APPENDICES
A. Appendix A
Figure A1: Showing subject of research in larger framework
B. Appendix B
FIGURES B1: GRAPHS DESCRIBING REMITTANCE INFLOWS WORLDWIDE – IN DIFFERENT REGIONS, INCOME GROUPS AND AS COMPARED TO OTHER CAPITAL FLOWS (Author’s calculations using Global Development Finance 2006, World Bank 2005a and World Development
Indicators 2005, World Bank 2005b)
ODA and Rem ittance Inflow s w orldw ide, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 2,0E+10 4,0E+10 6,0E+10 8,0E+10 1,0E+11 1,2E+11 1,4E+11 1,6E+11 1,8E+11 2,0E+11
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $ Official development
as sistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compens ation of em ployees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Upper Middle Income countries, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 1,0E+10 2,0E+10 3,0E+10 4,0E+10 5,0E+10 6,0E+10 7,0E+10 8,0E+10
979 981 983 985 987 989 991 993 995 997 999 001 003
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Lower Middle Income countries, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 2,0E+10 4,0E+10 6,0E+10 8,0E+10 1,0E+11 1,2E+11
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Low Income countries, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 5,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,5E+10 2,0E+10 2,5E+10 3,0E+10 3,5E+10 4,0E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
Remittance inflows as a percentage of GNI, 1979 - 2003
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Percentage of GNI (%)
low income
low er middle income
upper middle income
Remittance inflow per capita at different country levels of income, 1979 - 2003
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Remittances per capita ($)
low income
lower middle income
upper middle income
Remittance inflows per region, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 5,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,5E+10 2,0E+10 2,5E+10 3,0E+10 3,5E+10 4,0E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
US $
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America &
Caribbean Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Remittance inflows as a % of GNI per region, 1979 - 2003
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
% of GNI
East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America &
Caribbean Middle East & North Africa
South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
Remittances per Capita per Region, 1979 - 2003
0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Remittances per capita ($) East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia Latin America &
Caribbean Middle East & North Africa
South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in the East Asia and Pacific Region, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 1,0E+10 2,0E+10 3,0E+10 4,0E+10 5,0E+10 6,0E+10 7,0E+10
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
current US$
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Latin America and Carribean, 1979 -2003
0,0E+00 1,0E+10 2,0E+10 3,0E+10 4,0E+10 5,0E+10 6,0E+10 7,0E+10 8,0E+10 9,0E+10 1,0E+11
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
CUrrent US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Europe and Central Asia, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 5,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,5E+10 2,0E+10 2,5E+10 3,0E+10 3,5E+10 4,0E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Middle East and North Africa, 1979 -2003
0,0E+00 2,0E+09 4,0E+09 6,0E+09 8,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,2E+10 1,4E+10 1,6E+10 1,8E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
CUrrent US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in South Asia, 1979 -2003
0,0E+00 5,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,5E+10 2,0E+10 2,5E+10 3,0E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)
Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
FDI, ODA and Remittance Inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1979 - 2003
0,0E+00 5,0E+09 1,0E+10 1,5E+10 2,0E+10 2,5E+10 3,0E+10
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Current US $
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)
Official development assistance and official aid (current US$) Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)
C. Appendix C
Table C1: Table showing descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables All variables Predicted Share of
Households Banked
Remittance inflow / capita at t-1
Economic size (GDP) Average Income Level (GDP per
capita)
Governance Index
Concentration Ratio
Restrictions on Bank Activities
Mean 0.2632 64.3109 96,500,000,000 2217.7130 -0.2227 0.6416 1.7917
Median 0.2425 26.5304 18,200,000,000 1774.5740 -0.3503 0.6123 2.0000
Maximum 0.7860 562.9053 1,420,000,000,000 6794.8640 1.2456 1.0000 4.0000
Minimum 0.0010 0.1990 742,000,000 101.5248 -1.2112 0.2247 0.0000
Std. Dev. 0.1993 105.7897 215,000,000,000 1849.7400 0.6016 0.1909 1.1291
Skewness 0.6320 2.7632 4.31 1.0253 0.5736 0.2736 0.1476
Kurtosis 2.7441 10.9877 24.52 3.1526 2.4648 2.3660 2.1732
Jarque-Bera 2.6336 251.5869 1,433.22 11.2758 4.0736 1.7827 1.5414
Probability 0.2680 0.0000 0.00 0.0036 0.1304 0.4101 0.4627
Observations 38 64 64 64 61 61 48
All variables Communication Infrastructure (telephone lines per
capita)
Transportation Infrastructure (Railways per sq
KM)
Population Density Share of assets in government- owned banks
Credit Information
Index
Entry into Banking requirements
Mean 0.1462 0.0173 116.7910 24.5957 3.1667 7.3617
Median 0.1222 0.0081 72.2395 16.3000 3.5000 8.0000
Maximum 0.4172 0.1229 1060.7000 80.0000 6.0000 8.0000
Minimum 0.0024 0.0000 3.0393 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
Std. Dev. 0.1102 0.0221 162.2590 24.5717 2.0433 0.9874
Skewness 0.5388 2.6351 3.7558 0.7537 -0.3475 -2.1430
Kurtosis 2.3671 11.4366 20.2196 2.2759 1.9326 9.1315
Table C2: Definitions, Source s and Year of Observation of all Variables
Variable Definition Source Year
Demographic branch
penetration Number of bank branches per 100,000 people Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Geographic branch
penetration Number of branches per 1,000 sq km Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Demographic ATM
penetration Number of ATMs per 100,000 people Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Geographic ATM penetration Number of ATMs per 1,000 sq km Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Loan accounts per capita Average Loan Size / GDP Per Cap Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Loan-income ratio Number of Loans Per 1000 People Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Deposit accounts per capita Average Deposit Size / GDP per Capita Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005) Deposit Income ratio Number of Deposits per 1000 People Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Martinez Peria, 2005 varies per country (2001-2005)
Predicted Household Share with bankaccount
Calculated using data on share of households with bank accounts on the log of deposit accounts per 100,000 and the log of average deposit size ($)
Beck et al, 2005 using data from Claessens (2005) and Gasparini et al. (2005) varies per country (2001-2005)
Remittance inflow per capita
at t-1 Remittance inflow / total population at t-1 Remittances: Global Development Finance 2005, WDI 2005 for developed
countries // GDP: World Development Indicators 2005 remittances and population at t-1
Economic size Gross Domestic Product World Development Indicators 2005 2003
Average income level GDP per capita (constant 2000 USD) World Development Indicators 2005 2003
Governance Index Average score of six governance indicators, where high score means better governance
Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2005). "Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004". Draft, May 2005 2004
Concentration Ratio Assets of three largest banks as a share of assets of all commercial banks in the system
Fitch's Bankscope database, in: Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt and Ross Levine, (1999), "A New Database on Financial Development and Structure,"
Policy Research Working Paper No. 2146, Washington DC: World Bank.
2003
Credit Information index Scored on 0-6 scale, score increasing with availability of credit information
Simeon Djankov, Caralee McLiesh, and Andrei Shleifer (2004) "Private Credit Around the World,", Harvard University. Adapted from "Law and Finance," by Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny, Journal of Political Economy, 106, pp. 1113-55, 1998.
2005 data; 2003/4 data is not available online.
Restrictions on Bank's Activities
Sum of restrictions on banks owning real estate, insurance, securities and non-financial firms
World Bank Regulation and Supervision Database 2001
