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(5) (a)z (km) 0. (g)<Qsrf> (mW/m2). 5000. (d)<T> (degc). 1. 4000. 3000. 2000 0. 2000. 300 200 100 0. 4000. <T> (degc). (b)z (km) 0 -1.. 0.. 3. (h) B(t) (-). 3. (e)<vrms> (cm/yr). 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 0. 0. 1023. 3. 1.. (f)<η> (Pa.s). (c)z (km). (i)ENT (%). vz (cm/yr) 1. 1022. 0. 2. 1. 0 1021. 1022. 0. <η> (Pa.s). 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. time (Myr). 4000. time (Myr). , +- ,@ ( )5 '@ (H ( .. > . % * ) " % ! (1 ( )%23 $+- # ). ? MW . (" (< H ( Z2( . % :. )
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(13) t = 3349.5Myr. t = 4466Myr. 0. 0 500. depth km. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. 1000 1500 2000 2500. 0.5. 1.0. 0.5. 1.0. composition. composition. 4 $L / % % , 5 E23 +/' % .':% ).# 1 ?-+- # ).9L? 23 ) G# )% JI V W ) 6A ,. . %. +Y .. ( +Y . > % FI %23I ZP% +- @ )# > I K. FL #% 23 H JIQ #% ( ( +/ * . %# . FL 23 * .Z W+/# J+/ * . YV @ ( W .@ )23 6A P K % FL?? P +/ E# (9 )%# )* > [I %23I *+ > ()< L?2 Z/2( .2(%. @ )# % %D @ )+-9 ( #% &9 ( )%23 > ( L! ( ) K# ( ( +/ * . )@ ( H 0 %# [H ( .IY+/ @ (A . ! )2( @ P @ )+-9 ( #% &9 ( )%23 <% @ > . JI % .FI ( Y#% )23 ) @ )GL? +/
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(29) a) RFM. t = 4466Myr. b) D0. t = 4466Myr. c) UNIF. t = 4466Myr. d) TC. t = 4466Myr. e) SCLD. t = 4466Myr. f) LIN. t = 4466Myr. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0. 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. 4000. 0. 2000. 4000. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. depth km. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. 0.5. 1.0. 0.. composition. 4000. <T> (degc). T (degC) + streamfunction. +-9 .$ % % V . (1 A6A<$ @ )+-9 ( @ @ ) +-1%23 % KV +/#%#%. [6W %# ( (A+/ V1 7 A6, ( < : :
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(33) (a)Tman (degC). 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 0.0. 1000.0. 2000.0. 3000.0. 4000.0. 0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. (b)Tcore (degC). 4500. 4000. 3500. (c)Qcmb (mW/m2). 50. 0. -50. -100. time (Myr). W76 +- 0# (9 )%# )%23 - 7 64H .%+- YFH ( )# / + * . Y @ )+-9 ( % < > 6E23 Y @ )+/' (A %# 2F6! ) # )% IY 23 , %
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(38) ) +- . Z2( . A +- ( @ (B 2( H ) !1 +- #% ). ? L? 0V .# > . 2 %65 %#PLG ,V # @ @ )# > . 2 %6 23 +-9 % .* 3&9 )23 (<7+- # ). MR V > .Z [6 %# +- # ). V1 [6A . ). -. ). . . . .. +
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(44) # R R + , . FL ( # (% =< H ). 2( I4H A %5 ) .IMH % =< #% 8 @
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(47) C /. [L! ( +/ 7 . B Y > M:%H +/ )$ @ * 0. (2DH ) % D% :. C1 W D / / @ LFH )@9 ( )# H ). 2( I H %( . . . . . . . ". .
(48) . . /. . . . . . . . . +. . .
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(51) .. . .. .. . '). #. -. R. . .
(52) (2 .2(. %(<,L?% ( % ) H %/ 4 @ ) +Y2 # ( H H )YL! ( K (. )23 @ )# < ).I (A+/ . H 5. ) #W @ 4 H .Z ! <723 %@ * L? W# (% V (2<7# @ @ )# > . 2 P2(% H [6A # %2(.Z%#% 23 +-9 % . 3&9 )23 . ) #% @
(53) W%23 ) LG P# ( P @ GH . ) ?P !. FL ( +- @ +/ * . . . $. .. . t = 4466Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. 0.5. 1.0. 0.. a) composition. 4000 b) temperature (degC). 8% % 1 76 ,23 +-9 . :% ).#W %# > 6= @ )+-9 ( :% ).# %#W@ @ ) + 1%23 1 ?+- # ). ? . . t = 4466Myr. 0 500. depth km. . 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0 500. depth km. ,. 1000 1500 2000 2500. -.02. .02 seismic anomaly (vp). -.02. .02 seismic anomaly (vs). 8 )#23 @ )# H %$Z @ ) +/Z2GL,)H ) ' ( )# 4 (" ( )23 P+- # ). . .
(54) t = 4466Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. 0.5. 1.0. 0.. a) composition. 4000 b) temperature (degC). <8% % 1 76 ,23 +-9 . :% ).#W %# > 6= @ )+-9 ( :% ).# %#W@ @ ) + 1%23 1 ?+- # ).
(55) ,. t = 4466Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. -.02. .02. -.02. seismic anomaly (vp). .02 seismic anomaly (vs). 8 )#23 @ )# H %$Z @ ) +Y2
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(61).
(62) t = 4466Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. 0.5. 1.0. 0.. a) composition. 4000 b) temperature (degC). *8% % 1 76 ,23 +-9 . :% ).#W %# > 6= @ )+-9 ( :% ).# %#W@ @ ) + 1%23 1 ?+- # ). MR . t = 4466Myr. 0. depth km. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500. t = 893.20Myr. 0 500. depth km. ,. 1000 1500 2000 2500. -.02. .02 seismic anomaly (vp). % \ . . -.02. .02 seismic anomaly (vs). )#%23 @ )# H @ ) +/2
(63) LFH )@9 ( )# +- #% ).
(64) R.
(65) .
(66) epsilon = 1.10^-6. epsilon = 1.10^-7 1.0. 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0. 1.0 epsilon = 1.10^-8. 0.0 0.0. 2.0. 1.0. 1.0. 0.5. 0.5. 0.0 0.0. 1.0. 0.0 0.0. 2.0. 1.0 epsilon = 1.10^-9. 1.0. 2.0. 2.0. W M @ @A > W @ 23 ( Z2(. ) " # &' ( )7 H . ) W ( 76 EOQ(R <%2F6 4 OQ(R %# #;6 4OQ(R . #. ,. . O (R< > 6. ,. %MM -2( @ < FLGM B * J+/ ) J % -H ). 2( JI B" E+/ # ).Z( > H % .I < @ . 23 *H ( )GL? +/ .. (
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(70) 0.2. layer thickness. 0.19. 0.18. 0.17. 0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. time (Myr). W %
(71) %; 7 , %Z2 ) M# )% M.Z)I ($L? 0 +- ,. 2 ;< )# #0 ( ) 2( H )$ [L 4 ) %. $1 4OQ(R EO (R 4 %#QEOD(R < )@9 )23 H ).I . . .. %. .. ,. . <Vrms> (cm/yr). 0.30. 0.20. J+- ) J *% )# H ). 2( JI G- %%23 +- E A ( 7 .5 Z$ (% ) )7 ? +- 1 + R- @ R R R
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(73). . .
(74)
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