Gender and War

GENDER AND WAR

GENDER AND WAR

International and Transitional Justice Perspectives

Edited by

Solange Mouthaan Olga Jurasz

Cambridge – Antwerp – Chicago

Intersentia Ltd

Sheraton House | Castle Park

Cambridge | CB3 0AX | United Kingdom Tel.: +44 1223 370 170 | Fax: +44 1223 370 169 Email: mail@intersentia.co.uk

www.intersentia.com | www.intersentia.co.uk

Distribution for the UK and Ireland:

NBN International

Airport Business Centre, 10 Th ornbury Road Plymouth, PL6 7PP

United Kingdom

Tel.: +44 1752 202 301 | Fax: +44 1752 202 331 Email: orders@nbninternational.com Distribution for Europe and all other countries:

Intersentia Publishing nv Groenstraat 31 2640 Mortsel Belgium

Tel.: +32 3 680 15 50 | Fax: +32 3 658 71 21 Email: mail@intersentia.be

Distribution for the USA and Canada:

Independent Publishers Group Order Department

814 North Franklin Street Chicago, IL 60610 USA

Tel.: +1 800 888 4741 (toll free) | Fax: +1 312 337 5985 Email: orders@ipgbook.com

Gender and War. International and Transitional Justice Perspectives © Th e editors and contributors severally 2019

Th e editors and contributors have asserted the right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identifi ed as authors of this work.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Intersentia, or as expressly permitted by law or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction which may not be covered by the above should be addressed to Intersentia at the address above.

Artwork on cover: Shutterstock.com ©

ISBN 978-1-78068-686-8 D/2019/7849/3

NUR 828

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Intersentia

v

CONTENTS

List of Cases . . . ix

List of Abbreviations . . . xvii

List of Contributors . . . .xix

Introduction Olga Jurasz and Solange Mouthaan . . . 1

PART I. WOMEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN ARMED CONFLICT How and Why Women Participate in Armed Confl ict: A Population-Level Quantitative Model Lauren Vogel . . . 11

1. Introduction . . . 11

2. Critical Background Issues . . . 12

3. Contextual Factors that Infl uence Women’s Roles in Confl ict . . . 22

4. Towards an Integrated Th eoretical Framework of Female Involvement in Confl ict . . . 37

Female Perpetrators in the Former Yugoslav Republic and Rwanda: Disrupting Common Understandings Sheri A. Labenski. . . 41

1. Introduction . . . 41

2. Common Narratives . . . 45

3. Th e Former Yugoslav Republic . . . 50

4. Biljana Plavšić as a Female Perpetrator . . . 53

5. Rwanda . . . 56

6. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko as a Female Perpetrator . . . 58

7. Conclusion: Combining International Criminal Law and Feminist Intervention . . . 61

Female War Crime Perpetrators in Bosnia and Herzegovina Alette Smeulers and Olivera Simić . . . 65

1. Introduction . . . 65

2. Female Combatants in the BiH War . . . 67

Intersentia Contents

vi

3. Female War Criminals . . . 72

4. Analysis of the Case Studies . . . 83

5. Conclusion . . . 90

PART II. MEN AND CHILDREN’S EXPERIENCES OF ARMED CONFLICT Towards a Gender Analysis of Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys in Confl ict: Incorporating Masculinities Th eory into Feminist Th eories of Sexual Violence Against Women Valorie K. Vojdik . . . 95

1. Introduction . . . 95

2. Th e Prevalence of Sexual Violence Against Men in War . . . 97

3. Marginalised and Ignored Under International Law . . . 100

4. Missed Opportunity: Th e ICC’s Offi ce of the Prosecutor’s 2014 Policy Paper . . . 107

5. Using Masculinities Th eory to Explain Sexual Violence Against Men . . . . 111

6. Kenyatta Revisited . . . 116

7. Conclusion . . . 117

Children and Armed Confl ict: Pitfalls of a ‘One Size Fits All’ Approach Solange Mouthaan . . . 119

1. Introduction . . . 119

2. Th e UN and Children Aff ected by Armed Confl ict . . . 121

3. Th e Syrian Armed Confl ict and a Lost Generation of Children . . . 127

4. Girls at the Peripheries of Legal Protections . . . 132

5. Conclusion . . . 143

PART III. GENDERED EXPERIENCES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE Gender, Enslavement and War Economies in Sierra Leone: A Case Study from the Special Court for Sierra Leone Valerie Oosterveld . . . 147

1. Introduction . . . 147

2. Th e Special Court for Sierra Leone . . . 149

3. Th e Special Court’s Consideration of Enslavement . . . 151

4. Lessons from the Court’s Consideration of Enslavement, Gender

and War Economies . . . 166

Intersentia

vii

Contents

Male Victims and Female Perpetrators of Sexual Violence in Confl ict

Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Laetitia Ruiz . . . 169

1. Introduction . . . 169

2. Sexual Violence Committed Against Men in Confl ict Situations . . . 170

3. Gender and the International Prosecution of Sexual Violence Against Men in Confl ict Situations . . . 178

4. Sexual Violence Committed by Women in Confl ict Situations . . . 190

5. Gender and the International Prosecution of Sexual Violence Committed by Women in Confl ict Situations . . . 196

6. Conclusion . . . 208

Prosecuting Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes in the International Criminal Court: Inching Towards Gender Justice Rosemary Grey and Louise Chappell . . . 209

1. Introduction . . . 209

2. Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes in International Criminal Law in Historical Perspective . . . 212

3. Accountability for Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes . . . 215

4. Capturing Diverse Experiences of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes . . . 225

5. Conclusion . . . 233

Reparations for Gendered Harms at the International Criminal Court: Towards Transformative and Gender-Just Reparations? Olga Jurasz . . . 235

1. Introduction . . . 235

2. Gendered Harms in International Law . . . 237

3. Reparations at the International Criminal Court . . . 244

4. Reparations for Confl ict-Related Gendered Harms: Essential Features . . . 253

5. Conclusion . . . 257

PART IV. GENDERED EXPERIENCES OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE Children in Transitional Justice Processes: Still Sidelined? Alison Bisset . . . 261

1. Introduction . . . 261

2. Children and Transitional Justice . . . 263

Intersentia Contents

viii

3. Children’s Rights in Transitional Justice . . . 264

4. Children in Transitional Justice Practice . . . 270

5. Conclusion . . . 283

Confl ict-Related Sexual Violence in Kosovo: Gendering Justice Th rough Transformative Reparations Priya Gopalan . . . 285

1. Introduction . . . 285

2. Retributive Justice – Prosecuting Perpetrators . . . 289

3. Reparative Justice – Repairing Harms Th rough Reparations . . . 294

4. Confronting Gender Inequality in Kosovo . . . 296

5. Th e 2014 Law – From Rhetoric to Recognition and Redress? . . . 300

6. Transforming Transitional Justice for CRSV Victims . . . 303

7. Looking Ahead . . . 310

Staying the Course: A Call for Sustained Support of Accountability for Confl ict-Related Sexual Violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina Susana SáCouto and Chanté Lasco . . . 311

1. Introduction . . . 312

2. Confl ict-Related SGV in the Former Yugoslavia and its Prosecution before International and Domestic Courts . . . 314

3. Challenges Facing the Bosnian Courts in Prosecuting Confl ict-Related SGV Crimes . . . 326

4. Th e Need for Sustained International Engagement to Ensure Access to Justice for SGV Victims in Bosnia . . . 342

5. Recommendations . . . 345

6. Is the Bosnian Experience a Model for Domesticating International Justice Eff orts? . . . 351

PART V. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Olga Jurasz and Solange Mouthaan . . . 355

1. Introduction . . . 355

2. Gender and Post-Confl ict Situations: Where are We Now? . . . 356

3. Solutions for the Future? . . . 358

Intersentia

ix

LIST OF CASES

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Maktouf and Damjanovi ć v. Bosnia and Herzegovina , Application nos. 2312/08

and 34179/08, Judgment, 18 July 2013 . . . 332 M.C. v. Bulgaria , Application no. 39272/98, Judgment, 4 December 2003 . . . 334 Š im š i ć v. Bosnia and Herzegovina , Application no. 51552/10, Judgment,

26 August 2010 . . . . . . . 338

EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN THE COURTS OF CAMBODIA

Case against Nuon Chea et al., 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/OCIJ, D427,

15 September 2010 . . . 200 – 201 Pre-Trial Chamber Decision on Ieng Th irith ’ s and Nuon Chea ’ s Appeals against

the Closing Order, 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/OCIJ (PTC145 & 146), D427/2/12,

13 January 2011 . . . . . . 200 Case against Nuon Chea et al., 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/PTC, D427/1/30,

11 April 2011 . . . . . . . 200

INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Gonz á lez et al. ( ‘ Cotton Field ’ ) v. Mexico , IACtHR, Judgment (Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs), 16 November 2009, Ser.C, No.205 . . . 256 , 295

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

Prosecutor v. Lubanga , Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Decision on the Confi rmation of Charges, 29 January 2007 . . . 186 , 224 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Transcript) ICC-01/04-01/06-T-107-ENG,

Trial Chamber I, 26 January 2009 . . . 217 Prosecutor v. Lubanga , Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Appeals Judgment,

8 December 2009 . . . 187 , 217 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Transcript) ICC-01/04-01/06-T-223-ENG,

Trial Chamber I, 7 January 2010 . . . 218 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Transcript) ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356-ENG,

Trial Chamber I, 25 August 2011 . . . 187 , 218

Intersentia List of Cases

x

Th e Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Prosecution ’ s closing brief)

ICC-01/04-01/06- 2748-Red, Trial Chamber I, 21 July 2011 . . . 218 Prosecutor v. Lubanga , Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Judgment,

14 March 2012 . . . 187 , 218 – 219 , 248 , 272 , 274 Prosecutor v. Lubanga , Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Separate and Dissenting

Opinion of Judge Odio Benito, 14 March 2012 . . . 187 , 218 – 219 , 248 , 272 , 274 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on Sentence pursuant

to Article 76 of the Statute, ICC-01/04-01/06-2901, Trial Chamber I,

10 July 2012 . . . 218 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Decision establishing principles

and procedures to be applied to reparations), ICC-01/04-01/06-2904

(7 August 2012) . . . . . . 309 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Order for Reparations),

ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA (3 March 2015) . . . 245 – 248 , 253 , 279 , 309 Prosecutor v. Th omas Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the appeals against

the “ Decision establishing principles and procedures to be applied to reparations ” of 7 August 2012 with AMENDED order for reparations (Annex A) and public annexes 1 and 2), ICC-01/04-01/06-3129

(3 March 2015) . . . 245 – 248 , 253 , 279 , 309 Th e Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Prosecutor ’ s Submission

on Further Information and Materials, ICC-01/05-01/08-29-Red,

Pre-Trial Chamber III, 27 May 2008 . . . 230 Th e Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision on the Prosecutor ’ s

Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo,

ICC-01/05-01/08-14-tENG, Pre-Trial Chamber III, 10 June 2008 . . . 230 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba , Public Redacted Version of the Amended

Document Containing the Charges, ICC-01/05-01/08, 30 March 2009 . . . 187 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba , Decision pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b)

of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre

Bemba Gombo, ICC-01/05-01/08, 15 June 2009 . . . 108 , 187 , 224 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo , Trial Transcript,

ICC-01/05-01/08-T-38-ENG, 29 November 2010 . . . 188 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo , Trial Transcript,

ICC-01/05-01/08-T-50-Red-ENG, 21 January 2011 . . . 187 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo , Trial Transcript,

ICC-01/05-01/08-T-100-ENG, 13 April 2011 . . . 187 –188 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Transcript.

ICC-01/05-01/08-T-364-ENG, 12 November 2014 . . . 229 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo , Judgment pursuant

to Article 74 of the Statute, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08, 21 March 2016 . . . 104 , 188 Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Decision Pursuant to Article 15

of the Rome Statute, Case No. ICC-01/09, 31 March 2010 . . . 104 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta

and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Decision on the Prosecutor ’ s Application for Summonses to Appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali, ICC- 01/09-02/11-01, Pre-Trial

Chamber II, 8 March 2010 . . . 231

Intersentia

xi

List of Cases

Th e Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta

and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Transcript, ICC-01/09-02/11-T-5-Red-ENG,

Pre-Trial Chamber II, 22 September 2011 . . . 105 , 229 , 231 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta ,

Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11, Decision on the Confi rmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute,

23 January 2012 . . . 104 , 188 , 232 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta Prosecution ’ s

application for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) with respect to certain

crimes charged, ICC-01/09-02/11-445, Trial Chamber V, 3 July 2012 . . . 232 Th e Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Victims ’

Observations on the “ Prosecution ’ s application for notice to be given under Regulation 55(2) with respect to certain crimes charged ” , ICC-01/09-02/11-458,

Trial Chamber V, 24 July 2012 . . . 232 Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda , Warrant of Arrest, Case. No. ICC-01/04-02/06,

22 August 2006 . . . . . . . 189 Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda , Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b)

of the Rome Statute, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06, 9 June 2014 . . . 189 Th e Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment on the appeal of Mr Ntaganda against

the “ Second decision on the Defence ’ s challenge to the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of Counts 6 and 9 ” , ICC-01/04-02/06-1962, 15 June 2017 . . . 220 Situation in the Republic of Cote D ’ Ivoire in the Case of the Prosecutor v. Simone

Gbagbo , Warrant of Arrest for Simone Gbagbo, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12,

29 February 2012 (unsealed on 22 November 2012) . . . 205 Situation in the Republic of C ô te D ’ Ivoire in the Case of the Prosecutor v. Simone

Gbagbo , Judgment on the Appeal of C ô te d ’ Ivoire against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 December 2014 entitled “ Decision on C ô te d ’ Ivoire ’ s

Challenge to the Admissibility of the Case against Simone Gbagbo ” ,

Case No. ICC-02/11-01/12 OA, 27 May 2015 . . . 206 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chu , Decision

on the confi rmation of charges, ICC-01/04-01/07-717, Pre-Trial Chamber I,

30 September 2008 . . . . . 224 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Transcript,

ICC-01/04-01/07-T-80-ENG, Trial Chamber II, 24 November 2009 . . . 223 Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga

(Judgment pursuant to article 74 of the Statute), Trial Chamber II,

ICC-01/04-01/7-3436, 7 March 2014 . . . 222 – 223 , 249 Th e Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga , Notice of Discontinuance of the Prosecution ’ s

Appeal against the Article 74 Judgment of Conviction of Trial Chamber I dated 7 March 2014 in relation to Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07- 3498, Appeals Chamber, 25 June 2014 . . . 223 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga (Observations on reparations procedure)

ICC-01/04-01/07-3548, 13 May 2015 . . . 250 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga (United Nations Joint Submission on Reparations)

ICC-01/04-01/07-3550, 14 May 2015 . . . 250 Situation en R é publique D é mocratique du Congo: Le Procureur c. Germain Katanga

(Ordonnance de r é paration en vertu de l ’ article 75 du Statut), ICC-01/04-01/07, 24 March 2017 . . . 249 , 309 Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Prosecution ’ s document containing the charges,

ICC-01/04-01/10-330-AnxA-Red, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 3 August 2011 . . . 228

Intersentia List of Cases

xii

Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Decision on the confi rmation of charges,

ICC- 01/04-01/10-465-Red, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 16 December 2011 . . . 224 Th e Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Decision on the confi rmation of charges

against Dominic Ongwen, ICC-02/04-01/15-422-Red, Pre-Trial Chamber II,

23 March 2016 . . . 211 , 225 Situation in Uganda , Warrant of arrest for Joseph Kony issued on 8 July

as amended on 27 September 2005, ICC-02/04-01/05-53, Pre-Trial

Chamber II, 27 September 2005 . . . 215 Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Decision on the Prosecutor ’ s

Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58, 10 February 2006,

ICC-01/04-02/06-20-Anx2 . . . 216 Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Prosecution ’ s Application under

Article 58, ICC-01/04-01/10-11-Red2, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 20 August 2010 . . . 228

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA

Prosecutor v. Ranko Č e š i ć , Th ird Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-95-10/1,

26 November 2002 . . . . . 180 Prosecutor v. Ranko Č e š i ć , Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-95-10/1,

11 March 2004 . . . . . . 181 Prosecutor v. Delali ć , Judgment IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998 . . . 52 , 180 , 286 Prosecutor v. Đ or đ evi ć , Appeal Judgment, Case No. IT-05-87/1-A, 27 January 2014 . . . . 287 Prosecutor v. Furund ž ija , Trial Judgment IT-95-17/1-T, 10 December 1998 . . . 286 Prosecutor v. Jelisi ć , Judgment, IT-95-10-T, 14 December 1999 . . . 74 Prosecutor v. Jelisi ć , IT-95-10-A, 5 July 2001 . . . 74 Prosecutor v. Karad ž i ć , Rule 98 bis ICTY Appeal Judgment, IT-95-5/18-AR98bis.1,

11 July 2013 . . . 317 Th e Prosecutor v. Momcilo Krajinik and Biljana Plav š i ć , Amended Consolidated

Indictment, Case No. IT-00-39 & 40-PT, 7 March 2002 . . . 197 Th e Prosecutor v. Momcilo Krajinik and Biljana Plav š i ć , Plea Agreement,

Case No. IT-00-39 & 40-PT, 30 September 2002 . . . 197 Th e Prosecutor v. Momcilo Krajinik and Biljana Plav š i ć , Factual Basis

for Plea of Guilt, Case No. IT-00-39 & 40-PT, 30 September 2002 . . . 196 Prosecutor v. Krsti ć , Judgment, Case No. IT-98-33-T, 2 August 2001 . . . 271 , 291 , 316 Prosecutor v. Krnojelac , Judgment, IT-97-25-A, 17 September 2003 . . . 153 Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Kovac and Vukovic , Judgment, Case No. IT-96-23-T

and IT-96-23-T/1, 22 February 2001 . . . 152 , 271 , 286 , 316 Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al. , Appeals Judgment, IT-96-23-A and IT-96-23/1-A,

12 June 2002 . . . . 153 , 317 Prosecutor v. Kupre š ki ć , Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-95-16-T, 14 January 2000 . . . 239 Prosecutor v. Kvocka , et al ., Trial Chamber Judgment, Case No. IT-98-30/1,

2 November 2001 . . . . . 316 Prosecutor v. Milan Marti ć , Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-95-11,

9 December 2005 . . . . . 180 Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milo š evi ć , Case No. IT-02-54-T, Decision on Motion

for Judgment of Acquittal, 16 June 2004 . . . 180 Prosecutor v. Mladi ć , ICTY Rule 98 bis Decision, Transcript T 20939, 15 April 2014 . . . . 317

Intersentia

xiii

List of Cases

Prosecutor v. Mu č i ć et al., Indictment, Case No. IT-96-21, 19 March 1996 . . . 180

Prosecutor v. Mu č i ć et al., Trial Chamber Judgment, Case No. IT-96-21, 16 November 1998 . . . 52 , 98 , 180 , 286 Prosecutor v. Mladen Naletili ć and Vinko Martinovi ć , Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-98-34, 31 March 2003 . . . 180

Prosecutor v. Biljana Plav š i ć , Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-00-39 & 40/1-S, 27 February 2003 . . . 54 , 196 – 197 Prosecutor v. Š ainovi ć et al. , Appeal Judgment, Case No. IT-05-87-A, 23 January 2014 . . . 287 , 317 Prosecutor v. Sikirica et al., Second Amended Indictment, IT-95-8-PT, 3 January 2001 . . . . . . 98

Prosecutor v. Milan Simi ć , Fourth Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-95-9/2, 9 January 2002 . . . . . . . 182

Prosecutor v. Milan Simi ć , Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-95-9/2, 17 October 2002 . . . 52 , 181 Prosecutor v. Blagoje Simi ć et al. , Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-95-9-T, 17 October 2003 . . . . . . 180

Prosecutor v. Staki ć , Fourth Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-97-24, 10 April 2002 . . . . . . . 181

Prosecutor v. Staki ć , Trial Judgment, Case No. IT-97-24, 22 March 2006 . . . 181 , 239 Prosecutor v. Du š ko Tadi ć , Second Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-94-1-I, 14 December 1995 . . . 179 , 320 Prosecutor v. Du š ko Tadi ć , Judgment, Case No. IT-94-1-I, 7 May 1997 . . . . 68 , 98 , 315 – 316 Prosecutor v. Todorovi ć , Second Amended Indictment, Case No. IT-95-9/1, 19 November 1998 . . . . . 180

Prosecutor v. Todorovi ć , Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-95-9/1, 31 July 2001 . . . 52 , 181 , 317

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA

Prosecutor v. Bagosora et al. , Trial Judgment, Case No. ICTR-98-41-T, 18 December 2008 . . . . . 183

Prosecutor v. Gacumbitsi , Appeals Judgment, Case No. ICTR-01-64, 7 July 2006 . . . 57

Prosecutor v. Muhimana , Trial Judgment, Case No. ICTR-95-1B, 28 April 2005 . . . 184

Prosecutor v. Musema , Trial Judgment, Case No. ICTR-96-13, 27 January 2000 . . . 137

Prosecutor v. Nahimina et al. , Appeals Judgment, Case No. ICTR-99-5, 28 November 2007 . . . . . . 57

Prosecutor v. Niyitegeka , Trial Judgment, Case No. ICTR-96-14-T, 16 May 2003 . . . 184 Th e Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko and Shalom Ntahobali , Amended

Indictment, Case No. ICTR-97-21-I, 1 March 2001 . . . 59 , 202 Th e Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Ars è ne Shalom Ntahobali, Sylvain

Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi, É lie Ndayambaje ,

Judgment and Sentence, Case No. ICTR-98-42-T, 24 June 2011 . . . 203 – 204

Intersentia List of Cases

xiv

Th e Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Ars è ne Shalom Ntahobali, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi, É lie Ndayambaje ,

Judgment, Case No. ICTR-98-42-A, 14 December 2015 . . . 203 Prosecutor v . Semanza , Appeals Judgment, Case No. ICTR-97-20, 20 May 2005 . . . 57

INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNALS

International Military Tribunal, Trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Vol 4) . . . 213 International Military Tribunal, Trial of the major war criminals before the International

Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Vol 5) . . . 213 International Military Tribunal, Trial of the major war criminals before the International

Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Vol 6) . . . 213 International Military Tribunal, Trial of the major war criminals before the International

Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Vol 7) . . . 213

PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE

Case Concerning the Factory at Chorz ó w (Germany v. Poland) , Jurisdiction,

(1927) PCIJ Series A No.9 . . . 240 Case Concerning the Factory at Chorz ó w (Germany v. Poland) , Merits,

(1928) PCIJ Series A No.17 . . . 240

SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE

Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima et al. , Case No. SCSL-04-16-PT, Further Amended Consolidated Indictment, 18 February 2005 . . . 186 Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima et al. , Judgment, Case No. SCSL-04-16-T,

20 June 2007 . . . . . . 186 Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu , Judgment, SCSL-2004-16-T,

20 June 2007 . . . 148 , 239 , 271 Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu , Sentencing Judgment, SCSL-2004-16-T,

19 July 2007 . . . 149 Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu , Appeals Judgment, SCSL-2004-16-A,

22 February 2008 . . . 149 , 271 Prosecutor v. Fofana and Kondewa , Judgment, SCSL-04-14-T, 2 August 2007 . . . 150 , 171 Prosecutor v. Sesay et al. , Judgment, Case No. SCSL-04-15-T,

2 March 2009 . . . 104 , 148 , 185 Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, Corrected Amended Consolidated

Indictment, SCSL-04-15-PT, 2 August 2006 . . . 150 Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, Appeals Judgment, SCSL-04-15-A,

26 October 2009 . . . . . . 150 Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor , Indictment, Case No. SCSL-03-91-T, 7 March 2003 . . . 185 Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor , Second Amended Indictment,

Case No. SCSL-03-91-T, 29 May 2007 . . . 151 , 186

Intersentia

xv

List of Cases

Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor , Trial Judgment, Case No. SCSL-03-91-T,

18 May 2012 . . . 148 , 186

Prosecutor v. Taylor , Judgment, SCSL-03-01, 26 September 2013 . . . 151

UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Velibor Bogdanovic , State Court of BiH Appellate Verdict (1 August 2012) . . . 315

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Sa š a Bari č anin , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (8 December 2011) . . . 315

Prosecutor v. Damjanovic , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (15 December 2006) . . . . 323

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Dragan Damjanovic , State Court of BiH Appellate Verdict (13 June 2007) . . . 315

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Edin D ž eko (Second Instance Verdict) (4 December 2014) . . . 78

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Rasema Handanovic (First Instance Verdict) (30 April 2012) . . . 78

Prosecutor v. Hasanović and Pavić , Appellate Verdict, Br č ko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina (11 May 2009) . . . 334 , 338 Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce v. Jankovic , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (16 February 2007) . . . . . 322

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce v. Jankovic , Appellate Division Verdict (23 October 2007) . . . 324

Prosecutor v. Kujundzic , First Instance Verdict (30 October 2009) . . . 322

Prosecutor v. Zihad Kurtovic , First Instance Verdict (24 April 2008) . . . 323

Prosecutor v. Lelek , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (23 May 2008) . . . 322 , 324 Prosecutor v. Markovic , State Court of BiH Appellate Division Verdict (27 September 2011) . . . . 322

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Zeljko Mejaki ć , et al. , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (30 May 2008) . . . 315 , 322 Prosecutor v. Tomo Mihajlović , Zenica Cantonal Court Verdict (2 June 2005) . . . 333

Prosecutor v. Nikacevic , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (19 February 2009) . . . . . 323

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Miodrag Nika č evi ć , State Court of BiH Appellate Verdict (12 July 2010) . . . 315

Prosecutor v. Palija , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (28 November 2007) . . . . 323

Prosecutor v. Pincic , Appellate Verdict (15 April 2010) . . . 324

Prosecutor v. Marko Radi ć et al., Appellate Division Verdict (9 March 2011) . . . 323

Prosecutor of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Samard ž i ć , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict, (7 April 2006) . . . 321

Intersentia List of Cases

xvi

Prosecutor ’ s Offi ce of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Samardž ić , State Court

of BiH Appellate Verdict (13 December 2006) . . . 322 Prosecutor v. Momir Savic , State Court of BiH First Instance Verdict (3 July 2009) . . . 322 Prosecutor v. Š im š i ć , Appellate Division Verdict (7 August 2007) . . . 314 , 322 Prosecutor of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Radovan Stankovi ć , State Court

of BiH First Instance Verdict (14 November 2006) . . . 321 Prosecutor v. Tanaskovic State Court of BiH Appellate Verdict (26 March 2008) . . . 324 Prosecutor v. Milenko Trifunovi ć , Brano D ž ini ć , Aleksandar Radovanovi ć , Slobodan

Jakovljevi ć and Branislav Medan , State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Second Instance Verdict (23 January 2014) . . . 287 , 317 , 337

SOUTH AFRICA

Masiya v. Director of Public Prosecutions 2007 (8) BCLR 827 (CC) . . . 100

Intersentia

xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council BIRN Balkans Investigative Reporting Network

BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina

CAAFAG children associated with armed groups and armed forces CDF Civil Defence Forces

CRSV confl ict-related sexual violence

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DDR disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration EULEX European Union ’ s rule-of-law mission

ECHR European Convention on Human Rights

ECtHR European Court of Human Rights

ECCC Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia FYR Former Yugoslav Republic

ICC International Criminal Court ICL international criminal law

ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IHRL international human rights law

IHL international humanitarian law ILC International Law Commission

KLA Kosovo Liberation Army

MICT Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals MRND National Republican Movement for Democracy and

Development

NGOs non-governmental organisations OHR Offi ce of the High Representative OTP Offi ce of the Prosecutor

OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice

PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder

PSVC Prevent Sexual Violence in Confl ict

RUF Revolutionary United Front

Intersentia List of Abbreviations

xviii

SGBV or SGV sexual and gender-based violence SSA Smallest Space Analysis

SFRY Code Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Criminal Code SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone

Special WC Department

Special Department for War Crimes

SPRK Special Prosecution Offi ce of the Republic of Kosovo Syria Syrian Arab Republic

TFV Trust Fund for Victims

TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission

UNMIK UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo

UN United Nations

UNSC United Nations Security Council

WCS-BiH War Crimes Section within the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

WPS Women, Peace and Security

Intersentia

xix

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Alison Bisset

Associate Professor in International Human Rights Law at the University of Reading, UK. She researches in the fi eld of transitional justice, with a particular focus on the work of truth commissions.

Louise Chappell

Director of the Australian Human Rights Institute; Professor in the Law Faculty at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Her research focuses on gender justice and institutions, including the International Criminal Court.

Anne-Marie de Brouwer

Co-founder and team member of IMPACT: Center against Human Traffi cking and Sexual Violence in Confl ict; Chair of the Mukomeze Foundation;

Research Fellow with the International Victimology Institute Tilburg (INTERVICT) at Tilburg University, Th e Netherlands.

Priya Gopalan

International Criminal Law, Human Rights and Gender Justice Practitioner;

Former Prosecutor and Appeals Counsel at the Offi ce of the Prosecutor of the UN International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Former Legal Advisor, UN International Impartial and Independent Mechanism on Syria.

Rosemary Grey

Postdoctoral Fellow in the Sydney Law School and Sydney Southeast Asia Centre, University of Sydney, Australia. Her research focuses on the gender dimensions of international criminal law and international human rights law, with a particular focus on the International Criminal Court (ICC) and Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC).

Olga Jurasz

Senior Lecturer in the Law School at the Open University, UK. She works in the fi elds of international law, human rights, gender-based violence as well as gender, and post-confl ict reconstruction.

Sheri A. Labenski

Teaching Fellow in the School of Law at the University of Warwick, UK. Her

research interests include female perpetrators, international criminal law, and

feminist approaches to international law.

Intersentia List of Contributors

xx

Chant é Lasco

Jurisprudence Collections Coordinator, Gender and International Criminal Law Project, American University Washington College of Law, USA; Project Coordinator of the ‘ Strengthening Victims ’ Access to Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina ’ Project.

Solange Mouthaan

Associate Professor at the University of Warwick, UK. Her research interests focus on the gendered experiences of children aff ected by armed confl ict and the restrictive interpretation of international criminal law in this area.

Valerie Oosterveld

Associate Professor at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She researches and publishes in the fi eld of gender-sensitive international criminal justice.

Laetitia Ruiz

Phd Researcher at the International Victimology Institute Tilburg (INTERVICT), Th e Netherlands. She is currently working in a secondary school in Bogota, Colombia, while she fi nishes her PhD.

Alette Smeulers

Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology of International Crimes at the University of Groningen, Th e Netherlands. In her research she takes an interdisciplinary approach and focuses on the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, as well as terrorism, the causes of these crimes, the perpetrators thereof and international criminal justice.

Susana S á Couto

Professorial Lecturer-in-Residence and Director, War Crimes Research Offi ce, American University Washington College of Law, United States of America.

Olivera Simi ć

Senior Lecturer at the Law School of Griffi th University, Australia. She works in the fi elds of international law, transitional justice and gender-based violence.

Lauren Vogel

Independent Research Consultant and Data Analyst, formerly Postdoctoral Research Fellow on the Prosecution Project at Griffi th University, Australia.

Her research interests include women and political violence, legal history, and research methods and analysis.

Valorie K. Vojdik

Waller Lansden Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of

Tennessee College of Law, USA. Her research focuses on gender, feminist

theory, and masculinities theory. Her work includes research on violence

against women and men within social institutions including the military,

and as conceptualised in US constitutional and international law