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TONIGHT, I wish to reflect on the role of the Secretary-General. A Secretary-General must be judged by his fidelity to the principles of the Charter and his advancement of the ideals they embody. In my two years as Secretary-General, I have sought to pursue this role in two distinct ways.
First, by speaking out in favour of universal human rights and in defence of the victims of aggression or abuse, wherever they may be. For Americans, the presidency has been seen as a “bully pulpit”, at least since the days of Theodore Roosevelt. I have sought to make the office of Secretary- General a pulpit, too. I have sought to use it as a vehicle for the promotion of the values of tolerance, of democracy, of human rights and of good governance that I believe are universal.
In Tehran, I have paid tribute to the great faith of Islam, while denouncing the terrorism so unjustly carried out in its name.
In Harare, I have called on Africans to recognise human rights as their rights as much as anyone else’s. In Shanghai, I have spoken out for freedom as the catalyst for China’s prosperity. And in the Balkans, I have condemned early and repeatedly the crimes
committed in Kosovo, calling on every concerned party to apply the lessons of Bosnia.
Second, I have used my office as a bridge between two or more parties, wherever I believed an opportunity for the peaceful resolution of disputes could be found. To do so, I have travelled many miles and embarked on many missions, confronting not only the doubts of others but my own as well. I have, at times, been as sceptical about a leader’s true intentions as anyone, and I have entered every war-zone without any illusions about the prospects for peace or the price of misrule.
But I have persisted, because
I must deal with the world not as I would wish it to be, but as it is. I must confront it with a sense of reality about how far a leader can be pushed by peaceful means and how long it will take to bring peace to a state of war. Does this make me, or anyone in my position, by definition morally blind? Can a Secretary-General not therefore tell good from evil or victim from aggressor?
Of course he can, and precisely for that reason he must persist, for it is ultimately the aggressor more often than the victim who will benefit from isolation and abandonment by the international community.
Impartiality does not – and must not – mean neutrality in the face of evil; it means strict and unbiased adherence to the principles of the Charter – nothing more, and nothing less.
If I say that I can “do business” with one leader or other, I am not passing moral or any other kind of judgment. Nor am I guaranteeing the future behaviour of any leader or state with regard to their relations with the international community. I am simply carrying out the task that I have been given by the United Nations to seek peaceful resolution to a dispute.
When I went to Nigeria, in July, to advance the process of
democratisation, that great nation was undergoing a dramatic period of change.
Uncertainty and unease were everywhere, with few able to discern a way out. The death of General Abacha opened a new chapter. Today General Abubakar appears determined to honour his pledge to allow popular sovereignty. If only as a bridge, my presence may have served to support a democratic transition at a perilous moment, and in so doing will have advanced not only Nigeria’s prospects, but also the aims of the Charter.
When I went to Libya in December, I went at a critical time to place my service in the cause of securing justice for the victims of Lockerbie. I went also in the hope of closing the widening gap between Africa and the West in their treatment of that country. There, our prospects may be less
favourable, and certainly no one can predict the time or content of Libya’s decision. But if my visit speeded up, even by one day, the closing of this tragic chapter, I believe it will have been worth it – to me and to the United Nations.
Of the missions I embarked on last year, none was fraught with as much risk to my office and to the United Nations as Iraq. The peace we seek in Iraq, as everywhere, is one that reflects the lessons of our terrible century: that peace is not true or lasting if it is bought at any cost; that only peace with justice can honour the victims of war and violence; and that without democracy, tolerance and human rights, no peace is truly safe.
To apply those lessons wherever and whenever possible is a Secretary-General’s highest calling and fore- most duty – to himself, to his office and to the United Nations.
‘The Independent’
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Impartiality does not mean neutrality
P O D I U M
KOFI ANNAN From a speech1)by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Council on Foreign Relations in New York
noot 1 delivered in 1999
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Let op: beantwoord een open vraag altijd in het Nederlands, behalve als het anders is aangegeven.
Als je in het Engels antwoordt, levert dat 0 punten op.
Tekst 1 15 weeks of fame…
1p 1 Op welke tegenstrijdigheid in de berichtgeving rond Brian Dowling in de Daily Mail wijst Ben Summerskill?
1p 2 How might Brian Dowling well end up, according to Ben Summerskill?
A As a man avoiding any publicity.
B As a Ryanair employee.
C As a television celebrity.
D As someone promoting products in supermarkets.
Tekst 2 Church v state
1p 3 In which sentence does Joan Griffiths express what she is essentially worried about?
A ‘Bilingualism … curriculum.’
B ‘Many … elsewhere.’
C ‘What about … schools?’
D ‘Divided … Northern Ireland?’
Tekst 3 A deadly silence
De ondertitel ”Government must be more open” heeft in het artikel betrekking op gegevens over gezondheidskwesties.
1p 4 Welke aanpak zou de informatievoorziening over dit onderwerp kunnen bevorderen?
Citeer de eerste twee en de laatste twee woorden van de zin waarin dit staat.
Tekst 4 De volgende tekst…
3p 5 Geef van elk van de volgende beweringen aan of zij in de loop van de passage juist of onjuist blijken te zijn.
1 De mensen die patiënt 3119 verplegen zijn niet meer bang voor hem.
2 Patiënt 3119 heeft de bijnaam Wolf Man omdat hij zich soms wild gedraagt.
3 Patiënt 3119 vindt alle inspanningen van het personeel van de instelling overdreven.
4 De raaf in het verhaal bestaat alleen in de verbeelding van het personeel van de instelling.
5 De kokkin is de enige die bij zijn vertrek medeleven toont met patiënt 3119.
6 Patiënt 3119 raakt van streek wanneer men hem gereed maakt voor vertrek uit de instelling.
7 Patiënt 3119 wordt voorgoed opgesloten als een onbehandelbaar geval.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door ”juist” of ”onjuist”.
Tekst 5 As others see us
1p 6 Which of the following is in line with paragraph 1?
A A nation’s true character is reflected in the eccentricities of its population.
B Countries are eager to live up to the image other nations have of them.
C Nations shape their identity by focusing on the milestones in their history.
D People tend to hold on to the image they have developed of other nations.
E True international understanding begins where stereotyped ideas are abandoned.
1p 7 For what reason does the writer ask the question ‘Where are … pince-nez?’ (paragraph 2)?
A To call to mind the time when the British still ruled the world.
B To highlight the phenomena colouring the image of the British.
C To illustrate the fact that the British have lost their image of eccentricity.
3p 8 Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze, gelet op de inhoud van alinea 3 en 4, juist of onjuist is.
The writer feels that stereotyped ideas about nations 1 are mainly exploited for the purpose of tourism.
2 are obstacles on the road to a united Europe.
3 contribute to a nation’s awareness of what makes it unique.
4 generalise about nations without regard for their true ambitions.
5 lead to many misconceptions.
6 should not be taken too seriously.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door ”juist” of ”onjuist”.
1p 9 Wat bedoelt de schrijver met het woord ”blandscape” (laatste alinea)?
Tekst 6 The state I’m in at 50
Kies bij iedere open plek in de tekst het juiste antwoord uit de gegeven mogelijkheden.
1p 10
A be distinct
B break with the past
C have buying power
1p 11
A boundless energy
B optimism
C social status
D wide experience
1p 12
A Change
B Commercialisation
C Eternal youth
1p 13
A be at risk
B be discontented
C live long lives
D prosper
A far removed from
B imitations of
C lagging behind
D remarkably similar to
1p 15
A careless cruelty
B complex structure
C daring innovation
D happy coincidence
1p 16
A reducing
B retraining
C rewarding
1p 17
A be business partners
B be in work
C be laid off
D enjoy their retirement
1p 18
A employment opportunity
B private enterprise
C shareholder value
D the rate of change
Tekst 7 One idea that needs to be shown the red card
1p 19 Which of the following is in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2?
A A sense of inferiority may cause boys to have bad school results.
B Because boys are underachieving, girls are taking their chances to get ahead.
C Boys’ school results are negatively influenced by their focus on football.
D The government has realised that the present school system discriminates against boys.
1p 20 What does the government’s first initiative, mentioned in paragraph 3, entail?
A Boys with football potential being given extra training at school.
B Boys with good school results being rewarded with extra hours of games.
C Football activities as a means to get boys to improve their school results.
1p 21 Which of the following is true of paragraph 5?
A It makes clear that the problem of hooliganism abroad should not be underestimated.
B It points out a possible inconsistency in government policy.
C It ridicules the initiatives described in paragraphs 3 and 4.
D It warns of the long-term consequences of promoting football in schools.
1p 22 What is the conclusion of the study discussed in paragraph 7?
The boys
A did not improve their school results when they played more football.
B regarded their school teachers as unqualified in football matters.
C resented the idea of linking football and school.
23 Which of the following is true of paragraph 8?
A It explains that Playing for Success generates only a few star players.
B It points out that Playing for Success can provide a positive stimulus.
C It stresses the short-term character of the advantages of Playing for Success.
D It suggests that Playing for Success may have counterproductive consequences.
1p 24 With which of the following could the first sentence of paragraph 10 also begin?
A Also, several…
B However, several…
C Thus, several…
D True, several…
Dit artikel kan onderverdeeld worden in vier delen:
1 inleiding tot het onderwerp
2 stellingname en argumenten van de schrijfster 3 samenvatting van de argumenten
4 conclusie
1p 25 Bij welke alinea begint het tweede deel?
Noteer het nummer van deze alinea.
1p 26 Bij welke alinea begint het derde deel?
Noteer het nummer van deze alinea.
Tekst 8 Impartiality does not mean neutrality
2p 27 Aan welke twee criteria moet de Secretaris-Generaal van de Verenigde Naties voldoen, volgens Kofi Annan in alinea 1?
1p 28 Leg uit aan de hand van alinea 2 wat Kofi Annan bedoelt met ”I have sought to make the office of Secretary-General a pulpit”.
NB Een antwoord dat neerkomt op een vertaling van het citaat zelf levert geen punt op.
1p 29 What is the function of paragraph 3?
A It elaborates on the diversity of political motives underlying the violation of human rights.
B It explores the Secretary-General’s assumption that violation of human rights is a global phenomenon.
C It illustrates the Secretary-General’s efforts to carry out what he considers his assignment.
D It lists those violations of human rights that are considered the most outrageous.
1p 30 Which of the following can be concluded from paragraph 4?
As Secretary-General,
A Kofi Annan aims at an immediate end to violence even where a peace settlement seems unattainable.
B Kofi Annan sets out to mediate in conflicts, accepting the possibility of failure.
C Kofi Annan will go to great lengths to bring about understanding for each warring party’s motives.
1p 31 What does ‘this’ in ‘Does this make me’ (paragraph 5) refer to?
To the fact that a Secretary-General
A has to intervene in precarious situations, in which his power to influence is limited.
B may be used by the warring parties to communicate their demands to the world.
C may have difficulty deciding which of the warring parties is in the wrong.
D should insist upon the willingness to cooperate of every party involved in a conflict.
Which of the following characterises paragraphs 6 and 7?
A They anticipate possible criticism of the manner in which the Secretary-General fulfils his role.
B They elaborate on errors of judgment the Secretary-General is bound to make as an intermediary for peace.
C They explain that it is not always possible to predict the effects of the Secretary-General’s peace efforts.
D They refute the idea that in a situation of conflict the Secretary-General can clearly indicate the guilty party.
2p 33 Met welke zinnen geeft Kofi Annan in alinea 8 en alinea 9 aan dat hij zijn missies positief beoordeelt?
Citeer uit iedere alinea de juiste zin door de eerste twee en de laatste twee woorden van de zin weer te geven.
”The peace we seek” (alinea 10).
2p 34 Aan welke drie eisen moet volgens Kofi Annan voldaan worden om te kunnen spreken van vrede?
Tekst 9 Unnatural selection
1p 35 Wat wil de schrijver benadrukken door het motto van de Wildlife Trust te vermelden (alinea 2)?
1p 36 Leg aan de hand van alinea 3 uit wat de schrijver bedoelt met ”the ebb and flow of grazing pressure”.
1p 37 How can the arguments referred to in paragraph 4 be summarised?
A Rabbits are a common health risk.
B Rabbits are a threat even to their predators.
C There are good reasons to get rid of the rabbits.
1p 38 Which of the following quotations from paragraph 5 is meant as an ironical aside?
A ‘Perhaps … terrorism’
B ‘Hundreds … volunteers’
C ‘including the RSPCA’
D ‘Farmers … can.’
1p 39 Which of the following is suggested with regard to mink in paragraph 6?
A They have become part of British wildlife at the expense of native species.
B They have flourished as a result of human interference with wildlife.
C They were introduced into Britain to restore the ecological balance.
”The real villain is not mink but agricultural intensification.” (laatste zin alinea 7)
1p 40 Citeer het zinsgedeelte uit alinea 7 dat aangeeft voor welk feit de ”real villain”
verantwoordelijk gehouden wordt.
1p 41 Which of the following is in line with paragraph 8?
In Paul Evans’ view present-day nature conservation
A comes down to shaping nature to fit people’s taste.
B should strive for the best possible habitats for native species.
C tends to concentrate on Britain’s fauna at the expense of its flora.
D would be best served by clear government guidelines.
