Law of Remedies

LAW OF REMEDIES

LAW OF REMEDIES

A European Perspective

Edited by Franz Hofmann

Franziska Kurz

Cambridge – Antwerp – Chicago

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Law of Remedies. A European Perspective © Th e editors and contributors severally 2019

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Intersentia

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CONTENTS

List of Cases . . . .xi

List of Authors . . . xvii

PART I. THE ISSUE OF REMEDIES Introduction to the ‘Law of Remedies’ Franz Hofmann and Franziska Kurz . . . 3

1. Introduction . . . 3

2. Remedies, Court Orders, Claims and Rights . . . 8

3. Th e Issue of Enforcement . . . 11

4. Principles of the Law of Remedies . . . 14

5. Th e European Perspective . . . 24

6. Conclusion . . . 25

Remedies in English Private Law – A ‘Stand-Alone’ Research Area? Paul S. Davies . . . 27

1. Introduction . . . 27

2. What Makes a Legal Subject? . . . 28

3. Th e Scope of Private Law . . . 30

4. What is a Remedy? . . . 31

5. Remedies as a ‘Stand-Alone’ Research Area . . . 32

6. Conclusion . . . 42

Remedies in Private Law from a German Perspective Jan Felix Hoffmann . . . 45

1. Diverging Infl uences on the Eve of the Codifi cation of the German Civil Code . . . 45

2. Th e Currently Prevailing Concept in German Private Law . . . 47

3. Private Law as a System of Property and Remedial Rights . . . 49

4. Th e Merits and Limits of Th inking in Property and Remedial Rights . . . 55

5. Conclusion . . . 60

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Rights and Remedies in Public Law

Andreas Funke . . . 61

1. Introduction . . . 61

2. Why and How ‘Remedies in Public Law’ . . . 62

3. Th e Standard Picture . . . 65

4. Internal Revision: From Rights to Actions . . . 68

5. External Revision: Beyond Violations of Rights . . . 75

6. A New Picture: Public Redress, Strictly Based on Claims . . . 76

7. Conclusion . . . 79

Economics of Remedies: Th e Perspective of Corporate Law Klaus Ulrich Schmolke . . . 81

1. Introduction . . . 81

2. Foundation: Economics of Remedies . . . 83

3. Application: Remedies in Corporate Law from a Law-and-Economics Perspective . . . 93

4. Conclusion . . . 102

PART II. MECHANISMS OF ENFORCEMENT Private Enforcement versus Public Enforcement Jens-Uwe Franck . . . 107

1. Introduction . . . 108

2. EU Internal Market Law and the Debate on ‘Private vs Public Enforcement’ . . . 110

3. Th e Comparative Advantages of Private and Public Enforcement . . . 121

4. Conclusion . . . 128

Criminal Enforcement Dorothea Magnus . . . 133

1. Introduction . . . 134

2. How is Substantive Criminal Law Enforced? . . . 134

3. How Are Criminal Sanctions Enforced? . . . 140

4. How Can Private Persons Infl uence the Enforcement of Criminal Sanctions? . . . 141

5. Conclusion . . . 148

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Contents

PART III. FUNCTIONS OF REMEDIES

Disgorgement of Profi ts: Distributive and Deterrant Logics

Benjamin Raue . . . 153

1. Introduction . . . 153

2. Distributive Disgorgement Remedies . . . 156

3. Punishing or Deterrant Disgorgement Remedies . . . 163

4. Conclusion . . . 167

Preventive Liability and System of Sanctions in Tort Law Luboš Tichý . . . 169

1. Introduction . . . 170

2. Prevention as an Objective and Function of Tort Law . . . 172

3. Prevention in the Broad Sense (General Prevention) . . . 173

4. Development of Preventive Liability . . . 174

5. Preventive Liability: A New Paradigm . . . 176

6. Strenghtening the Preventive Aspect of Tort Liability and Private Law Sanctions . . . 181

7. Proportionality of the Proposed Solution . . . 185

8. Policy Justifi cation . . . 191

9. Conclusion . . . 193

PART IV. UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Common Principles of Damages in EU Private Law? Christian Heinze . . . 197

1. Introduction . . . 197

2. Damages as a Remedy in EU Private Law . . . 198

3. Common Principles of Damages in EU Private Law? . . . 205

4. Th e Concept of Damage as an Example of a Common Principle . . . 209

5. Conclusion . . . 221

A Manifesto on Proportionality and Copyright Law: ‘Taking Remedies Seriously’ Orit Fischman Afori . . . 223

1. Introduction . . . 223

2. Th eoretical Background of the Role of Remedies . . . 224

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3. Open Standards in the Law of Remedies: An Advantage

and Not an Obstacle . . . 225

4. Th e Role of ‘Proportionality’ in Easing Failures in Copyright Law . . . 226

5. Th e Meaning of the Notion of Proportionality . . . 227

6. Introduction of ‘Proportionality’ into European Intellectual Property Directives . . . 227

7. Proportionality: An Appealing Path to Copyright Law . . . 228

8. Th e CJEU Move . . . 229

9. English Court Decisions . . . 230

10. Conceptualising the Use of the Proportionality Test in Copyright Law . . . 231

Asking Innocent Th ird Parties for a Remedy: Origins and Trends Martin Husovec . . . 233

1. Introduction . . . 233

2. European Origins . . . 236

3. English Origins . . . 238

4. German Origins . . . 240

5. From Yesterday’s to Tomorrow’s IP Enforcement . . . 242

6. What Duty? . . . 243

7. Costs of Compliance. . . 245

8. Conclusion . . . 248

PART V. REMEDIES IN CONTRACT LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Remedies in European Contract Law: Th emes and Controversies Christian Twigg-Flesner . . . 251

1. Introduction . . . 251

2. Th e Evolution of Remedies . . . 253

3. Th e New Directives on Digital Content and Digital Services, and on Consumer Sales . . . 264

4. A Coherent Approach to Remedies in European Contract Law? . . . 271

5. Conclusion . . . 273

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Contents

Th e Intersection between Economic Justifi cations

for IP Rights and Cost of Enforcement in the English Courts

Jonathan Moss . . . 275 1. Introduction . . . 275 2. Calculation of Financial Remedies and Injunctive Relief

under English Law . . . 276 3. Economic Justifi cation for IP Rights Undermined by Enforcement

in the Courts . . . 278 4. Potential Observation Bias Arising from Looking at Reported

Cases . . . 283 5. Potential Solutions to Help Alleviate Problems of Economically

Ineffi cient Litigation . . . 283

6. Conclusion . . . 285

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LIST OF CASES

EUROPEAN UNION

C-239/12 P, Abdulrahim , ECLI:EU:C:2013:331 . . . 218 C-81/12, Accept , ECLI:EU:C:2013:275 . . . 212 Case C-300/10, Almeida , ECLI:EU:C:2012:414 . . . 198 Case C-199/82, Amministrazione delle fi nanze dello Stato v San Giorgio ,

ECLI:EU:C:1983:318 . . . . 111 Case C-253/00, Antonio Munoz y Cia SA and Superior Fruiticola SA

v Frumar Ltd and Redbridge Produce Marketing Ltd. ,

ECLI:EU:C:2002:497 . . . 116 – 117 , 199 , 272 C-360/10, Belgische Vereniging van Auteurs, Componisten en Uitgevers

(SABAM/Netlog NV) , ECLI:EU:C:2012:85 . . . 229 Case 131/81, Berti , ECLI:EU:C:1982:341 . . . 218 C-503/13 and C-504/13, Boston Scientifi c , ECLI:EU:C:2015:148 . . . 211 C-46/93 and C-48/93, Brasserie du Pêcheur , ECLI:EU:C:1996:79 . . . 212 , 214 C-34/10, Br ü stle , ECLI:EU:C:2011:669 . . . 204 C-407/14, Camacho , ECLI:EU:C:2015:831 . . . 199 , 211 , 221 C-52/18 Christian F ü lla v Toolport GmbH , ECLI:EU:C:2019:447 . . . 255 , 257 C-637/17, Cogeco Communcations , ECLI:EU:C:2019:263 . . . 204 Case 14/83, von Colson und Kamann , ECLI:EU:C:1984:153 . . . 199 , 212 , 220 Case C-132/05, Commission of the European Communities v Federal

Republic of Germany , ECLI:EU:2008:117 . . . 113 Case C-68/88, Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic ,

ECLI:EU:C:1989:339 . . . 112 , 202 C-49/11, Content Services , ECLI:EU:C:2012:419 . . . 207 Case C-453/99, Courage Ltd v Crehan and Crehan v Courage Ltd ,

ECLI:EU:C:2001:465 . . . 111 , 114 , 118 , 198 – 199 , 272 C-180/95, Draehmpaehl , ECLI:EU:C:1997:208 . . . 212 , 218 C-277/12, Drozdovs , ECLI:EU:C:2013:685 . . . 213 , 218 – 219 Case C-219/15, Elisabeth Schmitt v T Ü V Rheinland LGA Products ,

ECLI:EU:C:2017:128 . . . . 119 C-63/01, Evans , ECLI:EU:C:2003:650 . . . 211 C-6/90 and C-9/90, Francovich , ECLI:EU:C:1991:428 . . . 115 , 200 C-509/10, Geistbeck , ECLI:EU:C:2012:416 . . . 215 Case C-604/11, Genil 48 and Comercial Hostelera de Grandes Vinos v Bankinter

and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , ECLI:EU:C:2013:344 . . . 119 C-348/06 P, Girardot , ECLI:EU:C:2008:107 . . . 211 C-198/07 P, Gordon , ECLI:EU:C:2008:570 . . . 218 C-308/87, Grifoni , ECLI:EU:C:1994:38 . . . 211 , 218 – 219 C-160/15, GS Media/Sanoma , ECLI:EU:C:2016:644 = GRUR 2016, 1152 . . . 16 , 22 – 23 C-22/12, Haasov á , ECLI:EU:C:2013:692 . . . 213 , 218 – 219 C-174/12, Hirmann , ECLI:EU:C:2013:856 . . . 210 – 211

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C-170/13, Huawei Technologies/ZTE , ECLI:EU:C:2015:477 = GRUR 2015, 764 . . . 23

T-88/09, Idromacchine , ECLI:EU:T:2011:641 . . . 210 – 212 , 218 – 219 Case 238/78, Ireks-Arkady , ECLI:EU:C:1979:226 . . . 211 – 213 C-147/16, Karel de Grote , ECLI:EU:C:2018:320 . . . 204

Case C-505/14, Klausner Holz Niedersachsen GmbH v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen , ECLI:EU:C:2015:742 . . . . 111

C-324/09, L ’ Or é al/eBay , ECLI:EU:C:2011:474 = GRUR 2011, 1025 . . . 23 , 238 C-168/00, Leitner , ECLI:EU:C:2002:163 . . . 202 , 211 – 214 , 217 , 219 – 220 , 262 – 263 C-420/11, Leth , ECLI:EU:C:2013:166 . . . 214

Case 169/83, Leussink , ECLI:EU:C:1986:371 . . . 218

C-99/15, Liff ers , ECLI:EU:C:2016:173 . . . 211 , 218 C-295/04 – C-298/04, Manfredi , ECLI:EU:C:2006:461 = EuZW 2006, 529 . . . 199 , 211 – 212 , 214 C-271/91, Marshall II , ECLI:EU:C:1993:335 . . . 199 , 211 – 212 C-484/14, McFadden , ECLI:EU:C:2016:689 = GRUR 2016, 1146 . . . 19 , 21 C-403/08 and C-429/08, Murphy , ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 . . . 207

C-581/10 and C-629/10, Nelson , ECLI:EU:C:2012:657 . . . 217 , 219 C-388/13, Nemzeti Fogyaszt ó v é delmi Hat ó s á g/UPC Magyarorsz á g Kft ., ECLI:EU:C:2015:225 . . . 11 , 19 T-231/97, New Europe Consulting , ECLI:EU:T:1999:146 . . . 218

C-280/15, Nikolajeva , ECLI:EU:C:2016:467 . . . 217

C-367/15, O ł awska Telewizja Kablowa , ECLI:EU:C:2017:36 = GRUR 2017, 264 . . . 19

C-460/06, Paquay , ECLI:EU:C:2007:601 . . . 211

Case C-371/12, Petillo , ECLI:EU:C:2013:652 . . . 217 – 218 C-360/09, Pfl eiderer , ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 = EuZW 2011, 598 . . . 199

Case C-8/74, Procureur du Roi v Beno î t and Gustave Dassonville , ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 . . . . 112

C-275/06, Promusicae , ECLI:EU:C:2008:54 = GRUR 2008, 241 . . . 19 , 229 C-404/06, Quelle AG v Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverb ä nde , ECLI:EU:C:2008:231 . . . 255 , 270 C-338/14, Quenon , ECLI:EU:C:2015:795 . . . 212 , 221 Case C-33/76, Rewe-Zentralfi nanz eG and Rewe-Zentral AG v . . . Landwirtschaft skammer f ü r das Saarland , ECLI:EU:C:1976:188 . . . 111 , 202 C-70/10, Scarlet Extended SA/Soci é t é Belge des Auteurs, Compositeurs et é diteurs SCRL (SABAM) , ECLI:EU:C:2011:771 . . . 229

Case C-350/03, Schulte , ECLI:EU:C:2005:637 . . . 199 , 210 – 211 , 214 C-348/07, Semen , ECLI:EU:C:2009:195 . . . 212

C-152/88, Sofrimport , ECLI:EU:C:1990:259 . . . 212

C-83/10, Sousa Rodriguez , ECLI:EU:C:2011:652 . . . 211

C-45/08, Spector Photo Group , ECLI:EU:C:2009:806 . . . 216

T-217/11, Staelen , ECLI:EU:T:2015:238 . . . 218

C-527/15, Stichting Brein/Jack Frederik Wullems [Filmspeler] , ECLI:EU:C:2017:300 = GRUR 2017, 610 . . . 16 , 22 C-610/15, Stichting Brein/Ziggo [Th e Pirate Bay] , ECLI:EU:C:2017:456 = GRUR 2017, 790 . . . 16 , 22 C-402/07 and C-432/07, Sturgeon , ECLI:EU:C:2009:716 . . . 217

Case C-103/11 P, Systran , ECLI:EU:C:2012:714 . . . 215 , 218 , 220 C-494/15, Tommy Hilfi ger , ECLI:EU:C:2016:528 = GRUR 2016, 1062 . . . 19 , 23 , 237 – 238 C-314/12, UPC Telekabel , ECLI:EU:C:2014:192 = GRUR 2014, 468 . . . 19 , 230 Case C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos , ECLI:EU:C:1963:1 . . . 115

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List of Cases

C-203/99, Veedfald , ECLI:EU:C:2001:258 . . . 211

C-63/09, Walz , ECLI:EU:C:2010:251 . . . 211 , 217 , 220 C-65/09, Weber v Wittmer , and C-87/09, Putz v Medianess Electronics , ECLI:EU:C:2011:396 . . . 256 , 258 – 260 , 269 – 270

GERMANY

BGH 25.03.1952 – 1 StR 172/51 = BGHSt 25, 242, 246 . . . 142

BGH 18.05.1955 – I ZR 8/54 = GRUR 1955, 492 . . . 235

BGH 20.12.1955 – 5 StR 363/55 = NJW 1956, 478, 480 = BGHSt 8, 383, 390 . . . 142

BGH 22.01.1960 – I ZR 41/58 = GRUR 1960, 340 . . . 235

BGH 24.02.1961 – I ZR 83/59 = BGHZ 34, 320, 322 f . . . 156

BGH 29.05.1962 – I ZR 132/60 = GRUR 1962, 509, 511 . . . 160 – 161 BGH 12.06.1963 – Ib ZR 23/62 = GRUR 1964, 91 . . . 235

BGH 26.06.1963 – Ib ZR 127/62 = GRUR 1964, 94 . . . 235

BGH 04.02.1964 – VI ZR 25/63 = BGHZ 41, 123 . . . 58

BGH 29.05.1964 – Ib ZR 4/63 = GRUR 1965, 104 . . . 235

BGH 06.05.1971 – VII ZR 232/69 = NJW 1971, 1452 . . . 51

BGH 20.09.1974 – I ZR 99/73 = GRUR 1975, 500 . . . 58

BGH 16.12.1975 – VI ZR 175/74 = NJW 1976, 1147 . . . 187

BGH 24.11.1981 – X ZR 7/80 = BGHZ 82, 299, 307 . . . 159

BGH 07.10.1982 – I ZR 120/80 = GRUR 1983, 127, 128 . . . 10

BGH 18.01.1983 – 1 StR 490/82 = NJW 1983, 1919, 1921 = BGHSt 31, 207 . . . 143 – 144 BGH 18.12.1986 – I ZR 111/84 = BGHZ 99, 244, 248 . . . 159

BGH 03.05.1989 – 4 StB 15 und 16/89 = BGHSt 36, 192 = NJW 1989, 2702, 2703 . . . 147

BGH 04.06.1992 – IX ZR 149/91 = BGHZ 118, 312, 343 . . . 165

BGH 15.11.1994 – VI ZR 56/94 = GRUR 1995, 224 . . . 188

BGH 21.04.1997 – II ZR 175/95 = NJW 1997, 1926 . . . 93 , 101 BGH 26.09.1997 – V ZR 29/96 = NJW 1998, 302, 304 . . . 212

BGH 02.11.2000 – I ZR 246/98 = BGHZ 145, 366, 374 = GRUR 2001, 329 . . . . 160 , 166 , 215 BGH 07.02.2002 – I ZR 304/99 = BGHZ 150, 32, 42 . . . 163

BGH 21.08.2002 – 5 StR 291/02 = NJW 2002, 3560, 3561 = BGHSt 47, 378 . . . 146

BGH 28.11.2002 – 5 StR 381/02 = NStZ 2003, 321 . . . 146

BGH 01.07.2005 – 2 StR 9/05 = NJW 2005, 3078, 3080 = BGHSt 50, 180, 188 . . . 142

BGH 15.07.2005 – GSZ 1/04 = BGHZ (GSZ) 164, 1, 3 f . . . 165

BGH 16.12.2008 – 4 StR 542/08 = NStZ 2009, 586 . . . 146

BGH 14.05.2009 – I ZR 98/06 = BGHZ 181, 98 . . . 163

BGH 29.07.2009 – I ZR 87/07 = GRUR 2010, 237 . . . 159

BGH 05.11.2009 – 3 StR 428/09 = NStZ 2010, 714, 715 . . . 146

BGH 17.12.2010 – V ZR 45/10 = GRUR 2011, 323 . . . 18 , 58 BGH 27.10.2011 – I ZR 175/10 = GRUR 2012, 715 . . . 159

BGH 14.12.2011 – 5 StR 471/11 . . . . 146

BGH 24.07.2012 – X ZR 51/11 = BGHZ 194, 194 . . . 156 , 163 BGH 01.03.2013 – V ZR 14/12 = GRUR 2013, 623 . . . 58

BGH 19.12.2014 – V ZR 324/13 = GRUR 2015, 578 . . . 58

BGH 18.03.2016 – V ZR 89/15 = BGHZ 209, 270 . . . 51

BGH 10.05.2016 – X ZR 114/13 = GRUR 2016, 1031 . . . 21

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BGH 26.07.2018 – I ZR 64/17 = GRUR 2018, 1044 . . . 243 – 245

BGH 18.09.2018 – II ZR 152/17 = NZG 2018, 1301 . . . 101

BVerfG 25.10.1978 – 1 BvR 352/17 = BVerfGE 49, 382, 393 . . . 52

BVerfG 08.08.1990 – 2 BvR 267/90 = NJW 1991, 351 . . . 142

BVerfG 07.12.1994 – 1 BvR 1279/94 = BVerfGE 91, 335, 344 . . . 165

BVerfG 27.03.2001 – 2 BvR 2211/97 = NJW 2001, 1563 . . . 146

BVerfG 21.11.2002 – 2 BvR 2202/01 = NJW 2003, 1030, 1031 . . . 147

BVerfG 18.10.2012 – 2 BvR 2776/10 = NJW 2013, 592 . . . 142

KG Berlin 16.12.1999, NStZ-RR 2000, 145, 146 . . . 147

LG Berlin 28.09.1994, NStZ 1995, 508, 510 . . . 147

OLG Celle 13.09.2000 – 33 Ss 73/00 = NStZ-RR 2001, 90, 91 . . . 143

OLG D ü sseldorf 27.07.2004 – I-14 U 24/04 . . . 192

OLG D ü sseldorf 15.02.2007 – 2 U 71/05 = InstGE 7, 194, 196 . . . 156

OLG Frankfurt 07.04.2000 – VAs 11/00 = NStZ-RR 2000, 282, 285 . . . 147

OLG Koblenz 19.11.1981 – 1 Ss 278/81 = NJW 1982, 1770 . . . 143

OLG K ö ln 17.03.1995 – 6 U 109/82 = GRUR 1983, 752, 753 . . . 160 – 161 OLG N ü rnberg 21.05.1948 – HESt 2, 152, 153 . . . 142

OLG N ü rnberg 11.11.1997 – Ws 1078/97 = NStZ-RR 1998, 143 . . . 146

OLG Stuttgart 14.02.2011 – 4 Ws 10/11 = NStZ 2011, 709, 710 = Die Justiz 2011, 184, 185 . . . 142

RG 21.09.1909 – IV 511/09 = RGSt 42, 399, 401 . . . 143

RG 15.11.1937 – I 102/37 = RGZ 156, 321, 326 . . . 156

UNITED KINGDOM AND THE COMMONWEALTH

Antonio Munoz y Cia SA v Frumar Ltd [1999] 3 CMLR 684, 708 (1999) . . . 116 – 117 Attorney General v Blake [2000] UKHL 45; [2001] AC 268, 284 . . . 8 , 32 , 37 Baker Energy Resources v Reading & Bates Construction [1994] 58 CPR (3d) 359, 368 (F.C.A.) . . . . . . . 163

Blayney v Clogau St David ’ s Gold Mines [2002] EWCA Civ 1007 . . . 277

Bristol & West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1, 17 . . . 41

Cartier International AG & Ors v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd & Ors [2014] EWHC 3354 . . . 35 , 238 – 240 , 244 , 246 CBS Songs Ltd v Amstrad Consumer Electronics Plc [1988] AC 1013 . . . 234 – 235 Celanese v BP Chemicals [1999] RPC 203, 231 (Pat) . . . 160 – 163 , 165 Coventry (t/a RDC Promotions) v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13; [2014] AC 822; [2014] 2 WLR 433 . . . . 9

Dart Industries v Decor [1993] HCA 54 . . . 160 – 163 , 166 Dart v Decor [1994] FSR 567 = [1993] HCA 54 . . . 161 – 163 Devenish Nutrition Ltd v Sanofi -Aventis SA [2008] EWCA Civ 1086 . . . 37

EMI Records Ltd and others v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd and others [2013] EWHC 379 . . . . 231 FHR European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC [2014] UKSC 45;

[2015] AC 250 . . . . . 34 – 35

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List of Cases

Football Association Premier League v British Telecommunications

[2017] EWHC 480 . . . . 231

Forsyth-Grant v Allen [2008] EWCA Civ 505; [2008] 2 EGLR 16 . . . 37

Fry v Fry (1859) 27 Beav 144 . . . 41

Golden Eye (International) Ltd and others v Telefonica UK Ltd [2012] EWHC 723 . . . . 231

Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341 . . . 39

Halifax Building Society v Th omas [1996] Ch 217, 229 . . . 34

Henderson v Merrett , [1995] 2 AC 145 . . . 39

Henderson v Merrett , [2014] EWHC 556 (Ch); [2014] PNLR 22, [212] . . . 39

Henderson v Merrett , [2015] EWCA Civ 1146; [2016] Ch 529, [68], [80] . . . 39

Hollister v Medik [2012] EWCA Civ 1419 . . . 160 – 161 Imperial Oil v Lubrizol [1996] 71 CPR (3d) 26, 33 (F.C.A.) . . . 160

In re Dawson (dec ’ d) [1966] NSWR 211 . . . 41

Jaggard v Sawyer and Another [1994] EWCA Civ 1; [1995] 1 WLR 269, 287 . . . 9 , 22 Knott v Cottee (1852) 16 Beav 77 . . . 41

Letang v Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232 . . . 37

Main v Giambrone and Law (a fi rm) [2017] EWCA Civ 1193 . . . 42

Marathon Asset Management LLP v Seddon [2017] EWHC 300 (Comm) . . . 37

Metall und Rohstoff AG v Donaldson, Lufk in and Jenrette Inc. [1990] 1 QB 391 . . . 34

Morris-Garner v One Step (Support) Ltd [2014] EWHC 2213 (QB); [2015] IRLR 215 . . . . . . . 36

Morris-Garner v One Step (Support) Ltd [2016] EWCA Civ 180; [2017] QB 1 . . . 36

Morris-Garner v One Step (Support) Ltd [2018] UKSC 20; [2018] 2 WLR 1353 . . . 36

My Kinda Town v Soll [1982] RPC 15, 55 (Ch) . . . 160

Nestl é v National Westminster Bank plc [1993] 1 WLR 1260, Re Mulligan [1998] 1 NZLR 481 . . . . . 41

Nocton v Lord Ashburton , [1914] AC 932, 964 . . . 33

Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs & Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 . . . 236 , 239 Orr v Diaper [1876] 4 Ch. D. 92 . . . 239

Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock & Engineering Co (Th e Wagon Mound) [1961] AC 388 . . . . . . 39

Peebles v Rembrand Builders Merchants Ltd [2017] G.W.D. 15 – 236, Sh.Ct . . . 260

Peter Pan v Corsets Silhouette [1963] 3 All ER 402, 413 (Ch) . . . 163

Potton v Yorkclose [1990] FSR 11, 19 (Ch) . . . 162

Reading & Bates Construction v Baker Energy Resources [1995] 1 FC 483 (F.C.A.) . . . 160

Re Massingberd ’ s Settlement (1890) 63 LT 296 . . . 41

Re Polly Peck International (No. 2) [1998] 3 All ER 812, 823 . . . 34

Rookes v Barnard [1964] 1 All ER 367, 411 . . . 154 , 164 South Carolina Insurance Co v Assurantie Maatshappij De Zeven Provincien NV [1987] AC 24 . . . . . . 239

Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns [1996] AC 421, 434 . . . 41

Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation and others v British Telecommunications plc [2011] EWHC 1981 (Ch) = [2012] 1 All ER 806 . . . 230

United Horse Shoe and Nail v Stewart [1888] 5 RPC 260, 266 f. (HL) . . . 163

Upmann v Elkan [1871] 7 Ch App 130 . . . 239

Wellesley Partners LLP v Withers LLP , [2015] EWCA Civ 1146; [2016] Ch 529, [68], [80] . . . . . . 38 – 40 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC , [1996] AC 669, 714 . . . 34

Intersentia List of Cases

xvi

UNITED STATES

Blackman v Hustler Magazine 800 F.2d 1160 (DC Cir. 1986) . . . 155 , 165

Butchers ’ Union Slaughterhouse v Crescent City , 1884 . . . 278

Fogerty v Fantasy , 510 US 517, 527 (1994) . . . 164

Further Tremolo Patent v Hitchcock , 90 US 518, 528 f. (1874) . . . 162

Schnadig v Gaines , 620 F.2d 1166, 1172 (6th Cir. 1980) . . . 162

OTHER

Intersentia

xvii

LIST OF AUTHORS

Paul S. Davies

Professor of Commercial Law, University College London, UK Orit Fischman Afori

Professor of Law, Haim Striks School of Law, Th e College of Management, Israel Jens-Uwe Franck

Professor of Private Law, Commercial and Competition Law, University of Mannheim, Germany

Andreas Funke

Professor of Public Law and Philosophy of Law, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Christian Heinze

Professor of Private Law and Intellectual Property Law, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

Jan Felix Hoff mann

Professor of Civil Law and Civil Procedure, Director of the Institute for German and Comparative Civil Procedure, Department 1, University of Freiburg, Germany

Franz Hofmann

Professor of Private Law, Intellectual Property and Technology Law, Friedrich- Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Martin Husovec

Assistant Professor, Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society (TILT) and Tilburg Institute for Law and Economics (TILEC), Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, Th e Netherlands

Franziska Kurz

Doctoral Candidate and Research Assistant at the Chair of Private Law, Intellectual Property and Technology Law, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Dorothea Magnus

Assistant Professor of Criminal Law, Free University Berlin, Germany

Intersentia List of Authors

xviii

Jonathan Moss

Barrister, Hogarth Chambers, UK Benjamin Raue

Professor of Private Law, Law of the Information Society and Intellectual Property Law, University of Trier, Germany

Klaus Ulrich Schmolke

Professor of Private Law, Commercial, Company and Business Law, Friedrich- Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Lubo š Tich ý

Professor of Private and European Law and Chair of the Centre for Comparative law, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic

Christian Twigg-Flesner

Professor of International Commercial Law, University of Warwick, UK