Die historiese streeknaam Kannaland
her dus
ongetwyfeld op die droe Karoostreke rUssell die Lange- en
die Swartberge be trekking gehad. In die weste was die
omgewing van die Plattekloof, dit wil se die grensgebied
rUssell die huidige distrikte Ladismith en Riversdale, heel
moontlikdaarby
inbegrepe. Waarskynlik was die gebied
verder wes tot feitlik by Kogmanskloof nieheeltemal
hier-van uitgesluit Die. In die ooste her Kannaland baie beslis
die suidelike takriviervalleie en -vlaktes van die
Olifants-rivier asook die KammanassieOlifants-riviervallei ingesluit.
Om-dat geeneen van die bogenoemde reisigers veT noord van
eersgenoemde rivier beweeg her Die, is dit verstaanbaar
waarom bulle gesigseinders hoofsaaklik tot die suidelike
oewers daarvan beperk was. Die algemene topografiese
en klimatologiese toestande op grand waarvan hierdie
streeknaam ontstaan her, kom oak nag gedeeltelik noord
van die Olifantsrivier voor. Daar kan dus aanvaar word
dat die benaming Kannaland op feitlik die hele vallei
waardeur hierdie rivier vloei, van toepassing gemaak kan
word.
BOEKBESPREKINGS
BOOK REVIEWS
P.
SMIT en J.J. BOOYSEN, Swart verstedeu'kinp::
proses, patroon en
strategie. Tafelberg-uitgewers vir die Instituut vir Plurale
Same-lewings: Pretoria. 1981. 126 pp. R30 (eksklusief).
ISBN 062401520.
SLEGS 'N POPULERE NAAM
Begrensing is egter seIde absoluut; Op stuk van sake is
nooit aan die begrip Kannaland amptelike erkenning,
byvoorbeeid in die benoeming van veIdkornetskappe,
verleen nie. Reeds teen 1802 bet Iaasgenoemde in die deel
van die SweIIendamse distrik wat noord van die
Lange-en OutLange-eniekwaberge gelee was, as volg bekLange-end gestaan:
Agter-Kogmanskloof;
Agter- Tradouw;
Swartberg;
Agter-Attakwaskloof;
Voor in Langkloof
en
Kam-manassie;
Kango;
Onder-Olifantsrivier;
Bo-Olifantsrivier .27 Met die stigting van die landdrosdistrik
George in 1811 bet laasgenoemde vyf veldkornetskappe
deel daarvan geword en die benaminge bet feitlik
die-selfde gebly.28 Dit is opvallend dat in die beskrywing van
die Iigging van die plase in hierdie veldkornetskappe claar
slegs vier verwysinge na Kannaland voorgekom bet, te
wete 'Klippedrift
in't land Cana agter Attacquas Cloor
en 'Groote Doorn Rivier in't land Cana agter Attacquas
Cloor (albei van O. Heyns); 'Gamtousberg aan de
Canalands Rivier agter d' Attacquas Cloor (A.J. Fourie)
en 'Buffelsrivier
aan Gouritsrivier
agter de berg in't
Canaland' (P.M. Janse van Rensburg). Oak vir die res
van die 19de eeu is die benaming Kannaland nooit in
amptelike kringe gebruik nie.29
Klaarblyklik bet hierdie historiese streeknaam dug
slegs 'n populere geografiese verwysing onder sommige
koloniste gebly. Miskien juis vanwee die omvattendheid
daarvan kon dit nie vir noukeuriger streekafbakening
gebruik word nie. Terwyl so baie plaas-, rivier- en
berg-name in die Klein-Karoo uit die 17de en 18de eeu tot in
ons dag behoue gebly bet, bet juis die oudste verwysing na
daardie Iandstreek as sodanig heeltemal verdwyn. 0
Swart verstedeu'king is 'n publikasie wat sander twyfel in 'n diepgevoelde behoefte voorsien en elke denkende landsburger sal dit met vrug kan raadpleeg, veral diegene wat hulle besig hou met die identifisering van nasionale knelpunte en vooruitbeplanning om 'n ordelike toekoms te
verseker.
Verstedeliking is 'n eietydse knelpunt, maar dit is geen nuwe vraagstuk nie. Sedert generaal j.C.. Smuts dit in 1923 as die ontsag-wekkendste maatskaplike en politiek~ verskynsel van sy tyd uitgesonder ~et, het niks ~ebeur wat die geldigheid van sy bewering verminder het nie. Dit is oak nie 'n probleem wat tot Suid.Afrika of tot Afrika beperk is nie, hoewel die verstedelikingstempo op hierdie kontinent tans die hoogste is.
Die feit dat slegs 38% van die Swart bevolking van Suid-Afrika in 1980 verstedelik was (teenoor 89% van die Blankes), dui daarop dat veral Swart verstedeliking 'n saak is waarmee rekening gehou sal moet word. Min gegewens is egter beskikbaar, sodat die skrywers hulle nie heeltemal op gepubliseerde inligting kon verlaat nie, maar heelwat gegewens moes inwin deur onderhoude met amptenare, gemeenskaps-leiers en inwoners van Swart gebiede te voer.
Die uitgangspunt in hierdie studie was om die prosesse wat aan die wortel van die verstedeliking van die Swart bevolking Ie, te iden-tifiseer en te beskryf. By wyse van inleiding word die koms van die Swart man na die stad in historiese perspektief geplaas. Drie rases in die politiek-historiese ontwikkeling van Suid.Afrika wat op verstedeliking be trekking het, word onderskei. Die tydperk van die Boererepublieke en Britse Kolonies word gekenmerk deur die afwesigheid van 'n gei:ntegreerde politieke beleid ten opsigte van die Swart bevolking. In hierdie rase het die Blanke se behoefte aan Swart arbeid om die kwynende slawe-arbeid te vervang, daartoe aanleiding gegee dat maatreels wat rasseskeiding afgedwing het, vervang is met maatreels wat die weg gebaan het vir die ekonomiese integrasie van Blank en Swart. Die ontdekking van diamante en gaud het 'n grater vraag na Swart arbeid geskep en so is die intensiteit van kontak tussen Blank en Swart verhoog.
Die periode na Uniewording word gekenmerk deur 'n passiewe beleid ten opsigte van die Swart bevolking en die owerhede se onvermoe om kennis te neem van die stootkrag van die landelike gebiede op die Swart bevolking en die trekkrag van die kemgebiede, met die gevolg dat Swart verstedeliking ongehinderd en teen 'n versnelde tempo plaasge-vind het. Welte en regulasies om die proses ordelik te laat plaasplaasge-vind, het dikwels nie die gewenste resultate gehad nie omdat dit nie in die praktyk toegepas is nie.
Die periode na 1948 word gekenmerk deur die Nasionale Party se duidelik uitgespelde beleid ten opsigte van Swart verstedeliking, in-sluitende sake soos instromingsbeheer, krotbuurtopruiming, woon-buurtskeiding, die voorsiening van dienste en behuising, en verstede. liking in Swart gebiede. Daadwerklike pogings is aangewend om die ad-ministrasie wat op die Swart bevolking betrekking het, op te knap en om beleid by veranderde omstandighede aan te pas. In die bespreking van hierdie sake, slaag die skrywers daarin om deurgaans krities objektief te bly.
In hoofstuk drie word die verstedelikingsproses in tyd-ruimtelike perspektief geplaas aan die hand van veral agt kaarte wat die ver-spreiding van die stedelike Swart bevolking vir die periode 1904 tot 1970 illustreer. Vergelykende statistiek loon aan dat die stedelike Swartes se getalle die van die stedelike Blankes reeds in 1946 verbygesteek het, en dat daar tans 5 miljoen stedelike Swartes is teenoor 3 miljoen Blankes, terwyl die tempo waarteen Swartes verstedelik baie hoer is as in die geval van die Blankes.
in die volgende hoofstuk, Ruimteu'ke patrone en strukture, word die prosesse van verstedeliking herlei na die ruimtelike patrone wat dit by stedelike gebiede veroorsaak. Onvermydelik kom die aandeel wat besluitneming op sentrale- en ander owerheidsvlakke het in die skep-ping van ruimtelike patrone en strukture van die Swart stedelike bevol. king, onder die soeklig. Sake wat aangeroer word, sluit in gebied- en woonbuurtskeiding, die tydelikheidsbeginsel ten opsigte van stedelike Swart woonbuurte en die swak dienstevoorsiening wat daarmee saam-gaan, kunsmatige tuislandverstedeliking, plakkery en pendelpatrone.
In die laaste hoofstuk word aandag gegee aan 'n strategie vir ver-stedeliking. Sake wat uitgelig word, is onder meeT die Blanke se
27
28
29
K.A.. B.O. 66 Letters from Swellendam: Naamlyst van de Veld Cornets der Colonie Swellendam. 6.4.1802.
K.A.. I/SWM 12/22 Gemengde Dokumente (Plaatsen uit de Recognitie Boeken van Zwellendam uitgetrokken, welke thans onder George's District sorteeren, 31.12.1811).
Vergelyk die kaarte in die Kaapse Argiefbewaarplek war vir die 1891-sensus in die Kaapkolonie opgestel is en waarop die onder-skeie veldkornetskappe duidelik aangetoon word, bv. 3/1923-1924 (Oudtshoorn), 3/1959 (Uniondale) , 3/2217 -2218 (Riversdale). 3/2186 (Ladismith) en 3/2219 (Robertson).
was there an increase in the number of people employed in the services sector as the author's theoretical prognosis suggests.
J. W.N. TEMPELHOFF
Human Sciences
Research Councu
dualistiese denke ten opsigte van die teenwoordigheid van Swartes (politieke ideologie teen ekonomiese werklikhede) en die onvermoe van belanghebbendes om die knelpunte in die Swart verstedelikingsproses te begryp en met praktiese'Oplossings vorendag te kom.
Hoewel die skrywers bulle dit ten doel gestel bet om die stof so aan te hied dat "'n wyer leserskring van die kompleksiteit van verstede-liking kennis kan neem", is dit steeds nie 'n populere werk wat sonder konsentrasie gelees kan word nie. Voorts is dit soms onduidelik of die skrywers bulle vereenselwig met die uitsprake van die outoriteite wat bulle aanhaal. Vir die lekeleser sou 'n oorsigtelike inleiding by elke hoofstuk 'n waardevolle hulpmiddel kon wees om die inligting wat volg, beter te verstaan.
Swart verst~deliking is 'n keurige publikasie wat heelwat meeT aanbied as wat met die eerste oogopslag blyk. Die magdom van inligiing wat in die leks vervat is, word aangevul met die gegewens in 58 illus-trasies (grafiese voorstellings en kaarte), 20 labelle, 5 bylaes en 'n om-vattende bronnelys. Die redelik volledige inhoudsopgawe en regi!'ter sal dit vir die navorser maklik maak om sy weg te vind.
A.G. OBERHOLSTER
Raad lit'" Geesteswetenskaptz.ke NavoTsing
JILL
NATTRASS.
The South African economy: its growth and
change. Oxford University Press: Cape Town. 1981. R8.00
(ex-clusive). ISBN 019570289 1.
L.A. HEWSON. They seek a city: MethodISm in Grahamstown. Draw-ings by Dorothy Randell. Institute of Social and Economic Re-search, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1981. 110 pp., inclu-ding map, photographs and illustrations. R6,50 (excluding postage and packing). ISBN 0 86810 068 4.
Professor Hewson's book indeed "skims the story of those 1820 Settler Methodists and those who have succeeded them, lingering here and there over special events in their pilgrimage", because one would perhaps expect more from a study of a period of one hundred and sixty years. It is, however, a valuable contribution to both ecclesiastical and local history. The work is an attempt to single out the significant part played by Methodism in Grahamstown, and in that the author has suc-ceeded. Methodism not only influer1ced the religious development of Grahamstown but the whole community, especially with regard to mis-sionary work and education. It laid the foundation for church and school in this place so full of history.
First there is the striking map of Methodist sites in Grahams-town, followed by an impressive and well-ordered table of contents which helps the reader to know exactly what to expect, although there is no hint of the bibliography at the end. The book consists of a foreword and seven parts. E~ch part h~s a suit~ble heading and sub-headings, which help to systematise the work.
Part I, mainly an introduction, de~ls witqthe development of, ~nd the part played by, Methodism in achieving churches, schools, ~ press, ~nd import~nt buildings in Grahamstown.
P~rts II and III are closely rel~ted. The se~rch for a pl~ce of wor~ ship is the central theme throughout. Part II deals with the first five centres for preaching. The place. indications ~nd the research on these are of distinguished qu~lity. InP~rt III the ~uthor gives an account of the v~rious ch~pels ~nd churches which were erected between 1822 ~nd 1962. The prevailing financi~l problems of those days, the incre~sing numbers, th~ constant l~i:k of sp~ce, ~nd interesting events like the fire of 23 November 1833 in the Wesley Ch~pel, or the controversy over the organ (perhaps ~ little redundant) have ~ll received ~ttention. Of ex-treme historic~l import~nce is the opening of the Cape Parliament which took place in the Wesley Chapel in 1841 -the only occasion on which it ~ssembled ~way from Cape Town. Most import~nt, however, ~re the description, history, ~nd illustr~tions of the ten churches and ch~pels which were est~blished in Gr~hamstown, and g~ve unselfish ser-vice to the community -White, Coloured and Black.
P~rt IV de~ls with education. The ~uthor describes the part playeq by Methodism in establishing schools as an offer of service to youth. Grah~mstown was the place where the tr~ining of white ministerial students first started and eventually led to the est~blishment of a Chair of Divinity at Rhodes University in 1946. There are valuable registers on page 62, but the controversy over the identific~tion of the Eureka di~mond (three p~ges) is perh~ps irrelevant.
P~rt V de~ls with the Commemoration Ch~pel in Gr~h~mstown, especially its construction, the stone-laying, the dedication services, the Taylor Mission, ~nd most of all, the commemorations themselves; the gratitude of the 1820 Settlers to God for their triumph over the adver-s~ries of the first 25 ye~rs; their tr~vail in building the House of God; their remembr~nce of those who fell in the two World W~rs.
Part VI, "Homes of not~ble" Methodists", pays attention to the 1820 Settlers' Memori~l and other buildings of Methodist interest, especi~lIy the Wood dwellings -~11 these would justify a pilgrimage
in themselves.
Part VII consists of three appendices: Appendix I is a register of the senior ministers resident in Gr~h~mstown; Appendix 2 is ~ tribute to venerated Methodists (like Shaw ~nd Aylif£); and Appendix 3 has ~ word on the old Wesley~n Cemetery (including a di~gram on page 1.06). Prof. Hewson consults the most reliable sources for his study. At the b~ck of the book is a bibliography, but it is regrett~ble that there is no index. The scientific qu~lity of his work is beyond question, ~nd as ~ former De~n of the Faculty of Divinity he handles the materi~l with c~re ~nd writes in a l~ngu~ge one underst~nds. The references ~nd footnotes could perhaps h~ve been more thorough; for example: the histori~n would like to know how Bechu~nas ended up in the E~stern Province, but Prof. Hewson is entirely convincing in ~11 his arguments. Bound in p~perb~ck the book is attr~ctive in appe~rance, ~nd is not only ~ v~luable souvenir for church and community, but ~lso cont~ins helpful inform~tion for the historian.
Few approaches to the study of the past are as diverse as those of loca! or regional history. Apart from being a chronologist of events and de-velopments relating to a small geographical territory. the researcher must have a good understanding of the external social, political, and economic forces which have e~erted an influence on local history. It should thus be of more than passing interest to researchers when a publication like that of Professor Nattrass's appears.
Although The South Afrz'can economy: its growth and change is intended for students of economics, the author has avoided excessive scientific terminology, thus making it readable for the geographer, sociologist, political scientist, and historian. This policy is vigorously pursued throughout the book, despite the specialised nature of several aspects discussed in certain 'sections.
The author, in contrast with many other economists, shows a keen awareness of the historical factor in her approach to an under-standing of the South African economy, as is evident in Chapter II where the development of the national economy is concisely discussed. Other themes include the rise of the White and Black labour groups, the development of diamond and gold-mining, and of industrialization. Most of the statistical tables were compiled from data covering a long period of time, thus accentuating long-term development.
A considerable part of the work is concerned with labour as a production factor in the South African economy. It is the main theme of Chapters III and IV and also features in Chapters VI, VII and VIII where the influence of the agricultural, mining, and industrial sectors are taken into consideration. The author maintains that the roots of the present structure of the labour market date back to the nineteenth cen-tury when the mineral wealth of South Africa was mined fpr the first time. The subsequent entrenchment of a racial division in labour was the result of a struggle between White labour and capital on the one hand, and the loss of agricultural land that forced the Blacks to supply their labour at a low rate of pay to the mining and manufacturing sec-tors on the other.
Despite the phenomenal growth of the South African economy there are certain factors which appear to have a negative influence on development. Foremost is the fact that a considerable proportion of the population resides in rural areas where a subsistence economy prevails. This matter is discussed in depth in Chapter XI with regard to the Black homelands. The author feels that the ultimate upgrading of t!:1~ Black states will require a massive transfer of resources from the dev~d to the less-developed areas. For the present, however, the national economy functions in terms of the triangular flow of goods and services to the modern sectOr, the commercial farming sector, and the subsis-tence sector.
All told The South African economy: its growth and change, selling at R8,OO, is a worthwhile investment for the local or regional historian interested in gaining additional background knowledge on the South African economy. Certain sections should, however, be interpre. ted carefully, such as the analysis of changing employment patterns bet-ween 1921 and 1970 in South Africa. There was no significant decline in
the demand for agricultural labour between 1951 and 1910. Neither
