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(1). Modelling the rowing stroke Elke Ottenhoff. Department of Mathematics. .

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(3) Master’s Thesis. . Modelling the rowing stroke Elke Ottenhoff. Supervisor: Prof.dr. A.E.P. Veldman Department of Mathematics University of Groningen P.O. Box 800 9700 AV Groningen. August 2003.

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