Can traditional forest management protect and conserve ironwood (ulin) stands? An option and approach in East Kalimantan
Wahyuni, T.
Citation
Wahyuni, T. (2011, November 10). Can traditional forest management protect and conserve ironwood (ulin) stands? An option and approach in East Kalimantan. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18056
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Can traditional forest management
protect and conserve ironwood (ulin) stands?
An option and approach in East Kalimantan
ISBN/EAN 978-90-5113-099-7
© Tien Wahyuni, 2011
All rights reserved. Save exception stated by the law, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, of transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, included a complete or partial transcription, without the prior written permission of the author, application for which should be addressed to author.
The options expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Tropenbos International or University of Leiden.
Cover photo: Tien Wahyuni Cover design: Aritta Suwarno
Printed by: Desa Putera, Jakarta, Indonesia
Can traditional forest management protect and conserve ironwood (ulin) stands?
An option and approach in East Kalimantan
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op 10 november 2011
klokke 15.00 uur
door
Tien Wahyuni geboren
in 1969 te Balikpapan (Indonesië)
Promotiecommissie
Promotor: Prof. dr. G.A. Persoon Co-promotor: Dr. ir. H.H. de Iongh
Overige leden: Prof. dr. R. Boot (Universiteit Utrecht) Prof. dr. A.J. Dietz
Prof. dr. W. Kustiawan (Universitas Mulawarman) Prof. dr. L.J. Slikkerveer
v
Acknowledgements
A thesis like this is not the product of one person. Over the years, there have been many people who have helped me out over the years to complete this dissertation. The scientific results in this book were obtained by means of research conducted in the framework of the international co-operation between the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and Tropenbos International.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, Leiden University and to the Dutch Government for all their support, which allowed me to pursue my PhD degree at Leiden University. I am grateful for the support of NUFFIC (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Internationale Samenwerking in het Hoger Onderwijs) seed money, which allowed me to undertake my fieldwork in East Kalimantan and facilitated my stay in the Netherlands for preparation of the proposal. I also received a Huygens fellowship from NUFFIC for consultation during my study and for the writing of this thesis. The fund from NUFFIC under the Netherlands Fellowship programme (NFP), made this research possible for the period of 2004-2008. I am honoured to have been able to perform my function as a researcher.
I would like to express sincere thanks to my principal supervisors, Prof. Gerard Persoon, Prof. Hans de Iongh, Prof. Wawan Kustiawan for their excellent guidance, precious assistance, and for the numerous long discussions, as well as for their constant help regarding the formal aspects of this research and for the many constructive ideas and visits to my research area.
I also would like to extend my gratitude to the Centrum voor Milieukunde (CML), the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University. CML provided me with an office and other facilities during the writing of this thesis and the consultation period. I always felt very welcome sharing an office with Myrna Eindhoven, Ingvild Harkes, Bernaulus Saragih, Haman Unusa and
vi
other students who came and went. I am most grateful to Annelies Oskam, who greatly assisted me in arranging various aspects of my PhD. Furthermore, thanks to Edith de Roos of the library at the CML for her helpfulness and speedy service. I thank Anna Yeadell, for the language editing of my English that always showed an Indonesia-English style.
I am sincerely indebted to Dr. Dicky Simorangkir, the former Team Leader of the MoF – Tropenbos Kalimantan Programme and the new Team Leader Dr. Petrus Gunarso. This study would never have been possible without their trust in me as a PhD student in the framework of the international co-operation between the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and Tropenbos International. I thank too, the former heads of the Forestry Research Institute of Kalimantan, Ir. Sulistyo A. Siran, MSc, Dr. Putera Parthama, MSc, and Dr. Ir. Rufi’ie, M.Sc, head of the Dipterocarp Research Center, for their moral support.
I am grateful to Pak Dedy Armansyah (Debang) as Kepala adat besar of Paser, and Ardiansyah at Persatuan Masyarakat Adat in Paser (PEMA, Adat Community Society).
Special appreciation goes to the former adat leader of Muluy, Pak Lindung, and Pak Semok (adat leader) from Rantau Layung in Paser District and also Pak Rivai, the Kepala Desa (administrative village) of Rantau Layung for their support in facilitating the research and their willingness to share experiences and organise their communities in Muluy and Rantau Layung. Many thanks also to the villagers and farmers: Pak Jombu, Sumantri, Jidan from Muluy in Paser District and Pak Penghasilan (the adat leader of Sembakung), Pak Upau, Pak Kimhai, Pak Azis of Saduman and Pagaluyon in Sembakung Sub-district, Nunukan District, East Kalimantan.
Some of the information presented here is part of at research report I wrote with another scientist from the Forest Research Institute of Kalimantan. My appreciation goes to Ir. Ayi Suyana, MP for his vigorous discussions. I cannot forget the assistance and help I received during the field research from the technicians, Andriansyah, S.P and Mukhaidil. I am particularly thankful to Priyono for his drawing of the simpunk picture in this thesis and to Adi Iskandar, S.P and Muhammad Sachri Chair, S.Kom for editing and lay-out. My Indonesian friends and families in Leiden made my life just like ‘home’. The warm friendship of Ferry Slik’s family, Sumi and Varuna, and my other Indonesian friends, Arbainsyah, and M.Iqbal was exceptional. I am highly indebted to my big family in Balikpapan and Samarinda for their courage and prayers.
Finally, most important of all, I would like to thank sincerely my family; my beloved husband, Heru Tri Handanu and to our beloved son and daughter, Angga and Ameilia, for their understanding, patience, full support, concern about my research and continued advice, discussions, assistance and for sharing the intellectual, and emotional experiences that have made our lives in East Kalimantan and Leiden and my work on this thesis so enjoyable.
vii
Contents
Acknowledgements ...v
Contents ...vii
Glossary ...xv
1 Introduction and literature review on ulin: Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. and Binn.) ... 1
1.1. Introduction ... 1
1.2. Identifying Borneo ironwood in danger of extinction ... 11
1.3. The protected status of Borneo ironwood ... 11
1.4. Ecology and natural history ... 13
1.4.1. Geographical distribution ... 13
1.4.2. Role of the species in its ecosystem ... 15
1.4.3. Features of the wood ... 17
1.4.4. Threats and impact on ironwood population ... 18
1.4.5. Utilisation and trade ... 19
1.5. A history of ironwood exploitation and its trade ... 20
1.5.1. Early ironwood exploitation and its trade ... 20
1.5.2. Ironwood trade in a free Indonesia ... 24
1.6. A history of ironwood conservation ... 25
1.7. A history of silvicultural research in Indonesia and the context of community forest ... 27
1.8. The approach to threatened species management ... 30
1.9. Borneo ironwood as a cultural keystone species in Kalimantan and Indonesia ... 31
1.9.1. Definition and understanding ... 31
1.9.2. Main traits, indicators and usefulness ... 33
1.10. A commercially valuable hardwood species: definition and experiences of hardwood plantation ... 34
1.11. Traditional ecological and indigenous knowledge as a basis and a system for adaptive management ... 35
1.12. The market chain ... 38
1.13. Direct causes of ironwood depletion ... 38
1.14. The underlying causes of ironwood depletion ... 40
viii
2 Description of the research area and methods ... 47
2.1. Introduction ... 47
2.2. East Kalimantan province ... 48
2.3. Research sites ... 52
2.3.1. Research village and site selection ... 52
2.3.2. Preparation ... 53
2.3.3. Paser District ... 54
2.3.4. Nunukan District ... 56
2.3.5. Kutai Kartanegara District ... 58
2.4. The forest ... 60
2.5. Characteristics of forestry ... 61
2.5.1. Commercial forestry ... 61
2.5.2. Laws and regulations for ironwood and its management in Kalimantan ... 62
2.6. Research methods ... 65
2.6.1. Inventory of ironwood ... 65
2.6.2. Traditional forest management of ironwood and sustainable utilisation strategies ... 67
2.6.3. Traditional knowledge of cultivation and conservation efforts for ironwood ... 68
2.6.4. Production to consumption chain; trade and market survey ... 70
3 Natural distribution of ironwood stands, tree species diversity and impacts of traditional management at the research sites ... 73
3.1. Introduction ... 73
3.2. Methods, research sites and objectives ... 74
3.2.1. Methods ... 74
3.2.2. Description of research area and plots... 74
3.2.3. Research objectives and questions ... 76
3.3. An inventory of ironwood stands ... 76
3.3.1. Species richness in composition and structure of forest vegetation .. 76
3.3.2. Family richness ... 79
3.3.3. Structure of ironwood stands ... 83
3.3.4. Ironwood distribution ... 84
3.4. Discussion and conclusions ... 85
ix
4 Management and sustainable utilisation strategies for ironwood:
a case study in Paser district, East Kalimantan ... 87
4.1. Introduction ... 87
4.2. Methods, research area and objectives ... 87
4.2.1. Methods ... 87
4.2.2. Research area ... 88
4.2.3. Research objectives and questions ... 88
4.3. Condition and history of the research area ... 89
4.3.1. People and change ... 89
4.3.2. History of study sites and forest resource ... 91
4.4. Description of resource and land use ... 97
4.5. Traditional management of natural ironwood by indigenous people ... 99
4.5.1. Role of adat law in arrangements for ironwood utilisation ... 99
4.5.2. Ecological knowledge of ironwood ... 103
4.6. Traditional exploitation and utilisation pattern of ironwood ... 107
4.6.1. Utilisation ... 107
4.6.2. Ethics of access ... 111
4.7. Discussion and conclusions ... 112
5 Ironwood cultivation and conservation efforts: a case study in Nunukan district, East Kalimantan... 115
5.1. Introduction ... 115
5.2. Methods, research area and objectives ... 116
5.2.1. Methods ... 116
5.2.2. Research area ... 116
5.2.3. Research objectives ... 116
5.3. Description of the research villages ... 117
5.3.1. History of the community ... 117
5.3.2. Population and infrastructure ... 119
5.3.3. Households ... 120
5.4. Forest resource and land use ... 120
5.4.1. Forest land ... 120
5.4.2. Agricultural patterns and farming systems ... 121
5.5. Management and traditional knowledge of ironwood cultivation ... 123
5.5.1. Utilisation and trade pattern of ironwood ... 123
5.5.2. Cultivation of ironwood by villagers ... 123
5.6. Discussion and conclusions ... 127
x
6 Ironwood products: the chain of production to consumption ... 129
6.1. Introduction ... 129
6.2. Methods, research area and objectives ... 130
6.2.1. Methods ... 130
6.2.2. Research area ... 130
6.2.3. Research objectives and questions ... 130
6.3. Identification of raw material sources ... 131
6.3.1. Clear-cutting of conversion forest areas ... 131
6.3.2. Illegal cutting or timber poaching of ironwood ... 141
6.4. Ironwood processing and industries ... 146
6.4.1. Indispensable construction material in Kalimantan ... 147
6.4.2. Roof shingles ... 152
6.4.3. Ironwood processed export products ... 157
6.4.4. Trade, market chain and channel of distribution of ironwood ... 164
6.5. Ironwood production in East Kalimantan ... 168
6.6. Employment and income from ironwood business ... 171
6.7. Analysis of risk of ironwood depletion ... 172
6.8. Discussion and conclusions ... 174
7 Synthesis ... 177
7.1. Natural distribution and tree diversity in association with the variability of ironwood... 179
7.2. Management and sustainable utilisation strategies for ironwood ... 180
7.3. Traditional knowledge of cultivation and conservation efforts for ironwood ... 182
7.4. The chain of production to consumption ... 184
7.5. Conclusions ... 190
7.6. Further research ... 191
7.7. Important issues in co-management on ironwood ... 192
Appendix ... 195
References ... 217
Summary ... 245
Samenvatting ... 253
Ringkasan ... 261
Curriculum Vitae ... 270
xi
List of Figures
1.1 Distribution of Borneo ironwood 13
1.2 (A). Various forms and size of ironwood seed (B) Description of Eusideroxylon zwageri T e B: Leaves and the fruit (Keßler & Sidiyasa
1994) (C). Rear of Borneo ironwood tree (Photo: Wahyuni) 14 2.1 Map of East Kalimantan and the location of the research areas 50 3.1 Location of study sites: Muluy and Rantau Layung in Paser District 75 3.2 Species importance value of trees at Muluy plots 78 3.3 Species importance value of trees at Rantau Layung plots 78 3.4 (A) & (B) Ironwood and tree species diversity inventory in plots of both
villages. 79
3.5 Distribution pattern of diameter class of ironwood tree at plots in
Muluy 83
3.6 Distribution pattern of diameter class of ironwood tree at plots
in Rantau Layung 83
4.1 Resettlement of Muluy hamlet 92
4.2 Land classification in Muluy and Rantau Layung 98
4.3 Forest islands or simpukng created to protect tree stands or tree reserves 105 4.4 Many plants are found inside the simpukng: ironwood, diverse of
rattans, honey trees and other valuable plants 105
4.5 (A) Ironwood fruits as a food eaten by porcupine and (B) porcupine
meat as a food for villagers 107
4.6 Tools and material from ironwood (A) A blacksmith at work at the bellows, charcoal from ironwood waste for burning iron in the making of parang (knife); (B) Asok (dibble stick), make holes to sow rice seeds 110 5.1 Location of field research sites, Sembakung sub-district, Nunukan
District, in northern East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo 118 5.2 The planting technique of natural seedling by Dayak Agabag people 125
5.3 Upau and the ironwood trees in his jakaw 126
5.4 Ironwood tree planted with agriculture plants (banana, cocoa, coffee, rambutan or Nephelium sp) in forest garden of villagers in Pagaluyon
village, Sembakung sub-district, Nunukan 126
6.1 (A) Segitiga (triangular), with burning wood surface; (B) Blambangan 133 6.2 (A) An ironwood scavenger saws and cuts stems and stumps of
ironwood (B) Ironwood square blocks as raw material, (C) Migrants in primary processing sawmill, (D) Semi-finished flooring products 134
xii
6.3 (A) Ironwood beams from fresh cutting in the P.T.ITCIKU concession, Sotek, North Penajam Paser; (B) Loading beams onto a truck; (C) Basecamp of loggers or woodcutters; (D) Portal-post of the timber
company – ‘Do not cut and take away the white timber or wood’ 144 6.4 (A) House in coastal area of Balikpapan above water with ironwood
pillars and posts; (B) Footpath or bridge made from ironwood timber 148 6.5 Flow chart of ironwood construction material market chain in East
Kalimantan 150
6.6 (A) Checking the fibre direction; (B) Sirap making; (C) Sirap packets
(D) A building with sirap roof 153
6.7 Data export of ironwood shingles to provinces within Indonesia from
East Kalimantan, 2003 to 2006 155
6.8 Actors in the ironwood shingles market chain 156
6.9 The volume of ironwood semi-finished products in inter-island trade from Samarinda and Balikpapan to provinces within Indonesia, 2003
to 2006 160
6.10 The volume of ironwood products to three importer countries from
Samarinda and Balikpapan, 2003 to 2006 161
6.11 (A) Ready-to-use shapes of ironwood export products; (B) Packing
export products 162
6.12 Ironwood timber flows through cutting chain from supply to final
demand 167
6.13 Percentage of log species production from 1999-2005 168 6.14 A comparison on ironwood log production with domestic shipping and
international market, 2003-2004 169
6.15 The volume of ironwood production from TPTI and IPK 170
xiii
List of Tables
2.1 Land area and population of new district in post-partition Paser 55 2.2 Forest area and different functions in Paser District 55 2.3 Forest area and different functions in Nunukan District 58 2.4 Forest area and different functions in Kutai Kartanegara District 59 2.5 Forest area and different functions in East Kalimantan 60 2.6 Respondents interviewed to gather information on production and
consumption in East Kalimantan in 2005-2007 70
3.1 Mean values of two plots representing economically important tree species (>10 cm DBH) for wood production and livelihood at two study
sites (Muluy and Rantau Layung) 77
3.2 Family composition and family importance value of tree species that
grow at the study sites (Muluy and Rantau Layung) 2 ha plot 80 3.3 Species and family richness with a diameter > 10 cm in primary forest in
East Kalimantan 82
3.4 Population of ironwood with a diameter >10 cm (N/ha) in tropical
lowland forests in Kalimantan 83
3.5 Comparison of ironwood inventories of the plots in Muluy and Rantau
Layung 84
4.1 Locally identified landscape types in Muluy and Rantau Layung 95 4.2 Summary of Paser’s indigenous knowledge of ironwood 108 4.3 Tools and equipment made from ironwood for traditional uses 110 5.1 Population in the research villages: Pagaluyon and Saduman 119
5.2 Characteristic of tree-based systems 122
5.3 List of villagers who cultivate ironwood in Pagaluyon and Saduman
villages 124
6.1 Forms, size and price range of ironwood obtained from primary
processing 136
6.2 Comparison between Reforestation Fund and Forest Resource Rent
Provision for timber group in Indonesia 138
6.3 The permit volume of ironwood from some village cooperatives in the
districts of East Kalimantan in 2006 140
6.4 Prices and forms of local ironwood products in Samarinda 148 6.5 Number of establishment and HPH-HTI areas by districts and
municipality between 2004-2009 173
xiv
List of Boxes
4.1 Adat gold mining 101
6.1 Timber Clearance or Utilisation Permit (Izin Pemanfaatan Kayu, IPK) 139
6.2 The tragedy of open access 142
6.3 Sirap traders 154
7.1 Legal according Indonesian law and definition by WWF 186
xv
Glossary
Words or Description
acronym Bahasa Indonesia English
AAC Jatah Tebang Tahunan Annual Allowable Cut
Adat - Customary law and ritual practices
ALP Rencana Tebang Tahunan Annual Logging Plan
AMDAL Analisis Dampak Lingkungan Environmental Impact Analysis BAPPEDA Badan Perencanaan
Pembangunan Daerah Regional Planning Board BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan
Pembangunan Nasional National Development Planning Board
BKPM BPD
Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal
Badan Perwakilan Desa
Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board Village Representative Board BPS Badan Pusat Statistik Central Statistics Bureau
Bupati - Head of district
BRIK Badan Revitalisasi Industri
Kehutanan Forest-based Industry
Revitalization Body
CBD Konvensi Keanekaragaman
Biologi Convention on Biological
Diversity
CDK Cabang Dinas Kehutanan Branch office of the Department of Forestry
CIFOR - Centre for International Forestry
Research CITES Konvensi Perdagangan Jenis-
jenis Berbahaya/Terancam Convention on Trade in Endangered Species
Clear-cutting Tebang habis The complete removal of all tree cover for wood harvesting and/or land clearance
CPO - Crude Palm Oil
CNF - Cost and Freight
Concession Konsesi Hutan An area of natural forest
designated for selective harvest under an HPH license
DBH or dbh Diameter Setinggi Dada Diameter at Breast Height
xvi
DI/TII Darul Islam/Tentara Islam
Indonesia Military of Indonesian Islam
Dinas Kehutanan
Tingkat I - Provincial or district forestry
agency reporting to governor, mayor or bupati
Desa - Village (under the formal village
structure) DPRIN
Dusun
Departemen Perdagangan dan Industri
-
Ministry of Trade and Industry Subdivision of village (literally:
hamlet)
DR Dana Reboisasi Reforestation fund
ETPIK Eksportir Terdaftar Produk
Industri Kehutanan Registering Body for the Exporters of Timber Products
FJLB - Finger Joint Laminating Board
FLEFOB GN-RHL
Penegakan hukum kehutanan -Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan
Forest Law Enforcement Free On Board
Forest and Land Rehabilitation National Movement
GPSHIPKABA
HkM
-Himpunan Pengusaha Kayu Bangunan
Hutan Kemasyarakatan
Global Positioning System Building Material Entrepreneur Association
Community Forestry
HPH Hak Pengusahaan Hutan Forest Concession Right or license for natural production forest HPHH Hak Pemungutan Hasil Hutan Forest Products Harvest
Concession HPHTI
HTI
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan Tanaman Industri Hutan Tanaman Industri
Industrial Forest Plantation Permit Industrial Plantation Forest/IPF HTI-Trans
IFF
Hutan Tanaman Industri Transmigrasi
-
Timber Estate Plantation Transmigration Scheme Intergovernmental Forum on Forests
IPFIPK Hutan Tanaman Industri
Izin Pemanfaatan Kayu Industrial Plantation Forest Timber Clearance Permit
IPPK Izin Pemungutan dan
Pemanfaatan Kayu Timber Extraction and Utilization Permits
IHH Iuran Hasil Hutan Forest Product Royalty
xvii
ISA Asosiasi Internasional Kayu
Gergajian International Sawn Timber
Association
IUCN - International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource
ITTO Jakaw
-
Ladang yang ditinggalkan
Internationat Timber Trade Organization
Agriculture land that leave or ex-farm
Kabupaten - District
Kanwil
Kehutanan - Regional Forestry Service
Kayu bulat
kecil - Small round wood or log
Kayu rejek - Rejected timber
Kecamatan - Sub-district
Kepala adat - Traditional leader, leader of the
adat Kepala desa
(kades) - Village head (under formal
government structure)
Kepala dusun - Head of a dusun (part of village)
Ketua adat - Chief adat authority
KBNK Kawasan Budidaya Non
Kehutanan Non Forest Cultivation Area
KBK KSU
Kawasan Budidaya Kehutanan Koperasi Serba Usaha
Forest Plantation or Cultivation AreaCooperative with many enterprise KPM
KT
-
Kelompok Tani
Royal Shipping Company Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij
Farmer group
Logging Penebangan Felling or the standing tree is
cut down or felled by chainsaw, harvester, or feller buncher
KUD Koperasi Unit Desa Village Unit Cooperative
Limbah Sisa atau sampah Waste
LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan
Indonesia National Science Institute
LOA Areal Setelah Penebangan Logged-Over Area
xviii
MoF or
MOFEC Departemen Kehutanan /
Dephut Ministry of Forestry
NGO NTFP
LSM - Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat
HHBK - Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu
Non-Governmental Organisation Non Timber Forest Product PDRB Produk Domestik Regional
Bruto Gross domestic regional product
PEMA Persatuan Masyarakat Adat Adat Community Society
Perda Peraturan daerah Regional Government Regulation
Petak Blok Petak tebang Cutting block (usually 100 ha) used for inventory, planning, and operational control
PKAPT PKMT
Pedagang Kayu Antar Pulau Terdaftar
Pembangunan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Tertinggal
Registered Inter-Island Timber Trader
Isolated People’s Prosperity Development
PMDH Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa
Hutan Forest Village Development
Program
PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal
Propinsi
Province - Province
PSDH Provisi Sumber Daya Hutan Forest Resource Rent Provision
PUP Petak Ukur Permanen Permanent sample plots
Rancangan
Perda - Regional Regulation Plan
Reformasi - Signifying the reorganisation of
the Indonesian political structure RTRWK Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah
Kabupaten The district spatial/land use plans
RTRWP Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah
Propinsi The provincial spatial/land use
plans SHK
SIVSKSHH
Sistem Hutan Kerakyatan Nilai Penting Jenis
Surat Keterangan Sahnya Hasil Hutan
Community-based forest management
Species Important Value
Letter to validate forest harvesting or Legal Forest Product
Transportation Permit
SP Satuan Pemukiman Transmigrant Settlement Unit
xix
Teijsm. and
Binn. - Teijsmann and Binnendijk
TGHK Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan Consensus Forest Use Planning TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia Indonesian National Military TPTI Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia Indonesian Selective Cutting and
Planting System
UU Undang-undang Basic Law
