVSHUVLHFDSDFLWHLW PRJHOLMNKHLG YDQ HHQ VRRUW RP DQGHUHOHHIJHELHGHQWHEHUHLNHQ

(200) =RNDQHHQHGHOKHUW]LFKRYHUJURWHUHDIVWDQGHQYHUSODDWVHQ GDQHHQ]DQGKDJHGLV /$5&+EHUHNHQWYHUYROJHQVKHWSRWHQWLsOHYRRUNRPHQYRRUHONHVRRUWHQYRRUHONHJULGFHO 'H]HZDDUGHJHHIWDDQKRHYHUUHGHVLWXDWLHLQGHJULGFHODIZLMNWYDQGHµRSWLPDOH¶VLWXDWLH'H.

(201) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. SRWHQWLsOH NDQV RS YRRUNRPHQ ZLO QLHW ]HJJHQ GDW HHQ VRRUW LQ HHQ EHSDDOG JHELHG RRN GDDGZHUNHOLMN YRRU ]DO NRPHQ =R ZRUGW ELMYRRUEHHOG EHUHNHQG GDW GH NZDOLWHLW YDQ KHW (GHOKHUWLQGH+ROODQGVHGXLQHQKRRJLVWHUZLMOKHWGDDUPRPHQWHHOQLHWYRRUNRPWHQGDDULQ  RRN QLHW YRRU ]DO NRPHQ WHQ]LM KHW NXQVWPDWLJ

(202)  ZRUGW JHwQWURGXFHHUG +HW SRWHQWLsOH YRRUNRPHQYDQHHQGLHUVRRUWLVHHQLQGLFDWRUYRRUGHKDELWDWNZDOLWHLWYDQJHELHGHQYRRUGH GHVEHWUHIIHQGHGLHUVRRUW=LH7HQ%ULQNHWDO 

(203) YRRUHHQXLWJHEUHLGHEHVSUHNLQJYDQGH EHUHNHQLQJYDQQDWXXUNZDOLWHLW9DQGHU+RHNHWDO 

(204) JDDWVSHFLILHNLQRSGHPHWKRGLHN HQRSHUDWLRQDOLVDWLHYDQEDUULqUHZHUNLQJGRRULQIUDVWUXFWXXULQ/$5&+ ,Q/$5&+ZRUGWGHKDELWDWNZDOLWHLWYDQYHOHYHUVFKLOOHQGHGLHUVRRUWHQJHPRGHOOHHUG9RRU GH]HVWXGLH]LMQHHQDDQWDOGLHUVRRUWHQJHVHOHFWHHUGGLHJHYRHOLJ]LMQYRRUGHDDQZH]LJKHLGHQ JHEUXLNYDQZHJLQIUDVWUXFWXXU RIZHOEDUULqUHJHYRHOLJHVRRUWHQ

(205) +HWJDDW]RZHORPNOHLQHUH GLHUVRRUWHQ GHDGGHUGH]DQGKDJHGLVHQGHERRPPDUWHU

(206) DOVRPJURWHUHGLHUVRRUWHQ HGHOKHUW HQ ZLOG ]ZLMQ

(207)  'H JHNR]HQ GLHUVRRUWHQ ]LMQ YHUGHU GRHOVRRUWHQ YRRU KHW QDWXXUEHOHLG ERRPPDUWHU DGGHU ]DQGKDJHGLV

(208)  HQRI ]LMQ NDUDNWHULVWLHN YRRU GLHUVRRUWHQ YRRUNRPHQG LQ HHQ EHSDDOG YHJHWDWLHW\SH =R NRPW GH DGGHU RRN LQGLFDWLHI YRRU DQGHUH VODQJHQ

(209)  YRRU LQ QDWWHHQYRFKWLJHYHJHWDWLHW\SHQ RDYRFKWLJHKHLGHJHELHGHQYRRUDORSGH9HOXZH'UHQWH HQ )ULHVODQG

(210)  GH ]DQGKDJHGLV LQ GURJH YHJHWDWLHW\SHQ GURJH KHLGH HQ RSHQ GXLQHQ RS GH 9HOXZH HQ GH NXVWGXLQHQ

(211)  GH ERRPPDUWHU YRRU NOHLQH ]RRJGLHUHQ LQ NOHLQHUH HQ JURWHUH

(212) ERVJHELHGHQ HQ KHW HGHOKHUW RRN LQGLFDWLHI YRRU UHHsQ

(213)  HQ KHW ZLOG ]ZLMQ YRRU JURWH HQ PLGGHOJURWH]RRJGLHUHQLQ JURWH

(214) ERVJHELHGHQ. . 3HUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW. 'HHIIHFWHQRSSHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLW]LMQEHUHNHQGPHWKHW/DQGHOLMN0RGHOV\VWHHP9HUNHHUHQ 9HUYRHU /06

(215)  YDQ GH $GYLHVGLHQVW 9HUNHHU HQ 9HUYRHU /06

(216)  +HW /06 LV HHQ UHNHQLQVWUXPHQWYRRUKHWPDNHQYDQSURJQRVHVYRRUKHWSHUVRQHQYHUYRHURSGHPLGGHOODQJH HQODQJHWHUPLMQ ]LH+&*

(217) +HW/06SURJQRWLVHHUWKHWDDQWDOUHL]LJHUVNLORPHWHUVSHU YHUYRHUZLM]H DXWR EHVWXXUGHU HQ SDVVDJLHU

(218)  WUHLQ RYHULJ RSHQEDDU YHUYRHU HQ ODQJ]DDP YHUNHHU

(219) SHUYHUSODDWVLQJVPRWLHI RDZRRQZHUN]DNHOLMNZRRQVFKRROZRRQZLQNHOHWF

(220) LQ HQ WXVVHQ  GHHOJHELHGHQ RI ]RQHV 'H]H ]RQHV ]LMQ ZHHU RQGHUYHUGHHOG QDDU  VXE]RQHV GLH EHVWDDQ XLW JHPHHQWHQ RI DJJUHJDWHQ YDQ SRVWFRGHJHELHGHQ 9HUGHU SURJQRWLVHHUW KHW /06 LQWHQVLWHLWV HQ FRQJHVWLHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ RS KHW 1HGHUODQGVH KRRIGZHJHQQHWHQGHYHUYRHUYUDDJRSKHWVSRRUZHJHQQHW 'HNHUQYDQKHWPRGHOV\VWHHPZRUGWJHYRUPGGRRUHHQJURRWDDQWDOGHHOPRGHOOHQZDDUPHH DO GDQ QLHW VLPXOWDDQ

(221)  NHX]HSURFHVVHQ DOV ULMEHZLMV HQ DXWREH]LW UHLVIUHTXHQWLH YHUYRHUZLM]HNHX]HEHVWHPPLQJVNHX]HURXWHNHX]HHQWLMGVWLSNHX]HRSHHQJHGHVDJJUHJHHUG QLYHDX KXLVKRXGW\SHQ

(222) ZRUGHQJHPRGHOOHHUG 'H EHODQJULMNVWH LQYRHUYDULDEHOHQ ]LMQ GHPRJUDILVFKH YDULDEHOHQ RPYDQJ HQ VDPHQVWHOOLQJ YDQ GH EHYRONLQJ DDQWDO KXLVKRXGHQV

(223)  VRFLDDOHFRQRPLVFKH YDULDEHOHQ ZHUNJHOHJHQKHLG DDQWDOOHHUOLQJSODDWVHQULMEHZLMVEH]LW

(224) HQYDULDEHOHQGLH GHNZDOLWHLWYDQ

(225) KHWDDQERGYDQGH.

(226) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. YHUNHHUVLQIUDVWUXFWXXU NDUDNWHULVHUHQ ELMYRRUEHHOG EUDQGVWRISULM]HQ SDUNHHUWDULHYHQ 29 WDULHYHQEHVFKLNEDDUZHJHQQHW. . %HUHLNEDDUKHLG. %HUHLNEDDUKHLG LV RS YHUVFKLOOHQGH PDQLHUHQ WH RSHUDWLRQDOLVHUHQ ,Q GH]H VWXGLH ZRUGW JHNHNHQQDDURSLQIUDVWUXFWXXUJHULFKWHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQDOVQDDURSDFWLYLWHLWHQJHULFKWH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQ  2S LQIUDVWUXFWXXU JHULFKWH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQ ULFKWHQ ]LFK RS ZHHUJHYHQ YDQ GH NZDOLWHLW YDQ KHW IXQFWLRQHUHQ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXU YRRUQDPHOLMN KHW ZHJHQQHW 'LW LV ELMYRRUEHHOG XLW WH GUXNNHQ LQ GH JHUHGHQ VQHOKHLG HQ KHW RSWUHGHQ YDQ FRQJHVWLH,QGH]HVWXGLH]LMQGHYROJHQGHWZHHLQGLFDWRUHQRQGHU]RFKW q RQWZLNNHOLQJYDQKHWDDQWDOYRHUWXLJYHUOLHVXUHQLQ1HGHUODQGGH5DQGVWDGHQGHUHVWYDQ 1HGHUODQG'LWLVHHQLQGLFDWRURPRSJHDJJUHJHHUGQLYHDXGHRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQFRQJHVWLH ZHHUWHJHYHQ q RQWZLNNHOLQJYDQGHLQWHQVLWHLWFDSDFLWHLWYHUKRXGLQJRSZHJYDNNHQ'LWLVHHQLQGLFDWRU RPGHFRQJHVWLHORFDWLHVRSKHWZHJHQQHWWHYLVXDOLVHUHQ 'H]HLQGLFDWRUHQZRUGHQPHWEHKXOSYDQKHW/06EHUHNHQG . . 2SDFWLYLWHLWHQJHULFKWHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDWHQDQDO\VHUHQGHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQDFWLYLWHLWHQ YDQXLW ORFDWLHV ,Q GH]H EHQDGHULQJ ZRUGW ]RZHO UHNHQLQJ JHKRXGHQ PHW LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOH YHUDQGHULQJHQ YHUDQGHULQJ YDQ UHLVWLMGHQ GRRU FRQJHVWLH RI DDQOHJYHUEHWHULQJ YDQ ZHJHQ

(227) DOV UXLPWHOLMNH YHUDQGHULQJHQ GH RPYDQJ HQ UXLPWHOLMNH VSUHLGLQJ YDQ DFWLYLWHLWHQ

(228)  'H EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVSRWHQWLDDO LV ZHO GH EHNHQGVWH JHRJUDILVFKH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVPDDW ]LH YRRU HHQ RYHU]LFKW YDQ VWXGLHV *HXUV HQ 5LWVHPD YDQ (FN 

(229)  'H PDDW JHHIW KHW DDQWDO EHVWHPPLQJHQ ELQQHQ EHUHLN ZDDUELM HHQ DIVWDQGYHUYDOIXQFWLH ZRUGW JHEUXLNW ,Q IRUPXOHYRUPLVGLW $ = Ê ' ) G

(230) L. M. LM. M. :DDUELM$ GHUHODWLHYHEHUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQ]RQHLQDDUDOOHEHVWHPPLQJHQ 'M

(231) LQ]RQHMHQ ) GLM

(232) GHDIVWDQGYHUYDOIXQFWLH2SJHPHUNWPRHWZRUGHQGHSRWHQWLDOHQLQGLWUDSSRUWDOOHPDDO EHUHNHQG ]LMQ YROJHQV ERYHQVWDDQGH IRUPXOH ]RQGHU WRHSDVVLQJ YDQ HHQ PD[LPDOH UHLVWLMG $OOH DUEHLGVSODDWVHQ WHOOHQ GXV PHH ELM GH SRWHQWLDDOEHUHNHQLQJ YRRU HHQ EHSDDOGH ZRRQORFDWLH]LMKHWGDWDUEHLGVSODDWVHQGLHRS]HHUJURWHUHLVWLMGOLJJHQHHQ]HHUNOHLQJHZLFKW LQGHVFKDDOOHJJHQ L. ,Q YHUVFKLOOHQGH HHUGHUH VWXGLHV ]LMQ RS EDVLV YDQ PRGHOUHVXOWDWHQ YDQ KHW /DQGHOLMN 0RGHOV\VWHHP /06

(233) EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVDQDO\VHVYHUULFKW=LHYRRUHHQXLWJHEUHLGHWRHOLFKWLQJ YDQGHPHWKRGLHN*HXUV 5LWVHPDYDQ(FN*HXUV 5LWVHPDYDQ(FN*HXUV 5LWVHPDYDQ(FN

(234) .

(235) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. ,QGLWUDSSRUWZRUGHQGHYROJHQGHEHVWHPPLQJHQJHDQDO\VHHUG q %HUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQZHUNJHOHJHQKHLGSHUDXWR LQGHRFKWHQGVSLWV

(236) GH]HLQGLFDWRUJHHIWGH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGDDQYDQORFDWLHVYDQZHUNJHOHJHQKHLGYDQXLWZRRQORFDWLHV'H]HPDDWNDQ ZRUGHQJH]LHQDOVHHQHFRQRPLVFKHHQVRFLDOHLQGLFDWRU q %HUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQEHYRONLQJSHUDXWR EXLWHQGHVSLWVSHULRGH

(237) GH]HPDDWNDQZRUGHQ JH]LHQDOVHHQVRFLDOHLQGLFDWRUYRRUKHWNXQQHQEHUHLNHQYDQVRFLDOHFRQWDFWHQ]RDOV IDPLOLH q %HUHLNEDDUKHLGYDQQDWXXUSHUDXWR EXLWHQGHVSLWVSHULRGH

(238) GH]HPDDWNDQZRUGHQ JH]LHQDOVHHQVRFLDOHLQGLFDWRUYRRUKHWNXQQHQEHUHLNHQYDQQDWXXUJHELHGHQ 'H JHJHYHQV YRRU KHW EHUHNHQHQ YDQ GH EHUHLNEDDUKHLGVSRWHQWLDOHQ EHVWDDQ XLW UXLPWHOLMNH JHJHYHQV SHU /06VXE]RQH

(239)  HQ UHLVWLMGHQJHJHYHQV WXVVHQ DOOH KHUNRPVW HQ EHVWHPPLQJVUHODWLHV RS /06VXE]RQH QLYHDX

(240)  'H RPYDQJ YDQ GH EHYRONLQJ HQ GH ZHUNJHOHJHQKHLG SHU /06VXE]RQH

(241)  YRRU KHW (&VFHQDULR LV DINRPVWLJ XLW HHQ FRPSDFWH YHUVWHGHOLMNLQJVYDULDQW ZDW LV RQWZLNNHOG YRRU GH HYDOXDWLH YDQ GH 9LMIGH 1RWD RYHU GH 5XLPWHOLMNH 2UGHQLQJ *RHWJHOXN HW DO 

(242)  'LW VFHQDULR LV RRN JHEUXLNW YRRU PRELOLWHLWVUDPLQJHQ YRRU GH 9LMIGH 1DWLRQDOH 0LOLHXYHUNHQQLQJ 5,90 D

(243)  HQ KHW 1993 $99

(244) +HWDDQWDOKHFWDUHQDWXXUHQERVSHU/06VXE]RQHLVDIJHOHLGYDQKHW WUHQGVFHQDULRZDWLVRQWZLNNHOGYRRUGHH[DQWHWRHWVYDQGH9LMIGH1RWDRYHUGH5XLPWHOLMNH 2UGHQLQJ 5,90 

(245)  RS EDVLV YDQ JHJHYHQV YDQ GRPLQDQW UXLPWHJHEUXLN 'H UHLVWLMGHQJHJHYHQV]LMQYHUNUHJHQXLWKHW/06 . . . . *HOXLG. 9RRU GH EHUHNHQLQJ YDQ GH JHOXLGLQGLFDWRUHQ LV JHEUXLN JHPDDNW YDQ KHW PRGHO (03$5$ (QYLURQPHQWDO0RGHOIRU3RSXODWLRQ$QQR\DQFHDQG5LVN$QDO\VLV 'DVVHQHW DOD 'LWPRGHOYRRUKHHQKHW/DQGHOLMN%HHOG9HUVWRULQJ 9520E

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

(247)  'H EHUHNHQLQJ YDQ GH RYHUGUDFKW YDQ KHW JHOXLG YLQGW SODDWV RS HHQ URRVWHU PHW HHQ YDVWH DIVWDQGYDQPWXVVHQQDDVWJHOHJHQRQWYDQJHUSXQWHQ%LMGH]HEHUHNHQLQJZRUGWUHNHQLQJ JHKRXGHQ PHW GH DIVFKHUPLQJ YDQ KHW JHOXLG GRRU JHOXLGVFKHUPHQ HQ EHERXZLQJ HQ GRRU HYHQWXHOH GHPSLQJ YDQ KHW JHOXLG GRRU GH ERGHP +HW UHVXOWDDW LV HHQ YHUGHOLQJ YDQ GH JHOXLGEHODVWLQJRSHHQHTXLGLVWDQWURRVWHUYDQSXQWHQPHWHHQRQGHUOLQJHDIVWDQGYDQP.

(248) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. $DQ GH KDQG YDQ PRGHOYDOLGDWLH HQ JHYRHOLJKHLGVDQDO\VHV LV YDVWJHVWHOG GDW GH RQQDXZNHXULJKHLGLQGHJHPLGGHOGHJHOXLGEHODVWLQJRSKHWJHELHGYDQHHQPLGGHOJURWHVWDG ELMYRRUEHHOG/HLGHQ

(249) PD[LPDDOG%EHGUDDJW'H]HRQQDXZNHXULJKHLGODDW]LFKYHUWDOHQLQ HHQRQ]HNHUKHLGVPDUJHLQGHLQGLFDWRUHQ ELMYRRUEHHOGKHWDDQWDOJHOXLGEHODVWHZRQLQJHQRI KHW JHOXLGEHODVWH RSSHUYODN

(250)  YDQ JHPLGGHOG HQNHOH WLHQWDOOHQ SURFHQWHQ YDQ GH QRPLQDOH ZDDUGH +LHUELM LV GH RQ]HNHUKHLG LQ KHW JHOXLGEHODVW RSSHUYODN UHODWLHI NOHLQ HQ GH RQ]HNHUKHLGLQKHWDDQWDOKRRJEHODVWHZRQLQJHQ !G% $

(251)

(252) UHODWLHIJURRW%LMYHUJHOLMNLQJ YDQVFHQDULR¶VHQWUHQGDQDO\VHVLVGHUHODWLHYHRQ]HNHUKHLGRYHUKHWDOJHPHHQNOHLQHUGDQGH DEVROXWHRQ]HNHUKHLG 'DVVHQHWDOE

(253)  0HW (03$5$ NDQ HHQ JURRW DDQWDO JHDJJUHJHHUGH PRGHOUHVXOWDWHQ LQGLFDWRUHQ

(254)  ZRUGHQ EHUHNHQG ,Q KHW NDGHU YDQ GH VWXGLH QDDU GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ GH RQWVQLSSHULQJVYDULDQW ]LMQ GH YROJHQGHLQGLFDWRUHQEHUHNHQG œ KHWDUHDDORISHUFHQWDJHYDQKHW1HGHUODQGVRSSHUYODNPHWHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJKRJHUGDQ  ,Q GH JHOXLGPDDW /  ZRUGW UHNHQLQJ JHKRXGHQ PHW HHQ JURWHUH  G% $

(255)  / KLQGHUOLMNKHLGYDQKHWJHOXLGYDQKHWYHUNHHUWLMGHQVGHDYRQGHQQDFKWSHULRGH'H/ LVGHJHOXLGPDDWGLHLQGHZHW*HOXLGKLQGHUZRUGWYRRUVFKUHYHQYRRUGHEHRRUGHOLQJYDQ KHW JHOXLG YDQ KHW VSRRU

(256) ZHJYHUNHHU HQ GH LQGXVWULH LQ ZRRQJHELHGHQ ,Q GH KXLGLJH ZHWJHYLQJUHSUHVHQWHHUWHHQQLYHDXYDQG% $

(257) / GHEHRRJGHDNRHVWLVFKHNZDOLWHLW LQKHWJHYDOYDQQLHXZERXZ œ +HWDDQWDORISHUFHQWDJHZRQLQJHQRILQZRQHUVPHWHHQJHOXLGEHODVWLQJYDQPHHUGDQ  HQ  G% $

(258)  /  =RDOV DDQJHJHYHQ LV GH ZDDUGH YDQ  G% $

(259)  HHQ VWUHHIZDDUGH YRRUGHJHOXLGEHODVWLQJRSQLHXZHZRQLQJHQ'HZDDUGHYDQG% $

(260) LVJHNR]HQRPGDW YDQDIGH]HJHOXLGEHODVWLQJHHQPHHWEDDUHIIHFWLVZDDUJHQRPHQRSGHZDDUGHULQJYDQGH ZRRQRPJHYLQJ 9DQ .HPSHQ 

(261)   G% $

(262)  LV GH KXLGLJH JUHQVZDDUGH YRRU KHW JHOXLGYDQKHWELQQHQVWHGHOLMNHZHJYHUNHHU œ +HW DUHDDO RI SHUFHQWDJH YDQ GH (+6 PHW HHQ JHOXLGEHODVWLQJ KRJHU GDQ  G% $

(263)  'H JHOXLGPDDW /  LV GH PHHVW JDQJEDUH DOV KHW JDDW RP GH EHRRUGHOLQJ / YDQGHDNRHVWLVFKHNZDOLWHLWYDQQDWXXUHQVWLOWHJHELHGHQ,QGH]HJHOXLGPDDWLVYHUZHUNW GDWKHWJHOXLGWLMGHQVDOOHSHULRGHQYDQKHWHWPDDOHYHQYHUVWRUHQGLV'HZDDUGHYDQ G% $

(264)  LV JHUHODWHHUG DDQ GH NZDOLWDWLHYH

(265)  GRHOVWHOOLQJ YRRU VWLOWHJHELHGHQ LQ GH ZHW 0LOLHXEHKHHU ZDDULQ JHVSURNHQ ZRUGW RYHU KHW RYHUKHHUVHQ YDQ KHW QDWXXUOLMNH JHOXLG IOXLWHQYDQYRJHOVUXLVHQYDQERPHQ

(266) ERYHQKHWJHOXLGYDQPHQVHOLMNHDFWLYLWHLWHQ HWPDDO. HWPDDO. HWPDDO. HWPDDO. HWPDDO. $HTXXU. . $HTXXU. 9HUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG. 9HUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGVHIIHFWHQYDQLQIUDVWUXFWXXUEHOHLGZRUGHQYHHODOEHUHNHQGRSEDVLVYDQGH GH RPYDQJ YDQ KHW ZHJYHUNHHU QDDU ZHJW\SH HQ ULVLFRFLMIHUV YRRU RQJHYDOOHQ OHWVHORQJHYDOOHQHQGRGHOLMNHVODFKWRIIHUVSHUYRHUWXLJNLORPHWHU'HJURRWVWHRQ]HNHUKHLGLQ GH]H EHQDGHULQJ LV HFKWHU GDW HU JHHQ OLQHDLU YHUEDQG EHVWDDW WXVVHQ GH WRH RI DIQDPH YDQ ZHJYHUNHHUVLQWHQVLWHLWHQ HQ YHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG /RNDOH RPVWDQGLJKHGHQ VSHOHQ HHQ EHODQJULMNHUROLQGHULVLFR¶VHQKHWRSWUHGHQYDQRQJHYDOOHQ9HUGHULVGHRQ]HNHUKHLGRYHU.

(267) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. GH JHKDQWHHUGH ULVLFRNDQVHQ GH]H ]LMQ EHNHQG YRRU KLVWRULVFKH MDUHQ PDDU HU ]LMQ JHHQ EHWURXZEDUHSURJQRVHVEHVFKLNEDDUYRRUGHODQJHWHUPLMQZDDUGH]HVWXGLH]LFKRSULFKW 8LW KLVWRULVFKH JHJHYHQV RYHU KHW DDQWDO GRGHOLMNH VODFKWRIIHUV HQ KHW DDQWDO JHUHJLVWUHHUGH ]LHNHQKXLVVODFKWRIIHUVHQGHRPYDQJYDQGHSHUVRQHQPRELOLWHLWEOLMNWHHQIRUVHGDOLQJYDQGH YHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLGVULVLFR¶V =R JHHIW ILJXXU  GH RQWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ KHW DDQWDO YHUNHHUVGRGHQ SHU PLOMDUG UHL]LJHUVNLORPHWHU YRRU GH SHULRGH  'H JURRWVWH ULVLFRGDOLQJKHHIW]LFKYRRUJHGDDQLQGHSHULRGHWRWLQGHSHULRGHZDV GHULVLFRGDOLQJYHUJHOLMNEDDUPHWGHSHULRGH 6FKDJHQ

(268) . )LJXXU  2QWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ KHW RYHUOLMGHQVULVLFR DDQWDO YHUNHHUVGRGHQ SHU PLOMDUG UHL]LJHUVNLORPHWHU

(269)  %URQ6FKDJHQHWDO 

(270). 6FKDJHQ HW DO ODWHQ YHUGHU ]LHQ GDW HU GXLGHOLMNH YHUVFKLOOHQ ]LMQ LQ GH RQWZLNNHOLQJ YDQ YHUNHHUVVODFKWRIIHUV QDDU ZHJW\SH ]LH ILJXXU 

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

(272) .

(273) 3DJYDQ. 5,90UDSSRUW. )LJXXU  2QWZLNNHOLQJ DDQWDO YHUNHHUVGRGHQ QDDU ZHJW\SH   HQ  NPXXU

(274)  %URQ6FKDJHQHWDO 

(275). )LJXXU2QWZLNNHOLQJDDQWDOJHUHJLVWUHHUGH]LHNHQKXLVJHZRQGHQQDDUZHJW\SH  HQNPXXU

(276)  %URQ6FKDJHQHWDO 

(277).

(278) 5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. ,QWHUPHQYDQULVLFRFLMIHUV YHUNHHUVGRGHQRI±VODFKWRIIHUVSHUUHL]LJHUVRIDXWRNLORPHWHU

(279) LV KHW EHHOG LHWV DQGHUV DDQJH]LHQ KHW JHUHGHQ DDQWDO YRHUWXLJNLORPHWHUV PHW QDPH RS KHW KRRIGZHJHQQHW IRUV LV WRHJHQRPHQ WHUZLMO ELQQHQ GH EHERXZGH NRP KHW DDQWDO YRHUWXLJNLORPHWHUV VWDELHO LV 3RSSH 

(280)  YHUJHOLMNW GH ULVLFRFLMIHUV YDQ  PHW GLH XLW HQ FRQFOXGHHUW GDW GH ULVLFRFLMIHUVYRRUSURYLQFLDOHHQ JHPHHQWHOLMNHZHJHQEXLWHQGH EHERXZGH NRP HHQ GDOHQGH WUHQG YHUWRQHQ WHUZLMO GLH YRRU DXWR VQHO

(281) ZHJHQ OLMNHQ WH VWDELOLVHUHQHQYRRUZHJHQELQQHQGHEHERXZGHNRPWRHQHPHQ 9RRU KHW LQVFKDWWHQYDQGHHIIHFWHQ YDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXXUEHOHLG RS YHUNHHUVRQYHLOLJKHLG LV HHQ EHODQJULMNH EHSHUNLQJ GDW HU JHHQ EHWURXZEDUH ODQJHWHUPLMQ SURJQRVHV YDQ ULVLFRNHQWDOOHQ QDDU ZHJW\SH ]LMQ 'LW LV RQGHU PHHU KHW JHYROJ YDQ RQ]HNHUKHGHQ HQ VFKRPPHOLQJHQ LQ RQJHYDOVFLMIHUV HQ VODFKWRIIHUDDQWDOOHQ QLHW OLQHDLUH UHODWLH WXVVHQ YHUNHHUVGUXNWH HQ RQJHYDOOHQ

(282)  HQ GH HIIHFWHQ YDQ KHW YRRUJHQRPHQ YHUNHHUV HQ YHUYRHUEHOHLG 'H 6WLFKWLQJ :HWHQVFKDSSHOLMN 2QGHU]RHN YRRU 9HUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLG 6:29

(283)  JDDW ELM GH SURJQRVHV YRRU  XLW YDQ HHQ QXOOLMQ µDXWRQRPH¶ ULVLFRGDOLQJHQ ELM RQJHZLM]LJG YHUNHHUVYHLOLJKHLGVEHOHLG

(284)  ]RXGHQ GH PRJHOLMNHWRHQDPHYDQKHWDDQWDOYHUNHHUVGRGHQHQ ± VODFKWRIIHUVDOVJHYROJYDQGRRUGHYHUZDFKWHDXWRPRELOLWHLWVJURHLFRPSHQVHUHQ 6FKRRQHW DO 

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

To exploit the Venice Effect, numerous others exhibiting at the biennale, among them Tabaimo (James Cohan Gallery), Jennifer Allora & Guillermo Calzadilla (Lisson Gallery)

De techno-economische analyse van het conceptuele procesontwerp liet zien dat rendabele productie van duurzaam azijnzuur en ethanol vanuit fermentatief geproduceerd ethylacetaat niet

Tegenwoordig wordt de energietransitie gezien als een van de belangrijkste opgaven binnen de nationale ruimtelijke ordening (IenM 2017a; Verdaas 2017; Kuiper 2016; Rli

9 Omdat de OZB-component afhangt van de investeringskosten gelden voor de najaarsronde SDE++ 2020 la- gere totale vaste operationele kosten (de totaalbedragen zijn 0,2 à 0,3 €/kWp

SDJYDQ 5,90UDSSRUW *H]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQHQGH(8QRUPVWHOOLQJHQYRRU12  9HUZDFKWNDQZRUGHQGDWGRRUODQJGXULJHEORRWVWHOOLQJDDQ12  HQDDQPHW12 

The research issues addressed are: 1 Which ecological, economic and social indicators are relevant for describing the impacts of transport scenarios from a theoretical/conceptual

$QDORRJDDQGHVLWXDWLHYRRUSULRULWDLUHVWRIIHQ>@NDQZRUGHQJHVWHOGGDWGHEDVLVLQIRUPDWLH YRRU GH 0', ZRUGW JHYRUPG GRRU GH HPLVVLH YDQ UDGLRDFWLHYH VWRIIHQ

In this report, environmental risk limits (ERLs) for surface water and sediment are derived for the insecticide deltamethrin.. The derivation is performed within the framework of