Typhoid fever : aspects of environment, host and pathogen interaction Ali, S.
12
0
0
Hele tekst
(2) $IBQUFS. F[cXW^WiWdKckc. . 5FTJTJOJNFOHHBNCBSLBOQFSBOEBSJGBLUPSMJOHLVOHBOEBOHFOFUJLJOBOHTFSUB LBSBLUFSJTUJLEBSJQBUPHFOTFCBHBJEFUFSNJOBOJOUFSBLUJGEBSJUFSKBEJOZBEFNBNUJGPJE BUBVQBSBUJGPJE"IMJFQJEFNJPMPHJ+31BVM $MJOJDBM&QJEFNJPMPHZ NFOHHVOBLBO QFSVNQBNBBOEBMBN.BUJVT NFOZBUBLBOCBIXBQFOZBLJUJOGFLTJEBQBUEJBOHHBQ TFCBHBJUSJBE²CJCJU MBIBOEBOJLMJN³1BEBEFNBNUJGPJE 4BMNPOFMMBUZQIJEBO4BMNPOFMMB QBSBUZQIJBEBMBICJCJUOZB JOBOHEBOMJOHLVOHBOBEBMBIMBIBOEBOJLMJNOZB,FUJHBOZB TFDBSBCFSTBNBTBNBNFOFOUVLBOLFNBNQVBOQBUPHFOVOUVLCFSLFNCBOHEJEBMBN QPQVMBTJ4UZQIJEBO4QBSBUZQIJNFOZFCBCLBOJOGFLTJTJTUFNJLZBOHCFSBUIJOHHB CFSNJOHHVNJOHHVTFIJOHHBNFSVQBLBOQBUPHFOLIVTVTEBMBN4BMNPOFMMBFZBOHTFCBHJBO CFTBSIBOZBNFOZFCBCLBOHBTUSPFOUFSJUJTZBOHBLBOTFNCVITFOEJSJ BUBVNFOZFCBCLBO CBLUFSJNJBEBOBUBVJOGFLTJGPLBMZBOHNFOZFSBOHTFDBSBLIVTVTJOEJWJEVEFOHBOLFMBJOBO JNVOPMPHJ4BMNPOFMMBUZQIJNFOKBEJVOJLLBSFOBIBOZBNFNQVOZBJTBUVJOBOH ZBJUV NBOVTJB TFNFOUBSB4QBSBUZQIJKVHBEBQBUNFOZFSBOHUFSOBL4FCBHJBOLFDJMEBSJQFOEFSJUB UJGPJEKVHBEBQBUNFOKBEJLBSJFSLSPOJL ZBJUVNFSFLBNFOHFLTLSFTJLBOCBLUFSJEJEBMBN UJOKBVOUVLCFSUBIVOUBIVOUBOQBBEBHFKBMB,BSJFSLSPOJLEBOFLTLSFTJTFNFOUBSBPMFI QBTJFONFSVQBLBOTBUVTBUVOZBTVNCFSEBSJQFOVMBSBO4UZQIJ8BMBVQVOSBOUBJQFOVMBSBO GFLBMPSBM4UZQIJEBO4QBSBUZQIJUFMBICBOZBLEJQFMBKBSJ BTQFLLIVTVTEBMBNTJUVBTJ UFSUFOUVZBOHNFSVQBLBOFMFNFOLSJUJTEBMBNQFOVMBSBOCFMVNMBICBOZBLEJQFMBKBSJ 1FOHFUBIVBOUFSJODJVOUVLEFUFSNJOBOQFOZBLJUJOJ QFOUJOHEBMBNNFSBODBOHJOUFSWFOTJ QVCMJLZBOHFGFLUJG,BSFOBJUVQFSTQFLUJGNFOHFOBJEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEUFSTFCVU NFOKBEJEBTBSEBMBNUFTJTJOJTFSUBQFOFMJUJBOQFOZBLJUEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEEJ +BUJOFHBSB +BLBSUBVOUVLNFNCFSJLBOCVLUJFNQJSJTUFSIBEBQLFNVOHLJOBOQFOHFOEBMJBO EFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE. <Wajehb_d]akd]WdZWdZ[cWcj_\e_Zi[hjWfWhWj_\e_ZZ_@WaWhj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
(3) 1FNCBIBTBO6NVNUIFTJT. EJCBXBIQFSNVLBBOMBVUNFOZFCBCLBOCBOKJSUBIVOBOQBEBEBFSBICBOUBSBOTVOHBJZBOH QBEBU#BHJBOMBJOEBSJ,FDBNBUBO+BUJOFHBSBBEBMBIEBFSBIZBOHDVLVQCBJLEJMFOHLBQJ EFOHBOTJTUFNQFOHBJSBOTFSUBQFNCVBOHBOMJNCBINBOVTJBZBOHMFCJIUFSUBUBTFSUBEJIVOJ PMFIQPQVMBTJLFMBTNFOFOHBI%FOHBOEFNJLJBO,FDBNBUBO+BUJOFHBSBJOJNFNQVOZBJ MJOHLVOHBOEBOQPQVMBTJEBSJLFMBTTPTJBMFLPOPNJCBXBIEBONFOFOHBITFSUBNFXBLJMJ TQFLUSVNQFSNBTBMBIBOBJSTFIBU TJTUFNQFNCVBOHBOMJNCBI JOGSBTUSVLUVS NBTBMBI CBOKJSEBOQBEBUOZBQFOEVEVLEJ+BLBSUB 1BEBCFCFSBQBCBHJBOEJ+BLBSUB TBOJUBTJZBOHCVSVLEBOMJOHLVOHBOZBOHLPUPSNFSVQBLBO NBTBMBILFTFIBUBOZBOHTFSJVT4BZBOHOZB IBOZBTFEJLJUQFOFMJUJBOZBOHNFNQFSEBMBNIBM JOJ1FOFMJUJBONFOHFOBJQFOVMBSBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEZBOHEJTFCBSLBONFMBMVJ NBLBOBOEBONJOVNBOQBEB#BC%VB NFOFNVLBOCBIXBLFCBOZBLBOEPLUFSNFMBLVLBO EJBHOPTJTCFSMFCJIQFOZBLJUJOJTBNQBJTFQVMVILBMJLBSFOBNFSFLBKBSBOHNFMBLVLBOLVMUVS EBSBIZBOHBLBONFNBTUJLBOBUBVNFOZBOHLBMEJBHOPTJT%FOHBOEFNJLJBOTVSWFJMBOT QPQVMBTJBLBONFOHVOUVOHLBOEBMBNJOTJHIUEBOQFOJOHLBUBOLFNBNQVBOEJBHOPTJTLMJOJT JOEJWJEVBM%BMBNBSFB+BUJOFHBSB EJUFNVLBOGBLUPSSFTJLPVUBNBVOUVLQFOZFCBSBOEFNBN UJGPJEUFSLBJUEFOHBOSVNBIUBOHHB TFQFSUJBEBOZBLBTVTCBSVEBMBNSVNBIEBOCFSCBHJ NBLBOBOEBSJQJSJOHZBOHTBNB UFSVUBNBEJEBMBNLFMVBSHBZBOHUJEBLNFOHHVOBLBO TBCVOVOUVLNFODVDJUBOHBOEBOUJEBLNFNQVOZBJKBNCBOZBOHMBZBL 0MFILBSFOBUFSVTCFSMBOKVUOZBEBNQBLEBSJLSJTJTFLPOPNJ"TJBQBEBUBIVO TFNBLJO CBOZBLQPQVMBTJZBOHNFOHBOEBMLBOBTVQBONBLBOBOEBSJQFOKBKBNBLBOBO4FQFSUJZBOH EJVSBJLBOEBMBN#BC%VBEBO#BC5JHB GFOPNFOBJOJCFSQFSBOEBMBNLFOBJLBOSFMBUJG QFOZFCBSBO4QBSBUZQIJ QBUPHFOQFOZFCBCEFNBNQBSBUJGPJE CJMBEJCBOEJOHLBOEFOHBO 4UZQIJ'BLUPSMBJOOZBZBOHEJIVCVOHLBOEFOHBOEFNBNQBSBUJGPJEBEBMBILFCBOKJSBO 1PMBQFOVMBSBOZBOHCFSCFEBBOUBSB4UZQIJEBO4QBSBUZQIJNFOZJNQVMLBOCBIXB QFOBOHBOBOUVOHHBMNBTBMBILFTFIBUBONBTZBSBLBUVOUVLNFOHFOEBMJLBOEFNBNFOUFSJL EFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE QBUVUEJQFSUBOZBLBO5FNVBOEJBUBTNFOHJMVTUSBTJLBO LFCVUVIBOVOUVLQFOJOHLBUBOTVSWFJMBOTQFOZBLJUTFDBSBLFTFMVSVIBOEBOEJBHOPTJTLMJOJT JOEJWJEVBMTFCFMVNNFMBLVLBOLBNQBOZFNBIBMEBMBNNFOHBUBTJNBTBMBILFTFIBUBO NBTZBSBLBU6OUVLNFOHBUBTJNBTBMBILFTFIBUBOMJOHLVOHBOEJ+BLBSUBBLBONFOZFCBCLBO LPNJUNFOCBHJQFOEBOBBOQFOFMJUJBOLFTFIBUBONBTZBSBLBUNFMBMVJTVSWFJ QFNBOUBVBO EBOLBSBLUFSJTBTJEBSJNBTBMBITFSUBQFOEBOBBOJOGSBTUSVLUVS TFQFSUJBJSTFIBU TBOJUBTJ EBOTJTUFNQFNCVBOHBOMJNCBI EJCVUVILBOVOUVLNFOHBUBTJNBTBMBIJOJ%JTBNQJOH JOUFSWFOTJUFSIBEBQJOGSBTUSVLUVSZBOHNBIBMTFSUBNFNCVUVILBONBTVLBOEBSJCFSCBHBJ JOTUJUVTJ JOUFSWFOTJTFEFSIBOBEBMBNLFCJBTBBOIJHJFOFQFOEVEVLTFQFSUJNFNQSPNPTJLBO DVDJUBOHBOZBOHBEFLVBUTFSUBNFOEJEJILBOBJSNJOVNKVHBIBSVTEJUFLBOLBOEBO EBQBUNFNCFSJLBOEBNQBLTFHFSBUFSIBEBQQFOZFCBSBOEBSJCFSCBHBJQFOZBLJUJOGFLTJ UFSNBTVLEFNBNUJGPJE4FCBHBJDPOUPI TFCBHBJNBOBUFMBIEJVSBJLBOMJUFSBUVSNFEJTEBO KVHBEJTJNQVMLBOEBMBNQFOFMJUJBOLBNJ QBTJFOEFOHBOEFNBNUJGPJEBUBVQBSBUJGPJE. .
(4) $IBQUFS. BLBONFOHFMVBSLBOCBLUFSJEBMBNUJOKBNFSFLBCFSNJOHHVNJOHHVTBNQBJCFSCVMBO CVMBOTFUFMBIFQJTPEFBLVU%FOHBOEFNJLJBO LPNCJOBTJEBSJFLTLSFTJCBLUFSJKBOHLB QBOKBOH QFODVDJBOUBOHBOTFCFMVNNFOHPMBINBLBOBOBUBVNBLBOZBOHUJEBLBEFLVBU TFSUBCFSCBHJNBLBOBOEBSJQJSJOHZBOHTBNBBLBONFNGBTJMJUBTJQFOVMBSBOEJEBMBN SVNBIUBOHHB8BMBVEFNJLJBO IBMJOJEBQBUEJDFHBIEFOHBONFOJOHLBULBOMFWFMIJHJFOF QFSPSBOHBOEBOIJHJFOFNFOHPMBINBLBOBO4FCBHBJDBUBUBO QFOJOHLBUBOSFMBUJGLBTVT EFNBNQBSBUJGPJEKVHBNFNQFSUBOZBLBOLFCVUVIBOBLBOJNVOJTBTJNBTTBMEFOHBOWBLTJO ZBOHIBOZBBLBONFNCFSJLBOQFSMJOEVOHBOTFNFOUBSBUFSIBEBQ4UZQIJ. . ,POTJTUFOEFOHBOQFSBOQFOKBKBNBLBOBOEBMBNNFOZFCBSLBOQBUIPHFO QFOFMJUJBO NFOHFOBJIBMJOJEBMBN#BC5JHBNFOVOKVLLBOEBMBNTVBUVXBLUVUFSUFOUV TBUVEBSJEVB QVMVIMJNBQFOKBKBNBLBOBONFOHFLTLSFTJLBOCBLUFSJ4BMNPOFMMBEBMBNUJOKBOZB%BMBN QFOHBNBUBOLBNJ QFOHPMBINBLBOBOZBOHEJKBKBLBOEJKBMBONFNQVOZBJLFCJBTBBO NFODVDJUBOHBOZBOHMFCJICVSVLTFSUBMFCJITFSJOHNFOKBNBINBLBOBOTFDBSBMBOHTVOH EJCBOEJOHLBOEFOHBOQFOHPMBINBLBOBOEJSFTUPSBO1BEBQFNFSJLTBBOUJOKB CBOZBL EJKVNQBJJOGFTUBTJQBSBTJUVTVTQBEBQFOKBKBNBLBOBOJOJ)BMJOJKVHBNFOHVBULBO LFTJNQVMBOCVSVLOZBIJHJFOFQFOHPMBIBONBLBOBO5FSMFCJI LBNJKVHBNFOFNVLBO TBNQFMBJSZBOHEJQBLBJVOUVLNJOVN NFODVDJQJSJOHTFSUBFTZBOHEJQBLBJVOUVL NFODBNQVSNJOVNBOTFSJOHLBMJNFOHBOEVOHCBLUFSJDPMJGPSN TVBUVNBSLFSZBOHVNVN EJQBLBJVOUVLLPOUBNJOBTJUJOKB%FOHBOEFNJLJBO CFSCBHBJGBLUPSZBOHUFSLBJUIJHJFOF QFSPSBOHBOEBOIJHJFOFQFOHPMBIBONBLBOBOCFSQFSBOVOUVLUSBOTNJTJQFOZBLJUZBOH EJTFCBSLBONFMBMVJNBLBOBOBUBVNJOVNBOUFSNBTVLQFOZBLJUJOEJLBUPSZBOHNFOKBEJ GPLVTQFOFMJUJBOJOJ EFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE #BOZBLEBSJGBLUPSSJTJLPQFOZFCBSBOQFOZBLJUZBOHUFMBIEJTFCVULBOEJBUBTEBQBU EJIFOUJLBOEFOHBOJOUFSWFOTJTFEFSIBOBEBONVSBIUFSGPLVTQBEBQFOKBKBNBLBOBO NJT JOTUSVLTJVOUVLNFODVDJUBOHBOEFOHBOCBJLTFSUBIJHJFOFNFOHPMBINBLBOBOZBOH MFCJICBJL QFOHHBOUJBOBJSNFODVDJQJSJOHZBOHMFCJICBJLEBOQFOHHVOBBOTBCVODVDJEJ EBMBNBJSVOUVLNFODVDJQJSJOH%FOHBOEFNJLJBOVTBIBQFODFHBIBOQFOVMBSBOJOJQFSMV EJMBLVLBOCFSTBNB1FSIBUJBOKVHBIBSVTEJCFSJLBOLFQBEBQFOKBKBBJSLFMJMJOH4FSJOHLBMJBJS ZBOHEJKBKBLBOJOJEJEBQBUEBSJQJQBQFSVTBIBBOBJSNJOVNZBOHCPDPSBUBVJMFHBM XBMBVQVO BJSJOJUFUBQBNBOLBMBVUFMBIEJEJEJILBO1FSIBUJBOKVHBQFSMVEJCFSJLBOLFQBEBFTVOUVL LPOTVNTJZBOHTFIBSVTOZBEJCVBUEFOHBONFOEJOHJOLBOBJSZBOHUFMBIEJEJEJILBOVOUVL NFOHVSBOHJSJTJLPQFOZFCBSBOQFOZBLJUZBOHEJUVMBSLBOPMFIBJS4FDBSBLFTFMVSVIBO EJQFSMVLBOLFOEBMJNVUVNFOZFMVSVIUFSIBEBQNBLBOBOEBONJOVNBOEJ+BLBSUB. <Wajeh][d[j_a_dWd]i[hjWZ[cWcj_\e_ZZWdfWhWj_\e_ZZ_@WaWhjW 4FUFMBINFNBTVLJJOBOHNFMBMVJNBLBOBOBUBVNJOVNBOZBOHUFSLPOUBNJOBTJ 4UZQIJEBO 4QBSBUZQIJIBSVTNFOHIJOEBSJNJLSPPSHBOJTNFMBJOVOUVLCFSTBJOHEBMBNNFOEBQBULBO.
(5) 1FNCBIBTBO6NVNUIFTJT. NBLBOBOEBOUFNQBUQFSMFLBUBOQBEBNVLPTB NFOEBQBULBOUFNQBUNFNBTVLJUVCVI NFOHIJOEBSJNFLBOJTNFQFSUBIBOBOOPOTQFTJGJLEBSJJOBOH NFOFNVLBOUFNQBUVOJLOZB EJEBMBNTJTUFNGBHPTJUNPOPOVDMFBS NBNQVCFSUBIBOEBOCFSFQMJLBTJ TFSUBQBEBBLIJSOZB LFMVBSEBSJJOBOHEBOEJTFCBSLBOLFJOBOHMBJOZBOHSFOUBO #BOZBLEBSJGVOHTJJOJUFSHBOUVOHEBSJQSPUFJOJOBOHZBOHUFSEBQBUEBMBNCFSCBHBJCFOUVL QPMJNPSGJTNFEJEBMBNQPQVMBTJ%FOHBOEFNJLJBO UFSHBOUVOHEBSJMBUBSCFMBLBOH HFOFUJLOZB TFTFPSBOHEBQBUCFSWBSJBTJEBMBNGBLUPSGBLUPSJOJ TFCBHBJNBOBWBSJBTJEBMBN HPMPOHBOEBSBI%BMBNNFNQFMBKBSJGBLUPSHFOFUJLJOBOHEBMBNQFOZBLJUJOGFLTJJOJ QFOUJOHEJCFEBLBOGBLUPSGBLUPSZBOHNFOHPOUSPMQSPTFTNFOEBQBULBOQFOZBLJU TFQFSUJ GBLUPSGBLUPSZBOHUFSLBJUEFOHBOLFSFOUBOBOUFSIBEBQEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE TFSUB GBLUPSGBLUPSZBOHNFOFOUVLBOCFSBUSJOHBOOZBTVBUVQFOZBLJUTFUFMBICBLUFSJCFSIBTJM NBTVLLFEBMBNUVCVIEBONFOFNVLBOUFNQBULIVTVTOZB6OUVLNFOKBXBCQFSUBOZBBO QFSUBNB TFMVSVILBTVTEBMBNQPQVMBTJUFSUFOUVIBSVTEJLVNQVMLBOCBJLZBOHEJSBXBUEJ SVNBITBLJUNBVQVOUJEBL EBOWBSJBTJEJEBMBNHFOLBOEJEBUZBOHSFMFWBOEJBOBMJTBEFOHBO NFOHHVOBLBOLFMPNQPLLPOUSPMEBMBNNBTZBSBLBUZBOHUJEBLNFOEFSJUBQFOZBLJUUFSTFCVU 6OUVLNFOKBXBCQFSUBOZBBOLFEVB LBTVTLBTVT CBJLZBOHEJSBXBUEJSVNBITBLJUBUBV ZBOHEJPCBUJTFCBHBJQBTJFOSBXBUKBMBO IBSVTEJBOBMJTBEFSBKBUCFSBUSJOHBOOZBQFSKBMBOBO QFOZBLJUZBOHEJEFSJUB 1FSBOEBSJQSPUFJOQSPJOGMBNNBUPSZTFQFSUJ5/'°_ *'/°a *-°_ *-°` *- *- 5/'3 *'/a3 *-3 $"41EBO$31EBMBNNFOHJOEVLTJFLTQSFTJCFSCBHBJHFOEBOTJOUFTB EBSJCFCFSBQBQSPUFJOZBOHEBQBUNFOHJOEVLTJQFSVCBIBOSBEBOHBLVUEBOLSPOJLUFMBI MBNBEJLFUBIVJ8BMBVCFCFSBQBEBSJQPMJNPSGJTNFJOJUFMBIEJMBQPSLBOCFSBTPTJBTJEFOHBO CFSCBHBJQFOZBLJUJOGFLTJ LBNJUJEBLNFOFNVLBOBTPTJBTJEBSJQPMJNPSGJTNFJOJEFOHBO EFNBNUJGPJEBUBVQBSBUJGPJE #BC&NQBU 4FCBHBJDPOUPI TFCVBIMBQPSBOEBSJ7JFUOBN NFOHBTPTJBTJLBOBMFM5/'" "EFOHBOLFSFOUBOBOUFSIBEBQEFNBNUJGPJE%J*OEPOFTJB QSFWBMFOTJEBSJQPMJNPSGJTNF°BOE°EJEBFSBIQSPNPUFSEBSJHFOZBOHNFOHLPEF VOUVL5/'°_QBEBQBTJFOEFOHBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEUJEBLCFSCFEBEBSJLPOUSPM NBTZBSBLBUZBOHEJQJMJITFDBSBBDBL1FSFLSVUBOQBTJFOEFNBNUJGPJEZBOHEJSBXBUEJSVNBI TBLJUEJ7JFUOBNEJCBOEJOHLBOEFOHBOQFSFLSVUBOQBTJFOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEZBOH EJEBQBUEBSJQFOFMJUJBOTVSWFJMBOTCFSCBTJTNBTZBSBLBUEJ+BLBSUBNFOHJTZBSBULBOBMFM5/'"° "LIVTVTOZBNVOHLJOMFCJICFSQFSBOEBMBNNFOFOUVLBOQFSKBMBOBOQFOZBLJUEBO CFSBUSJOHBOOZBQFSKBMBOBOQFOZBLJUZBOHIJOHHBNFNCVUVILBOQFSBXBUBOSVNBITBLJU OBNVOUJEBLNFOFOUVLBOLFSFOUBOBOVOUVLNFOEBQBULBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE +FMBTMBI CBIXBWBSJBTJHFOJOJMFCJICFSQFSBOEBMBNNFOFOUVLBOCFSBUSJOHBOOZB QFSKBMBOBOQFOZBLJUTFTFPSBOHTFUFMBIUFSJOGFLTJ EJCBOEJOHEFOHBONFOFOUVLBOBQBLBI TFTFPSBOHBLBONFOKBEJTBLJUTFUFMBIUFSQBQBS#FCFSBQBEBSJQPMJNPSGJTNFOVLMFPUJEB UVOHHBM 4/1T MBJOOZBEBMBNHFOQSPJOGMBNNBUPSZZBOHEJQFMBKBSJNFNQVOZBJGSFLVFOTJ BMFMNJOPSZBOHTBOHBUSFOEBI NJTBMOZB EVB4/1TEJ*-3UJEBLEJKVNQBJEBMBNQPQVMBTJ. .
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° EJUFNVLBONFNQVOZBJIVCVOHBOEFOHBO EFNBNUJGPJE TFNFOUBSBLFUJHBQPMJNPSGJTNFMBJOOZB 1"3,@F ° STEBO STUJEBLCFSIVCVOHBOEFOHBOEFNBNUJGPJE4FDBSBLFCFUVMBO 1"3,@F ° KVHBNFSVQBLBOQPMJNPSGJTNFZBOHNFNQVOZBJBTPTJBTJQBMJOHLVBUEFOHBOQFOZBLJU LVTUB4BNQBJTBBUJOJCFMVNKFMBTEJLFUBIVJBQBLBIKBMVSQSPUFBTPNVCJRVJUJOCFSQFSBO EBMBNJOGFLTJ4UZQIJEBO4QBSBUZQIJ8BMBVEFNJLJBO CFCFSBQBIJQPUFTBUFMBIEJTVTVO CFSEBTBSLBONPEFMJOWJUSPZBOHNFOHIVCVOHLBOKBMVSJOJLFNFLBOJTNFQFOHIJOEBSBO EBSJ4BMNPOFMMB.PEFMQFSUBNBNFNCVLUJLBOCBIXBJOWBTJ4BMNPOFMMBLFEBMBNTFM FQJUFMEBSJJOBOHNFNCVUVILBOBLUJWBTJ$EDEBO3BDZBOHSFWFSTJCFMPMFIQSPUFJO CBLUFSJZBOHEJLFOBMTFCBHBJ4PQ&EBO4QU14UBCJMJTBTJ4PQ&EFOHBONFOHIBNCBU QSPUFBTPNBLBONFODFHBIQFNVMJIBOTFMTFUFMBIJOGFLTJCBLUFSJTFIJOHHBNFNVOHLJOLBO CFSUBIBOOZBMJOHLVOHBOZBOHNFOHVOUVOHLBOCBLUFSJVOUVLCFSFQMJLBTJBUBVNFOHIJOEBSJ NFLBOJTNFQFSUBIBOBOJOBOH1FOFMJUJBOLFEVBNFOFNVLBOCBIXBTUSBJO4BMNPOFMMB OPOWJSVMFOCFSJOUFSBLTJEFOHBOFQJUFMNBOVTJBVOUVLNFSFEVLTJTJOUFTBEBSJNPMFLVM FGFLUPSQFSBEBOHBOZBOHEJDFUVTLBOPMFICFSCBHBJTUJNVMVTQSPJOGMBNNBUPSZ3FEVLTJJOJ EJUJNCVMLBOPMFIGPTGPSJMBTJ*gJ°_EBOSFEVLTJEBSJQPMZVCJRVJUJOBUJPO*g#°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
(8) $IBQUFS. PMFICFCFSBQBGBLUPS UFSNBTVLQPMJNPSGJTNFQBEB$'53EBOLFNBNQVBOTFMFQJUFMVOUVL NFNCBUBTJBUBVNFNQSPTNPTJLBOQFSUVNCVIBOJOUSBTFMVMFSEBOQFMJOUBTBOUSBOTNVLPTBM EBSJ4UZQIJ TFCBHBJNBOBEJJTZBSBULBOBOUBSBMBJOPMFIQFSBOQPMJNPSGJTNF1"3,@F °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ajehXWaj[h_ZWdZ[cWcj_\e_Zi[hjWfWhWj_\e_ZZ_@WaWhj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
(9) 1FNCBIBTBO6NVNUIFTJT. NFOFNVLBOCFCFSBQBTUSBJOZBOHSFTJTUFOUFSIBEBQBOUJCJPUJLQBEBQFOFMJUJBOLBNJ JOJ%FOHBOEFNJLJBOTLFNBQFNCFSJBOBOUJCJPUJLVOUVLNFOHPCBUJEFNBNUJGPJEEBO QBSBUJGPJEEJ*OEPOFTJBNBTJIDVLVQMVBTEBONFODBLVQBOUJCJPUJLBMJOJQFSUBNBTFQFSUJ BNQJTJMJOEBOBNPLTJTJMJO"CTFOOZB4UZQIJZBOHNVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUEJ*OEPOFTJBNVOHLJO UFSLBJUEFOHBOJTPMBTJHFPHSBGJTZBOHBEB*OEPOFTJBNFSVQBLBOOFHBSBLFQVMBVBOEFOHBO CBUBTOFHBSBLFCBOZBLBOCFSVQBMBVUBOZBOHUJEBLEBQBUEJIVOJ EFOHBOQFSLFDVBMJBO EJ,BMJNBOUBOZBOHCFSCBUBTBOEFOHBO.BMBZTJB5JNVSEJCBHJBO6UBSB 1BQVBZBOH CFSCBUBTBOEFOHBO1BQVB/FX(VJOFBEJCBHJBO5JNVS TFSUB5JNPSZBOHCFSCBUBTBO EFOHBO5JNPS-FTUFEJCBHJBO6UBSB%J.BMBZTJB5JNVSEBO1BQVB/FX(VJOFB 4BMNPOFMMB EFOHBONVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUCFMVNMBINFSVQBLBONBTBMBI TFNFOUBSBEBUBNFOHFOBJ 4BMNPOFMMBZBOHNVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUEJ5JNPS-FTUFTBNQBJTBBUJOJCFMVNBEB,BSBLUFSJTUJL HFPHSBGJTZBOHTQFTJGJLVOUVL*OEPOFTJBJOJZBOHNVOHLJONFSVQBLBOIBNCBUBOCBHJ QFOZFCBSBOTUSBJO4BMNPOFMMBEFOHBONVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUEBSJOFHBSBTFQFSUJ7JFUOBN *OEJB BUBV1BLJTUBO UFSVUBNBEBMBNLBJUBOOZBEFOHBOUBUBOBOFQJEFNJPMPHJEJNBOBQFOZFCBSBO CBLUFSJUFSVUBNBUFSKBEJEJBOUBSBBOHHPUBLFMVBSHBBUBVLBSJFSLSPOJLZBOHUJEBLUFSQBQBS EFOHBOBOUJCJPUJL5SBOTQPSUBTJVEBSBEBSJEBONFOVKVOFHBSBOFHBSBEFOHBOSJTJLP UJOHHJTBBUJOJNBTJINFSVQBLBONPEBZBOHNBIBMTFIJOHHBCFMVNNFSVQBLBOBODBNBO CBHJUFSTFCBSOZBTUSBJONVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUJOJ1FOZFCBSBO4UZQIJEJEBMBNSVNBIUBOHHB CFSBTBMEBSJBOHHPUBLFMVBSHBZBOHEBMBNUBIBQQFOZFNCVIBOEBOLBSJFSLSPOJLEBOCVLBO EBMBNUBUBOBOSVNBITBLJUBUBVLFKBEJBOMVBSCJBTBTLBMBMVBTKVHBNFOEVLVOHLFTJNQVMBO EJBUBT,FCBOZBLBOPSBOHEBMBNBSFBQFOFMJUJBOQFSHJLFVOJULFTFIBUBOMJOJQFSUBNB EJNBOBQFNCFSJBOBOUJCJPUJLTFSJOHLBMJEJMBLVLBOUBOQBNFMBMVJVKJTFOTJUJWJUBTBOUJCJPUJL BOUJCJPUJLZBOHEJCFSJLBOVNVNOZBBEBMBILMPSBNGFOJLBOBUBVLPUSJNPLTBTPM#BOZBL PSBOHTFSJOHLBMJUJEBLNFOEBQBULBOQFOHPCBUBOZBOHNFNBEBJEJTFCBCLBONBTBMBI LFVBOHBOEBOIBOZBNFOEBQBULBOBOUJCJPUJLVOUVLXBLUVZBOHTJOHLBU.FOHJOHBU CBOZBLOZBLFNJSJQBOBOUBSBQFMBZBOBOLFTFIBUBOEJ*OEPOFTJBEFOHBOOFHBSBOFHBSB EJNBOB4UZQIJZBOHNVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUCBOZBLEJKVNQBJ TFSUBCFMVNBEBOZBQFNBIBNBO ZBOHCBJLNFOHBQBTUSBJOUFSTFCVUNBTJIKBSBOHEJKVNQBJEJ*OEPOFTJB QFOZFCBSBO 4BMNPOFMMBZBOHNVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOU KVHBCBLUFSJMBJOOZB UFUBQNFSVQBLBOBODBNBOEBMBN NBTBZBOHBLBOEBUBOH6OUVLJUVQFOHPCBUBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEZBOHBEFLVBU EFOHBOBOUJCJPUJLZBOHTFTVBJIBSVTMBIEJQSPNPTJLBOPMFIQBSBEPLUFSEJ*OEPOFTJB 4FDBSBVNVN JTPMBU4BMNPOFMMBUZQIJEBO4BMNPOFMMBQBSBUZQIJ"EBSJ+BUJOFHBSBTBOHBUMBI IPNPHFO4JGBUIPNPHFOJOJTFMBJOUBNQBLQBEBLBSBLUFSJTUJLGFOPUJQTFCBHBJNBOBO EJUVOKVLLBOEBMBNQSPGJMCJPLJNJBEBOTFOTJUJWJUBTUFSIBEBQBOUJCJPUJLKVHBUBNQBL EBMBNLBSBLUFSJTUJLHFOPUJQNFMBMVJBOBMJTB"'-14JGBUIPNPHFOJOJNVOHLJONFSVQBLBO DFSNJOBOEBSJUJOHLBUBEBQUBTJTFSPWBSTFSPWBSJOJUFSIBEBQJOBOHZBOHTBOHBUUJOHHJ TFIJOHHBIBOZBNFNVOHLJOLBOWBSJBTJZBOHLFDJMTFCFMVNCBLUFSJLFIJMBOHBO LFNBNQVBOOZBVOUVLNFOHJOGFLTJNBOVTJB4FCBHBJBMUFSOBUJG LVSBOHOZBWBSJBTJJOJ. .
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jWjWdf[dkjkf. . 4BMNPOFMMBEBIVMVEJBOHHBQTFCBHBJBODBNBOCBHJNBTZBSBLBU%JOFHBSB#BSBUZBOHTBBU JOJUFMBINBKV EFNBNUJGPJENFNQVOZBJQSFWBMFOTJUFSUJOHHJEJBLIJSBCBELFTFNCJMBO CFMBTQBEBBLIJSQFSJPEFVSCBOJTBTJEBOJOEVTUSJBMJTBTJ4FQFSUJKVHBUJGVT EFNBNUJGPJE EBOHHBQTFCBHBJQFOZBLJUZBOHUFSLBJUEFOHBOLVSBOHOZBIJHJFOFEBOLPUPS4JUVBTJJOJ NFOHBMBNJQFSCBJLBOEFOHBOEJQFSLFOBMLBOOZBTJTUFNQFNCVBOHBOMJNCBILPUBEBO LFTBEBSBOBLBOQFOUJOHOZBIJHJFOFQSJCBEJEBONBLBOBO CBILBOTFCFMVNWBLTJOBTJEBO BOUJCJPUJDEJQFSLFOBMLBO1FNCBOHVOBOTJTUFNQFOHPMBIBOBJSUFSQVTBUEBOEJTUSJCVTJ BJSNJOVNLFTFCBHJBOCFTBSEBSJLPUBTFDBSBQBSBEPLTNFOJNCVMLBOCFCFSBQBLFKBEJBO FQJEFNJEFNBNUJGPJEZBOHNFOZFCBSNFMBMVJBJSNJOVN LBSFOBQBEBNBTBBXBMUFSTFCVU IBOZBTFEJLJUUJOEBLBOZBOHEJMBLVLBOVOUVLNFODFHBILPOUBNJOBTJUJOKBLFEBMBNTVNCFS BJS QFOBNQVOHBOOZBTFSUBQJQBEJTUSJCVTJOZB1FOZBSJOHBOEBOLMPSJOBTJBJSNFOHBUBTJ NBTBMBIJOJ,FNVEJBO NBTBMBILBSJFSLSPOJLEFNBNUJGPJEEJLFOBMJEBOEJBUBTJEFOHBO NFMBLVLBOQFOZFMJEJLBOLFKBEJBOMVBSCJBTBTFSUBNFMBLVLBOQFOHPCBUBOJOEJWJEVBMQBEB TBTBSBOTBTBSBOUFSUFOUV4FMBNBBCBECFSJLVUOZB UJOEBLBOUJOEBLBOJOJQSBLUJTUFMBI NFOHFMJNBTJEFNBNUJGPJETFCBHBJQFOZBLJUFOEFNJLEJOFHBSBOFHBSB#BSBU4FCBHBJ DBUBUBO NVMBJOZBQFNBLBJBOBOUJCJPUJLEBOWBLTJOBTJIBOZBNFNQVOZBJQFSBOZBOH LFDJMEBMBNQSPTFTJOJ.FOBSJLCBIXBGBLUPSGBLUPSUBEJTBBUJOJKVHBEJKVNQBJEJ+BLBSUB )BTJMUFNVBOTBBUJOJNFOHFOBJBEBOZBLFOBJLBOSFMBUJGEBSJQSFWBMFOTJEFNBNQBSBUJGPJE EJCBOEJOHEFNBNUJGPJEUBNQBLOZBNFSVQBLBODFSNJOBOQFSVCBIBOTJUVBTJTPTJBMFLPOPNJ EBONFOJOHLBUOZBLPOTVNTJTVNCFSNBLBOBONVSBIEBSJQFOKBKBNBLBOBO TFIJOHHB NFOHHBSJTCBXBIJJTVCBIXBQSFWBMFOTJEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJENFODFSNJOLBOUBIBQBO QFSLFNCBOHBOEBMBNNBTZBSBLBU ZBOHEBMBNIBMJOJNFHBQPMJT+BLBSUB EFOHBOCFSCBHBJ NBTBMBILFTFIBUBOZBOHUFSLBJUEFOHBOLFNJTLJOBO QPMVTJ CBOKJS UJEBLNFNBEBJOZB TJTUFNQFNCVBOHBOMJNCBIEBOLPUPSBONBOVTJB TFSUBLVSBOHOZBIJHJFOFEBOBJSTFIBU 5BNQBLOZB TFQFSUJKVHBZBOHUFSKBEJEJNBTZBSBLBU#BSBUBCBEZBOHMBMV QFOZFMFTBJBO NBTBMBILFTFIBUBOMJOHLVOHBOEJ+BLBSUBBLBONFNCVUVILBOLPNJUNFOVOUVLNFOEBOBJ TVSWFJMBOTQFOZBLJU QFOEJSJBOGBTJMJUBTLFTFIBUBOQSJNFSVOUVLQFOHPCBUBOEBOWBLTJOBTJ JOEJWJEVJOEJWJEVUFSUFOUV NJTBMOZBBOHHPUBLFMVBSHBZBOHCFSJTJLPLBSFOBBEBZBOH NFOHFLTLSFTJLBO4UZQIJEBMBNUJOKBOZB QFOEJEJLBOLFTFIBUBOEBOIJHJFOFEJTFLPMBI.
(11) 1FNCBIBTBO6NVNUIFTJT. TFLPMBI TFSUBEBOBZBOHCFTBSVOUVLQFNCBOHVOBOJOGSBTUSVLUVSZBOHEJCVUVILBOVOUVL NFOHBUBTJNBTBMBINBTBMBIEJNBTBZBOHBLBOEBUBOH,BSBLUFSJTUJLEBFSBIQFOFMJUJBO TFQFSUJUJOHLBUBOTPTJBMFLPOPNJ LPOEJTJUFNQBUUJOHHBMEBOQFSJMBLVIJHJFOFNBTZBSBLBU KVHBEBQBUEJKVNQBJQBEBCFSCBHBJNFHBQPMJTEFOHBONBTBMBIVSCBOJTBTJEJOFHBSBOFHBSB CFSLFNCBOH 1BEBUJOHLBUBOJOEJWJEV GBLUPSHFOFUJLJOBOHUBNQBLOZBCFSQFSBOEBMBNSFTJTUFOTJ UFSIBEBQEFNBNUJGPJEEBONVOHLJOVOJLVOUVLQPQVMBTJZBOHEJUFMJUJ%FOHBOEFNJLJBO XBMBVQVOHFOTJUPLJONVOHLJONFOHFOEBMJLBOJOUFOTJUBTSFBLTJSBEBOHTFUFMBINBTVLOZB 4UZQIJEBO4QBSBUZQIJLFEBMBNUVCVI TFIJOHHBNFOFOUVLBOCFSBUSJOHBOOZBQFSKBMBOBO QFOZBLJU NFSFLBUBNQBLOZBUJEBLNFNFHBOHQFSBOBOEBMBNNFOFOUVLBOLFSFOUBOBO TFTFPSBOHUFSIBEBQTVBUVQFOZBLJULFUJLBJOEJWJEVUFSTFCVUUFSQBQBSEFOHBOTVBUVQBUPHFO ,POUBLBXBMEFOHBOCBLUFSJQBEBTFMNVLPTBJOBOHNFNQVOZBJQFSBOVUBNBEBMBNQSPTFT JOJTJBMJTBTJQFOZBLJUEBOUFNVBOLBNJNFNCVLUJLBOCBIXBQPMJNPSGJTNFQBEBHFO$'53 UFSVUBNBNFOHLPEFUFNQBUQFOFNQFMBOCBLUFSJEJEBMBNVTVT EBQBUEJIVCVOHLBOEFOHBO LFSFOUBOBOUFSIBEBQEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE4FCBHBJLPOTFLVFOTJ LFSFOUBOBO TFTFPSBOHVOUVLNFOEBQBULBOQFOZBLJUBUBVVOUVLNFNQVOZBJQFSKBMBOBOQFOZBLJUZBOH CFSBUBLBONFNQFOHBSVIJLFNVOHLJOBOQFOZFCBSBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJELF BOHHPUBNBTZBSBLBUMBJOOZB NJTBMOZBCJMBCFCFSBQBJOEJWJEVNFNQVOZBJLFDFOEFSVOHBO NFOKBEJLBSJFSLSPOJLEFNBNUJGPJE BUBVNFOHFMVBSLBOKVNMBICFTBSCBLUFSJNFMBMVJUJOKB 4FMBOKVUOZB CFCFSBQBTUSBJO4BMNPOFMMBZBOHQSFWBMFOEJEBFSBIQFOFMJUJBOBEBMBIVOJL 4FCBHBJNBOBEJMBQPSLBOEJOFHBSBMBJO LBNJNFOFNVLBOUJOHLBUIPNPHFOJUBT4UZQJ EBO4QBSBUZQIJZBOHUJOHHJ)BMQFOUJOHMBJOOZB QSFWBMFOTJNVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOUZBOHNBTJI SFOEBIEJEBFSBI+BUJOFHBSB UJEBLTFQFSUJZBOHEJMBQPSLBOPMFIQFOFMJUJBOEJOFHBSB CFSLFNCBOHMBJOOZB NFNVOHLJOLBOQFOHPCBUBOQBTJFOEFNBNUJGPJEEFOHBOBOUJCJPUJL LPUSJNPLTBTPMZBOHNFNQVOZBJTJGBUNVEBIEJTFSBQNFMBMVJVTVTTFIJOHHBEBQBUEJCFSJLBO TFDBSBPSBMEBONFNVOHLJOLBOQBTJFOCFSPCBUTFDBSBSBXBUKBMBO %BMBNQFOHFOEBMJBOEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEEJEBFSBIFOEFNJLTFQFSUJ+BLBSUB BOBMPHJJOUFSBLTJJOBOHQBUPHFOEFOHBOMJOHLVOHBOEBMBNLPOTFQTVBUVLFTFJNCBOHBO EBQBUNFNCBOUV4JUVBTJEJ+BLBSUBTBBUJOJEBQBUEJBOHHBQEBMBNJMVTUSBTJNPEFM * EJNBOBQBUPHFOEBOGBLUPSJOBOHEBMBNJOUFSBLTJOZBEFOHBOMJOHLVOHBOCFSBEB EBMBNLFTFJNCBOHBOTFIJOHHBUJNCVMFOEFNJTJUBTEBSJEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJE ,FTFJNCBOHBOJOJEBQBUUFSHBOHHVEFOHBONVEBITFSUBNFSVHJLBOJOBOHEBO NFOHVOUVOHLBOTJSLVMBTJCBLUFSJ NJTBMOZBEFOHBOIBEJSOZBLMPOCBSVCBLUFSJZBOHMFCJI WJSVMFO BUBVUFSKBEJCBOKJSEBOLPOUBNJOBTJBJSNJOVNTFSUBNBLBOBOEFOHBOQBUPHFO )BMJOJBLBONFOZFCBCLBOUJNCVMOZBLFKBEJBOMVBSCJBTBEJNBTZBSBLBU4JUVBTJJOJ EJJMVTUSBTJLBOEBMBNNPEFM**6OUVLNFOHBUBTJQFOZFCBSBOQFOZBLJU NBLBNPEFM***IBSVT EJUVKV EJNBOBQFSVCBIBOMJOHLVOHBONFOHVOUVOHLBOCBHJQFOHFOEBMJBOQBUPHFOEBO. .
(12) . NFOHVOUVOHLBOJOBOHNBOVTJB 8BMBVQVOCBOZBLQFSVCBIBOMJOHLVOHBOEBOJOGSBTUSVLUVSNFSVQBLBOIBMZBOHLPNQMFLT EBONFOEBTBS CFCFSBQBJOUFSWFOTJTFEFSIBOBEBOQSBLUJTEBQBUEJBOKVSLBOTFSUBBLBO NFOHVSBOHJCFCBOQFOZBLJUCFCFSBQBQBUPHFOFOUFSJLEJ+BLBSUBTFDBSBDFQBU*OUFSWFOTJ UFSTFCVUBOUBSBMBJOEFOHBOQFOHPCBUBOBEFLVBUEBSJLBTVTVOUVLNFOHIJOEBSJUJNCVMOZB TUSBJONVMUJESVHSFTJTUBOU LPOUSPMUFSIBEBQMJOHLVOHBOCBHJLFVOUVOHBOJOBOH NJTBMOZB EFOHBOFEVLBTJQSBLUFLIJHJFOFQSJCBEJEJTFLPMBIEBOQFOFSBQBOIJHJFOFQSJCBEJEBO QFOHPMBIBONBLBOBOEJBOUBSBQFOKBKBNBLBOBO LBSFOBQFOKBKBNBLBOBONFSVQBLBO TVNCFSOVUSJTJCBHJCBOZBLPSBOHEJEBMBNNBTZBSBLBU TFSUBCJMBQFOEBOBBOOZB NFNVOHLJOLBO EFOHBOQFOZFEJBBOTBSBOBTBOJUBTJZBOHBEFLVBUEBOBJSTFIBULFSVNBI SVNBIZBOHCFMVNNFNQVOZBJGBTJMJUBTJOJ%JTJTJMBJO EBSJTVEVUQBOEBOHJOBOHNBOVTJB JEFOUJGJLBTJJOEJWJEVZBOHSFOUBOUFSIBEBQQFOZBLJUEBONFNQVOZBJLFDFOEFSVOHBOVOUVL CFSLFNCBOHNFOKBEJLBSJFSLSPOJLTFSUBJNVOJTBTJBOHHPUBLFMVBSHBZBOHNFNQVOZBJ LPOUBLEFOHBOLBTVTEFNBNUJGPJEEBOQBSBUJGPJEBLBONFOHFOEBMJLBOMFCJIKBVI QFOZFCBSBOQFOZBLJUJOJ. ?$ FWje][d"_dWd]ZWdb_d]akd]Wd ZWbWca[i[_cXWd]Wd. ??$ FWje][dc[d`WZ_b[X_^l_hkb[dWjWk _dWd]c[d`WZ_b[X_^h[djWdZWd\Wajeh b_d]akd]WdX[hkXW^a[WhW^ c[hk]_aWdXW]__dWd]. ???$ F[hkXW^Wd\Wajehb_d]akd]WdZWd f[d][dZWb_WdfWje][da[WhW^ c[d]kdjkd]aWd. XW]__dWd].
(13)
GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN
enterica serovar Typhimurium infected mice that received no further treatment (open circles), received a total body irradiation (closed squares), or were depleted
enterica serovar Typhimurium infected mice that received no further treatment (white bars), were treated with anti-TNFD antibodies (black bars), or were treated with
To gain insight into the role of Salmonella-induced cell death in virulence, we have selected for mutants that survived for prolonged periods after infection in
In this community-based case-control study in an endemic area in East Jakarta, Indonesia, we compared case patients having paratyphoid and typhoid fever with random community
License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of
9edj[dji $IBQUFS(FOFSBMJOUSPEVDUJPO 0VUMJOFPGUIFUIFTJT $IBQUFS3JTLGBDUPSTGPSUZQIPJEBOEQBSBUZQIPJEGFWFSJO+BLBSUB *OEPOFTJB
BQQFBSTUPIBWFGVODUJPOBMDPOTFRVFODFT BTJUXBTBTTPDJBUFEXJUI RVBOUJUBUJWFEJGGFSFODFTJOFYQSFTTJPOMFWFMTPG*-`
H[ikbji 4VSWFJMMBODF4UVEZ %VSJOHUIFTUVEZQFSJPEDPOTFDVUJWFQBUJFOUTXJUIGFWFSMBTUJOH PSNPSFEBZTXFSFJODMVEFE8FJEFOUJGJFE 4UZQIJ BOE 4QBSBUZQIJ "JOGFDUJPOT
