University of Groningen
A business perspective on energy system flexibility
van der Burg, Robbert-Jan
DOI:
10.33612/diss.159153938
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Publication date:
2021
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
van der Burg, R-J. (2021). A business perspective on energy system flexibility. University of Groningen,
SOM research school. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.159153938
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Interview protocol Research Project 1 - Characteristics and
management of on-demand services
A: General questions about the case
• Can you precisely describe the service offering?
• Can you describe the entire service process from a customer’s perspective? • Can you describe the organization around the service?
o What happens behind the scenes when offering this service to the customer? Departments, activities, organizational structure, size
• What exactly is your role in this organization and in offering the service?
B: On-demand aspects of the service offering
The service your organization offers is specifically profiled as being on-demand. • What is, in your terminology, in general, an on-demand service? • How is that reflected in the service offered by your organization? • Why is the service offered as being on-demand?
• Is it possible to offer the service as not being on-demand? o What would change?
o What is the impact on the customer? • Is the availability of your service guaranteed?
o Is this an essential part of your on-demand services? o What exactly is guaranteed in the availability of the service? o Are there any boundaries to this availability?
o How is this guaranteed? Hand-out definition to the interviewee
• Is the definition applicable to the on-demand service offered by your organization? o Why/ Why not?
• Is the definition complete, precise, and comprehensive?
o Do you have other suggestions, adjustments, or additions to make it a better fit?
C: Challenges and particularities in managing the on-demand service
• What are the specific challenges your organization faces in offering and managing the on-demand service? (link with the attributes mentioned under part B, e.g., availability, responsiveness, and scalability)
o What are the exact causes of these challenges? • How are these specific challenges dealt with?
o Are there any specific activities, technologies, or management practices that support offering the on-demand service?
• Have there been other challenges in the past that have now been resolved?
• How is the on-demand aspect in the development/creation of the service dealt with? o What required particular attention, and why?
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• How would you characterize the nature of demand for your service?
o What are the consequences and challenges resulting from this nature of demand?
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Appendix 2: Interview protocol Research Project 2 - Conceptualizing flexibility in
the business context of flexibility services
A. General questions concerning flexibility service
• Can you tell me about the flexibility service you offer?
o What exactly is offered? Which parties are involved? How is flexibility acquired?
B. Flexibility service management processes
• Can you describe the flexibility service delivery process? What are the challenges in offering flexibility services? What challenges are caused by the guaranteed availability of flexibility? How is dealt with these challenges?
C. Upfront service delivery
• What are the requirements set by the TSO to provide flexibility? o Are there any agreements on guaranteed available flexibility?
• How do you ensure that always sufficient EVs are available to supply the guaranteed amount of flexibility? Is it possible to manage/ control this?
• What are the consequences if flexibility cannot be supplied?
D. During service delivery
• How is the actual flexibility demand requested/ communicated by the TSO?
• How is the exact demand formulated? What are the dimensions used? Is this a continuous demand, or is it requested once in a while?
• If there is a demand for flexibility, how and based on what are available EVs selected and deployed to provide flexibility?
o Are there special algorithms that select and deploy available flexibility? What aspects are considered?
• Is the available flexibility constantly being monitored? Is this done for every single EV?
E. After service delivery
• How/ based on what are you compensated by the TSO for providing flexibility? o Supplied/ available flexibility? Other ways?
• How/ based on what do you compensate EV users for offering flexibility? o Supplied/ available flexibility? Other ways?
F. EVs as a source of flexibility
• What is exactly flexible in an EV? What can be steered by the aggregator? What are the main technical constraints of EVs w.r.t. flexibility?
• What are the important whishes/ requirements for EV users/ owners to offer their flexibility? What are the important resulting constraints on flexibility? How is dealt with this?
• I can imagine every EV has its technical specifications, how is dealt with this w.r.t. using it as a flex source?
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Appendix 3: Supporting tables with quotes related to Research Project 2 -
Conceptualizing flexibility in the business context of flexibility services
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Fl exi bi lit y ser vi ce m an age m en t & ser vi ce m an ag em en t p rac tic es Fi rst -o rd er co de s f ro m th e c ase st ud y i nt er vi ew s 1) F le xib ilit y s er vic e m an ag em en t a) G en er al ser vi ce m an ag em en t - W e ac t as a ki nd o f i nte rm edi ar y b etw ee n o ur c us to m er , the T SO , o n the o ne s ide re qui ring fle xi bi lity an d o ur cus to m er s o n the o the r s ide w he re w e co ntr ol e ne rgy c ons um pt io n. [… ] I t i s o ur tas k to tr ans late the fl ex ib ili ty re que st fr om the T SO to cha nge s i n e ne rgy co ns um pti on by o ur fl ex ib ili ty suppl ie rs (C SI .1 ). b) T ac tic al m at ch m ak in g/ co or di na tin g d em an d wi th su pp ly - C us to m er s c onne ct the ir c ar , a nd w e c an de te ct that the y ar e c har gi ng. W he n the y c lic k u po n the ir app, w e a re al lo w ed to al lo ca te t he c apac ity o f t he c har gi ng pr oc es se s o f the c ar as par t o f o ur fl ex ibi lity o ffe r to the T SO (C SI .2 ). - W e c an bi d o n a spe cifi c P ro gr am T im e U ni ts (P TU ) fo r a spe cifi c c apac ity . O nc e y ou pl ac e a bi d, yo u be co m e par t of the bi t l adde r, w hi ch i s a pr ici ng sy ste m . A ll the b ids ar e l ine d up by pr ice , and t he c he ape st bi ds ar e ac tiv ate d fir st, the so -c al le d m er it or de r-bas ed sy ste m (C SI .2 ). - W he n the fl ex ibi lity as se ts ar e r eg ist er ed and ac ce pte d by the T SO , the y c an be us ed in a b id. A bi d i s bas ed o n our po ol o f E Vs . W he n bi ddi ng, w e c ons ide r t he pr efe re nc es o f o ur c us to m er s, the ir no rm al c har gi ng be hav io r, ho w m uc h, and ho w fas t i t i s c har gi ng, the am ount to c har ge , ho w m uc h fl ex to gi ve us , e tc . W e c om po se al l thi s inf or m at io n i nto a fo re cas t o f o ur fl ex c apac ity . A nd i f w e hav e eno ugh, w e m ake a bi d fo r a s pe cifi c P TU up and til l gate cl os ur e ti m e. T hi s i s the bi ddi ng pr oc es s ( CS I.3 ). - O nl y w he n w e w ant to m ake a bi d, w e al lo cate c ar s. A t that m om ent, w e de cide ho w m uc h c apac ity to pr ov ide . That de cis io n is fr ee . T he T SO , i n o ur cas e do es no t kno w u pfr on t ho w m uc h c apac ity w e w ill o ffe r. I t i s a bus ine ss de cis io n fo r us w ha t w e o ffe r. I t de pe nds o n m any is sue s. F or e xam pl e, w hat k ind of b atte ry c ap ac ity the us er s w hat to hav e at the e nd o f a c har gi ng s es sio n, ho w m uc h p ow er a c ar c an dr aw fr om a c har ge r, the re is lo ts o f di ffe re nt par am ete rs th at de te rm ine thi s de cis io n ( CS I.2 ). - W he n pl ac ing a bi d, y ou ar e o bl ige d to suppl y w he n r eque ste d. [… ] T he re fo re , w e o ve r-al lo cate c ar s s o that w e hav e a r es er ve . T hi s i s a s af ety m ar gi n. F ur the r, w e us e a lgo rithm s th at, de pe ndi ng o n s ev er al p ar am ete rs , de te rm ine w hi ch c ar s ar e m or e s ui tabl e fo r s pe cifi c bi ds an d ho w to us e the m . T he re is a l ot o f data s cie nc e i n th ere ( CS I.2) . - P lac ing a b id i s a s or t o f a c ontr ac t that y ou h av e to de liv er w he n i t i s r eque ste d, bu t i t i s n ot a guar ante e t ha t yo u w ill be ac tiv ate d. W e o nl y kno w upo n ac tiv ati on t hat y ou ar e be ing s el ec te d; y ou do n’ t kno w thi s i n adv anc e (C SI .2 ).554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
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- W e de pl oy upo n r eque st. In o ur c as e, w e fi rs t o ffe r a c er tai n am ount, a nd the n w e ar e r eque ste d to supp ly thi s am ount. In our cas e, w e fi rs t m ake a bi d/ o ffe r fo r a P TU fo r a s pe cif ic c apa city . T he n w e r ec ei ve the re que st, and the bi d lad de r ge ts ac tiv ate d pr ogr es siv el y ( CS I.2 ). - W e do hundr eds o f b ids pe r m on th S o, it i s w or ki ng v er y w el l ( CS I.3 ). - O nce w e hav e a l ar ge po ol o f E VS , the n w e hav e the law s o f aggr egat io n, s tati ng t hat, o n av er age , w e al w ay s hav e e no ugh. [ … ] I t i s l ike the c ons um pti on of a ho us eho ld. Y ou c anno t pr edi ct the c ons um pti on o f a s ingl e ho us eho ld b ut c an pr edi ct the c ons um pti on o f a lar ge gr ou p. In the fu tur e, o nc e o ur aggr eg ati on inc re as es , o f co ur se , the n w e c an hav e e ve n m or e r eal isti c m ode ls and m ay be co m m it to a s tand ar d c ap ac ity (C SI .2 ). c) O pe rat ion al m at ch m ak in g - C us to m er s c onne ct the ir c ar , and w e c an de te ct th at t he y ar e c har gi ng. W he n the y c lic k upo n the ir app w e ar e al lo w ed t o a llo cate the c ap ac ity o f t he c har gi ng pr oc es se s o f the c ar as par t o f o ur fl ex ibi lity o ffe r t o t he T SO [… ] Thi s al so m eans that w he ne ve r w e r ec ei ve an ac tiv ati on s ig nal fr om the T SO , w e ar e al lo w ed to c ontr ol the c ar ac co rdi ngl y, that is to s to p i t fr om c har gi ng. T he n f le xi bi lity is de liv er ed ac co rdi ng to the s et po in ts in re qui re d M W , w hi ch ar e c om m uni cate d by the T SO unti l c om pl et io n o f t he bi d (C SI .2 ). - T he sy ste m is bui lt i n s uc h a w ay tha t the de m an d o f t he T SO canno t e xc es se s the po w er and r am p r ate pr ov ide d by the bi d, w hi ch i s c ons ide re d w he n t he T SO se nds the se t po ints . T hi s i s do ne fo r e ve ry P TU unti l the b id e xpi re s. Thi s pr oc es s ke eps o n r epe at ing ( CS I.2 ). - T he E V dr iv er s c om m uni cate v ia the app t hat the y ar e w ill ing to o ffe r fl ex ibi lity to o ur po ol m ana ge m ent s ys te m . The n, the p oo l m ana ge m ent s ys te m m ake s an an al ys is; I ne ed thi s m any car s to pe rfo rm a bi d o f 1 M W , s o o ut of thi s po ol , I se le ct i n s om e w ay 1 00 car s, fo r e xam pl e. A nd I al lo cate the se car s to a bi d. A nd the n, w he n I re ce iv e a se tpo in t, I pr opagate it o nl y to the se c ar s. I t i s no t c entr al ize d i nte lli ge nc e, but the re is , o f c our se , s om e ki nd of coor di na tion (C SI .3 ). - W he n s et po ints ar e r ec ei ve d, ac tual c ar s ar e be ing s el ec te d to pr ov ide th e fl ex ibi lity . C ar s ar e s el ec te d w ith the ai m to m ax im ize the av ai lab le capac ity but w itho ut di sr up tin g the us er e xpe rie nc e o f E Vs us er s. The spe cifi c o f the al go rithm s ar e, o f c our se , c onfi de nti al (C SI .2 ). d) C ap ac ity m an ag em en t an d m an ag in g a va ila bilit y - W e hav e the po ol m anage m ent l ay er that i de nt ifi es w hat f le x de vi ce can do and m anage s bas ical ly ho w the po ol is c om po se d and o pti m ize d t o pr ov ide m os t fl ex w he ne ve r po ss ibl e and m ak e the bi ds , s o do so m e s or t o f ana ly tic s on tha t ( CS I.3 ). - A ll the E Vs ne ed inp ut, w hi ch is pr ov ide d by the d ata m anage m ent lay er /pr oduc t i n w hi ch w e c runc h the n um be rs and c om e up w ith a pl an. T hi s al so im pl ie s fo re cas ting, c al cul ati ng av ai la bl e fl ex ibi lity , e tc . I t i s e ss enti al to be in con tr ol , s o y ou ne ed to kno w at any m om ent ho w bi g y our po ol is . I f the re ar e c ar s that ar e m ay be no t r es po ndi ng fo r s om e r eas on an d th at y ou m us t e lim inate the m (C SI .3 ).554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
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- I f y ou pl ac e a bi d, y ou hav e t o m ake sur e that y ou c an s uppl y i t. [ … ] H ow ev er , to so m e e xte nt, it i s har d to re ac h se rv ice le ve l agr ee m ents . S o, w e ne ed a m ar gi n, and the se m ar gi ns ar e h ar d to cal cu late . T he re is a lo t o f fi nanc ial ex po sur e and l egal e xpo sur e ( CS I.2 ). - W e co ns tantl y m oni to r the av ai lab le fl ex ibi lity o f o ur p oo l ( CS I.3 ). - T ec hni cal is sue s m ay happe n. F ur the r, c us to m er s c an pl ug o ut, an d w e do n’ t w ant to di sr up t the us er e xpe rie nc e. So , at any ti m e, E Vs can go bl ank and di sappe ar , w hi ch is p ar t o f the ri sk. Fl ex ibi lity a lso m eans th at it is no t al w ay s 10 0% re liabl e. So , y ou hav e to put i n p lac e s tr ate gi es to ac co m m odate thi s r educ ed r el iabi lity . [ … ] W e take se ve ral pr ec auti ons to e ns ur e w e al w ay s hav e s uffi cie nt c ap ac ity to sup pl y o ur bi d. [… ] F or e xam pl e, to o ve r-al lo cate car s in a bi d. [… ] I n t he a pp, the us er s te ll us the e xpe cte d tim e o f l eav ing. T hi s i s i np ut fo r o ur m ode ls t hat pr edi ct t he le ngth of a c har gi ng s es sio n and the av ai lab le fl ex ibi lity fo r a c ar . [ … ] F ur the r, the re ar e al go rithm s i n pl ac e t ha t, de pe ndi ng o n s ev er al par am ete rs , de te rm ine w hi ch c ar s ar e m or e s ui ta bl e fo r s pe cif ic bi ds a nd ho w to us e the m . The re is a l ot o f dat a s cie nc e i n the re (C SI .2 ) - C ar s ar e s el ec te d w ith the ai m to m ax im ize the av ai lab le c apac ity b ut w itho ut d isr upt ing t he us er e xpe rie nc e o f EV s us er s. T he spe cifi c o f the al go rith m s ar e, o f c our se , c onfi de nt ial (C SI .2 ). - A n i m po rtan t par t o f the sm ar t e ne rgy pl atfo rm is a nal yt ics capa bi liti es . W e c ol le ct a lo t o f dat a. [. .] W e hav e t he enabl ing c ap abi lity fo r an al ys ts a nd d ata s cie nti sts to us e d ata, fo r e xam pl e, to m ake al l k inds o f f or ec as ts (C SI .3 ). - W e hav e di ffe re nt us er pr ofi le s s uc h as re gul ar us er s, tax i dr iv er s, l eas e car s, e tc . D iffe re nt c ate go rie s, o f c our se , hav e di ffe re nt c ons tr ai nts . T hi s i s al l par t o f o ur inv es tig ati on i n te rm s o f c us to m er anal ys is, to s ee w hat ki nd o f pr ofi le s ar e m or e s ui tab le fo r f le x o ffe rs and ho w w e c an i nc enti vi ze the m b es t. ( CS I.2 ). - F or us , as A ggr egato r, i t i s v er y i m po rtant t o ge t E V-ow ne rs w ill in g to p rov id e f le xi bi lit y ( CS I.1 ). - G uar ante ei ng the av ai labi lity o f f le xi bi lity is a r isk s inc e i t i s har d to co ntr ol the av ai labl e f le xi bi lity o f E Vs . [ … ] W e ar e c ur re ntl y e xpl or ing h ow to a ttr ac t E V dr iv er s i n the be st po ss ibl e w ay to m ake the ir f le xi bi lity av ai la bl e ( CS I.1 ). - W e can o nl y o ffe r fl ex ib ili ty w he n E Vs ar e c onne cte d. D ur ing the n ight, thi s i s l im ite d a nd w ith a pe ak be tw ee n 18 :0 0 and 2 0: 00 ho ur s. H ow ar e w e g oi ng to inc en tiv ize pe opl e t o m ake th ei r E V av ai labl e at o the r m om ents ? D o w e ne ed to o ffe r the m m or e m one y or ar gue th at it i s be tte r f or the e nv iro nm ent? H ow do y ou ge t pe op le s o m oti vate d th at the y w ant t o par tic ipa te re gar dl es s o f the inc onv eni enc e? A t l eas t w e pr ov ide so m e c om pe ns ati on, and w e c an gu ar ante e that the ir c ar is char ge d at s pe cifi cal ly re qui re d m om ents (C SI .4 ). e) M an ag in g p la tfo rm op en ne ss a nd in te ro pe ra bilit y o f t he pl at fo rm in fra st ru ct ur e - O nc e w e hav e a l ar ge po ol o f E VS , th en, o f c our se , y ou hav e the law s o f a ggr egati on that, o n av er age , y ou a lw ay s hav e e no ug h. [… ] M ay be w e c an the n c om m it to o ffe ring a fi xe d c apac ity . [ … ] T he futur e s ce nar io s f or fl ex ibi lit y so ur ce s ar e po te nt ial ly inc re as ing, n ot j us t E Vs , but al so w as hi ng m ac hi ne s and o the rs . T he po ss ibi lit ie s ar e endl es s. I t i s ge tt ing r eal ly m or e and m or e i m po rtant, an d i nde ed fo r us an d o the r ut ili tie s, i t i s v er y i nte re sti ng t o ex pl or e al so o the r ty pe s o f s er vi ce s, suc h as to the D SO s ( CS I.2 ).554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
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- F ro m a te chno lo gi cal po in t o f v ie w , s m ar t c har gi ng i s no t a bi g iss ue a ny m or e. N ow im po rtan t t o ge t m or e dr iv er s on bo ar d. H enc e, w e ar e al so e xpl or ing V ehi cle to G rid, be caus e thi s al lo w s us to be co m e m or e i nte re sti ng fo r othe r po te nti al fl ex ibi lity cus to m er s ( CS I.1 ). - C ur re ntl y, w e ar e us ing E Vs , but w e ar e al so thi nk ing o f e xpa ndi ng thi s, i nc ludi ng n ot j us t E VS , but al so sto rage so luti ons o r he ati ng s ys te m s, fo r e xam pl e ( CS I.3 ). - C ur re ntl y, w e ar e s til l s ear chi ng f or the ri gh t bus ine ss cas e o f f le xi bi lity . H ow can m ax im um val ue be g ai ne d fr om dr aw ing up an i nte re sti ng b us ine ss c as e? N ow , pr ov idi ng r es er ve po w er o nl y do es no t y et o ffe r a v er y go od bus ine ss c as e. T he que sti on i s, the re fo re , al so ho w w e c an o pe n up the pl atfo rm fo r o the r par tie s s uc h as D SO s and BR Ps (C SI .1 ). - O pe nne ss is e ss enti al fo r o ur pl atfo rm , e spe cial ly the c onc ept o f o pe n I PA s. O ur c om pe titi ve adv antage is re al ly on y our pl atf or m si de . S o, w hat ki nd o f s er vi ce s c an w e e as ily o ffe r and i nt egr ate w ith o ur e xi sti ng s er vi ce s? T hat is s om ethi ng w e s tr ong ly be lie ve in. T he re fo re , w e ar e l oo ki ng at w hat po te nti al is o ut i n t he m ar ke t. [ … ] I am in the uni que po siti on o f hav ing l ed the te am that bu ilt t hi s pl atfo rm . F ro m day o ne , i t w as v er y c le ar to us that E Vs w er e j us t the be gi nni ng and tha t th is w ill be e xpan de d to o the r as se ts and othe r s er vi ce s ( CS I.3 ). - W hat w e c ar e abo ut i s i m pac t, ho w c an w e r eac h the hi ghe st i m pac t. T he o pe n pl atf or m ar chi te ctur e i s al so a w ay to inc re as e o ur im pac t. A s an e xa m pl e, w e gi ve co ns um er s the po ss ibi lity to co nne ct t he ir de vi ce , and m ay be at the be gi nn ing, w e o nl y ge t s om e d ata o ut o f i t, bu t s om eday w e w ill do fl ex w ith i t. F or us , thi s i s a w ay to ta p into tha t po te nti al . F or the m or e di gi tal ly v er se d i nd iv idu al s, the re is go ing t o be m or e and m or e i n the futur e. It i s a w ay fo r us to inc re as e o ur im pac t. T hat i s w hy a pl at fo rm ar chi te ctur e, an d no t o nl y w ith fle xi bi lity , but m or e in ge ne ral , o ur str ate gi c c om m er cial de cis io n ( CS I.3 ). f) P ric in g a nd b illin g - P er P TU , w e ge t c om pe ns ate d, de pe ndi ng on t he am ou nt o f e ne rgy w e hav e de liv er ed. F ur the r, o f c our se , y ou de vi ate fr om y our e -pr ogr am . U sual ly , that i nc ur s im bal anc e c os ts , but w he n pr ov idi ng fl ex ibi lity , thi s is al so co m pe ns ate d by the T SO . S o that is addi tio nal c om pe ns ati on. If y ou bi d and y our b id is n ot us ed, y ou ar e n ot co m pe ns ate d ( CS I.2 ). - Bas ed on w hat w e e ar n pe r P TU fr om the T SO , w e s ubtr ac t a pr ofi t m ar gi n. T he n r em ai ni ng i s pr opo rt io na lly di vi de d am ong a ll dr iv er s par tic ipa tin g i n the bi d. W e w ant thi s to be tr ans par ent. W e w ant to sho w the E V dr iv er the c har gi ng pat te rn o f h is c ar and th e m one y he e ar ne d dur ing c har gi ng t o gi ve an i nc ent iv e to jo in t hi s s er vi ce (C SI .2 ). - C ur re ntl y, w e o nl y hav e fi xe d e le ctr ici ty pr ice s. H ow ev er , s oo n the re pr obabl y w ill be v ar iabl e e le ctr ici ty pr ice s as w el l. T hi s w ill gi ve E V dr iv er s an addi tio na l i nc ent iv e to c han ge the ir c har gi ng be hav io r, w hi ch al so w ill inc re as e th e p ot en tia l of fl ex ib ili ty se rv ice s ( CS I.4 ).554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
554630-L-bw-vd Burg-SOM
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