UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
Interstate liability for climate change-related damage
Kosolapova, E.
Publication date
2013
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Kosolapova, E. (2013). Interstate liability for climate change-related damage.
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List of Abbreviations ... xi
Introduction ... 1
1 Physics of Climate Change ... 5
1.1 Introduction ... 5
1.2 Climate Change, Its Causes, and Consequences ... 7
1.2.1 Anthropogenic Factors ... 8
1.2.2 Global Warming ... 8
1.2.3 Sea Level Rise and Ocean Acidification ... 9
1.2.4 Desertification ... 10
1.2.5 Extreme Weather Events ... 11
1.2.6 Climate Change Effects Across Systems, Regions, and Sectors ... 11
1.2.6.1 Impacts on Systems and Sectors ... 12
1.2.6.2 Impacts on Regions ... 13
1.3 Responding to Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation ... 15
1.4 Concluding Remarks ... 16
2 International Legal Regime Governing Climate Change ... 17
2.1 Introduction ... 17
2.2 International Climate Regime ... 17
2.2.1 UNFCCC ... 18
2.2.2 Kyoto Protocol ... 20
2.2.2.1 Market-Based Mechanisms ... 21
2.2.2.2 Compliance ... 24
2.2.3 Developments in the UN Climate Process ... 27
2.3 Concluding Remarks ... 33
3 Identification of International Liability Regimes Relevant to Climate Change-Related Damage ... 35
INTERSTATE LIABILITY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED DAMAGE
3.2 State Responsibility vs. State Liability ... 36
3.2.1 State Liability ... 38
3.2.1.1 Obligation to Pay Compensation ... 40
3.2.1.1.1 Obligation to Pay Compensation and Climate Change-Related Damage ... 43
3.2.1.2 Obligation to Negotiate a Redress Settlement ... 43
3.2.1.2.1 Obligation to Negotiate a Redress Settlement and Climate Change-Related Damage ... 44
3.2.1.3 Obligation to Ensure Prompt, Adequate, and Effective Compensation ... 45
3.2.1.3.1 Obligation to Ensure Prompt, Adequate, and Effective Compensation and Climate Change-Related Damage ... 52
3.2.1.4 Obligation to Take Response Action ... 52
3.2.1.4.1 Obligation to Take Response Action and Climate Change-Related Damage ... 57
3.2.1.5 Concluding Remarks on State Liability ... 58
3.2.2 State Responsibility ... 60
3.2.2.1 State Responsibility: Introduction ... 60
3.2.2.2 Origins of State Responsibility ... 61
3.2.2.3 Content of State Responsibility ... 71
3.2.2.3.1 Reparation for Injury ... 73
3.2.2.3.2 Serious Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms of International Law ... 77
3.2.2.4 Implementation of International Responsibility of States ... 78
3.2.2.4.1 Countermeasures ... 82
3.3 Concluding Remarks ... 84
4 Liability for Climate Change-Related Damage in Domestic Courts ... 85
4.1 Introduction ... 85
4.2.1 Claims Related to Procedural Injury ... 89
4.2.1.1 Political Question Doctrine ... 89
4.2.1.2 Standing ... 90
4.2.1.3 Causation ... 94
4.2.1.4 Attribution ... 104
4.2.2 Actions for Injunctive and/or Declaratory Relief ... 105
4.2.2.1 Political Question Doctrine ... 105
4.2.2.2 Standing ... 109
4.2.2.3 Causation ... 114
4.2.2.4 Attribution ... 116
4.2.3 Claims for Compensation ... 117
4.2.3.1 Political Question Doctrine ... 117
4.2.3.2 Standing ... 121
4.2.3.3 Causation ... 122
4.2.3.4 Attribution ... 124
4.2.3.5 Retroactivity ... 125
4.3 Concluding Remarks ... 126
5 Establishing International Responsibility for Climate Change-Related Damage ... 129
5.1 Introduction ... 129
5.2 Climate Change and Origins of State Responsibility: Primary Obligations of States ... 133
5.2.1 International Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation ... 134
5.2.2 Obligations on Climate Change Adaptation ... 141
5.2.3 Obligation to Prevent Significant Transboundary Harm ... 145
5.2.3.1 Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Harm as a Duty of Due Diligence ... 147
5.2.3.2 Scope of the Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Harm ... 150
5.2.3.3 Duties Stemming from the Obligation to Prevent Transboundary Harm ... 151
INTERSTATE LIABILITY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED DAMAGE
5.2.3.4 Significant Harm Requirement... 154
5.2.3.5 Causal Link ... 157
5.3 Origins of the International Responsibility of States for Climate Change-Related Damage ... 161
5.3.1 Origins of the International Responsibility of Industrialized States Party to the KP ... 162
5.3.2 Origins of the International Responsibility of EITs ... 168
5.3.3 Origins of the International Responsibility of Industrialized States not Party to the KP ... 169
5.3.4 Origins of the International Responsibility of Developing States .... 171
5.4 Content of State Responsibility for Climate Change-Related Damage ... 174
5.5 Implementation of State Responsibility for Climate Change-Related Damage ... 179
5.5.1 Invocation of State Responsibility ... 179
5.5.2 Competent Courts ... 181
5.5.3 Countermeasures ... 183
5.4 Concluding Remarks ... 185
Conclusion ... 187
Bibliography ... 197
Table of Treaties and Other Selected Instruments... 203
Table of Cases ... 213
Miscellaneous Sources ... 217
Selected Internet Pages ... 219
Summary ... 221
Samenvatting ... 223
