The democratisation of impact funding: A case study into the production of an online impact-tool

(1)

The democratisation of impact funding

A case study into the production of an online impact-tool

<error> -- IMPACT_NOT_FOUND -- <error>

23-01-2020 Word count: 4919

Tjebbe Schalij (11330481), Marten Rozema (11735651), Floyd Hoogendijk (10667660) en Ianthe Smulders (11317728)

(2)

Abstract

Smaller social organisations and start-ups experience difficulties applying for large development funds. This research aims to create an interdisciplinary scientific method to produce an open-source, online, impact-tool. The goals of the tool are: to create easy and accessible insight into the social impact made by an organisation and to compare social organisations. As a case study we will explore to what extent it is possible to quantify social impact of the social enterprise African Clean Energy, a manufacturer and supplier of Clean Cookstoves. The results show that this is a difficult practice, because it is dependent on the researcher, and therefore difficult to repeat and/or compare. However, this tool can rank social organisations based on their social impact and the input of the user. This is a step in the direction to democratise the current practices surrounding impact funding.

List of abbreviations

ACE African Clean Energy

AI Active Impact

CSO Civil Society Organisation PI Passive Impact

SDG Sustainable Development Goals SE Social Enterprise

UN United Nations VR Value of Relevance

(5)

1. Introduction

Since small civil society organisations (CSOs) and social enterprises (SEs) do not always have the means to provide insight into their social impact, they experience difficulties qualifying for larger development funds (R. Walker, pers. comm., 1 October, 2019). Companies that qualify for these funds have often been around for a long time, and have enough resources to produce reports to provide insight into their impact. The result is a vicious circle in which well-established organisations receive funds, that they in turn can invest in their social output, as well as an extensive record of their impact.

For example, The EU provided more than half of the global aid, which was €71.9bn in 2018 (Concord, 2019). Thus, on the one side there is a large amount of money that could be distributed over a vast amount of CSOs however, on the other side, there are only a few organisations recipients of these larger funds.

Since the impact investing industry is growing, an industry in which investors aim for a return in social impact, as well as financial returns (Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN, 2019), it is highly relevant to solve the issues surrounding the current practices. In this way smaller companies and organisations can compete for larger funds to achieve their goals. One of the solutions to narrow this gap is to provide easy and comprehensive insight into the social impact of CSOs and SEs. Hence, this research explores to what extent it is possible to quantify and compare social impact.

As a case study we will use data provided by African Clean Energy (ACE). ACE is a manufacturer and distributor of Clean Cookstoves. A clean cookstove is a stove that

efficiently uses air to completely combust fire and reduce CO2-emissions and improve health issues worldwide. They currently operate in Lesotho, Uganda and Cambodia (ACE, 2019).

For a company like ACE, an online, open-source1_{, impact-tool can narrow the gap} between large amounts of development money and smaller organisations trying to obtain these funds. Our impact-tool can efficiently provide insight into the social impact of the venture, and therefore easily link investor to receiver. On top of that, it can compare social organizations, which will help the investor choose to which company they would like to attribute. Therefore this thesis aims to answer the following question:

To what extent is it possible to measure the social impact of African Clean Energy in

order to produce an online tool that compares the social impact of organisations?

This question is twofold. First, we have to determine how it is possible to measure the social impact of ACE. However this has to be in such a way that the weighted data can be

compared with data of different organisations. Therefore our hypothesis is that the data has to be quantified and nestled in a larger framework to compare the social impact of different organisations in the impact-tool.

The following questions will assist us to build the online tool, of which the input is the quantified social impact of different organisations, and the output is ideally, a list of the top three highest scoring organisations.

1. How is it possible to methodologically organise the data provided by African Clean Energy?

1_{This is a websource which people can freely access and are able to recommend alterations to the}

(6)

2. How is it possible to quantify the social impact based on the processed data? 3. How is it possible to visualize the scores produced by the quantified impact in the

online impact-tool in order to compare different organisations?

A way to logically quantify social impact is to combine efforts of artificial intelligence and social sciences. Thus, this research asks for an interdisciplinary approach. To quantify social impact, i.e. logically transform social outcomes into the numeric sciences, the expertise of physics, mathematics and artificial intelligence will be combined. However this knowledge needs to be integrated with a societal approach, where we will work with findings from international social development studies, anthropology and political science.

This thesis has an atypical structure. First a theoretical framework will provide fundamental theories and definitions needed to understand this thesis. Thereafter, the method and results of producing the impact-tool are given. And consequently, the method and results of the quantified impact assessment of ACE are described. This is respectively the research into the production of the tool itself, and an example of the input for the tool. The results all together will finally provide feedback on the tool, which helps us determine how we can keep optimizing the tool.

2. Theoretical Framework

Different from the methods used now, this research could show that there is an alternative, more democratic way to measure social impact. ACE made that possible by providing their data to research these alternatives. Because this research is a case study a small

explanation about the company and their product is provided to understand the impact they are making.

2.1 African Clean Energy

African Clean Energy is a family owned international company operating in developing countries: Lesotho, Uganda and Cambodia. They manufacture and distribute the Clean Cookstoves in Lesotho since 2011. In 2016 ACE established a distribution plant in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Currently they are building a second factory in Cambodia as well.

2.1.1 The Clean Cookstove: ACE1

Clean Cookstoves (CCSs) are stoves that contribute to a more efficient, safe and healthy cooking environment. The ACE1 is a solar powered multi-fuel cookstove with a built-in battery, which makes it possible to charge usb-appliances and to power a lamp. A solar panel is provided to charge the battery. This battery powers a fan that blows oxygen into the burning chamber through holes at both the bottom and the top. This increases the

temperature of the fire to approximately 1000°C. These conditions cause the biomass to gasify. In Figure 1 it is shown where the airflow comes in through the holes and illustrates the combustion process of the ACE1. Because of the high temperature you can use multiple fuels i.e. corn pops, cow dung, coconut shells, wood, charcoal and other dry biomass. If the hot gas travels up the burning chamber of the stove it meets more oxygen and combusts completely. This means that the fire will not produce smoke. This is a health benefit for

(7)

people using the stove in comparison to open fire. The complete combustion also reduces the CO2-emission which has a positive effect on climate change (ACE, 2019).

Figure 1. The combustion process of the ACE1 (ACE, 2019)

This thesis aims to visualize the social impact made by ACE. However, impact is a loose term and has many interpretations. In the next section we elaborate on the definition used for this thesis.

2.2 Impact

There are many different ways to define impact, in our research we use the social science definition of Clark, Rosenzweig, Long, & Olsen:

“By impact we mean the portion of the total outcome that happened as a result of the activity of the venture, above and beyond what would have happened anyway” (Clark et al., 2004, pp. 7)

(8)

In this research we focus on impact with a significant effect for either people or nature. This is defined as ‘social impact’. By this definition it is necessary to subdivide the social

outcomes into ‘changes to social systems’ and ‘what would have happened anyway’, to determine the social impact of an organisation.

2.3 Science in Practice

Science in Practice is the strategy used to answer the main question in this research. This strategy is derived from applied research that: “aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society, or an industrial/business organisation, whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory” (Kothari, 2008).

There is no defined way to conduct an applied research. So, this thesis combines different methods to set up a framework that exists of three different phases:

1. Knowing and Understanding

In this phase existing theories and knowledge are used to create a scientific understanding of the subject. Based on this knowledge an experiment or case study is created.

2. Applying and Analyzing

The experiment or case study is conducted with two goals: the results of the test and analyzing the method of the test itself.

3. Evaluating and planning

The feedback on the method of the test will be used as new knowledge in the first phase. This is a circular framework which means that the output can be used as input again. In the next chapter we will continue how we have conducted two of those cycles for this research.

3. Method and results

The framework of Science in Practice is used to build, test and optimize an impact-tool. We have created two feedback-loops, in which we implement the tool based on two hypothetical organisations, see Figure 3, and on a case study for ACE as shown in Figure 4.

In phase 1 of loop 0 we build the impact-tool based on literature research in the field of Artificial Intelligence (which model do we need?) and Social Sciences (how can we derive measurements from the data of an organisation?). In phase 2 of loop 0 the model is tested in a practical matter by pretending we are using data of two hypothetical companies. This results in phase 3: feedback on the tool itself.

In phase 1 of loop 1 we implement the feedback of loop 0. After that, the updated version of the tool is tested with a case study for ACE in phase 2 of loop 1. Phase 3 of loop 1 produces feedback on the tool, which we will elaborate on in the Conclusions and

(9)

Figure 3. Methodology Science in Practice loop 0. Figure 4. Methodology Science in Practice loop 1.

In the next sections we will first elaborate on the methodology and the results of loop 0. This contains all the information needed to build our impact-tool. After that, the method and results of loop 1 are given. This section provides an example of an organisation2_being implemented into the impact-tool.

3.1 Method and results Loop 0

Making a tool that could be used to rank organizations’ social impact calls for a model. This model organises data provided by ACE or other companies and compares different

organizations and/or companies on their social impact.

The first step of this process is part of an answer to the question: how is it possible to visualize the scores produced by the quantified impact in the online impact-tool in order to rank different organisations? This is done by a dynamic process of brainstorming, literature research, experimenting and comparing alternative models. The model found to be most effective to organise and visualise multiple results is called a conceptual space. This model is chosen between a variety of models that AI has to offer. A conceptual space is often used to process data from perceptual mechanisms and various other types of concept information (Gardenfors, 2004). Because an impact-tool is still conceptual, the conceptual space offers a solution. It is able to represent more features for a single data point than most AI models.

A conceptual space is a geometric structure. It is based on a number of dimensions to represent characteristics, categories or similarities based on the distance between these dimensions. For example, the conceptual space in Figure 5 shows similarity in taste. By comparing different distances between points in the conceptual space it is seen if one kind of fruit is more similar to the other. An apple has a higher score on the sweet and the sour dimension and a lower score on the other two. This gives it a certain spot within the

conceptual space. From this particular spot the distance would be bigger to a grapefruit than a pear. According to this distance we could say that the pear is more similar to an apple than the grapefruit is (Gardenfors, 2004). Like this quantification of the concept taste, the

research aims to quantify the social impact. The dimensions will not be that of taste but would be manners of social impact that a company can make. A company would get a location in the conceptual space of social impact like the apple in the space of taste. This way, the research could organize data from companies and represent them in this

2_{In this case: ACE.}

(10)

conceptual space. The metrics that make the representation of the different dimensions in one space possible are described in the technical report (Appendix E).

Figure 5. Example conceptual space (Gardenfors, 2004)

Although a conceptual space is a knowledge model based on conceptual information, it still needs a quantified input.3 The data is value based, but data provided by ACE and other companies is not solely quantitative. This is the reason that a framework is needed to turn qualitative data into a quantified form.

As stated before, to use a model for organizing data provided by ACE, and to use a conceptual space, there has to be a set of parameters as impact points. This is needed to quantify the data that is provided by the company.

An answer to this is found in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) made by the UN. In 2015, all UN members have agreed to a list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to stimulate action over the next 15 years. The SDGs are goals that organisations can adopt to solve major issues regarding the planet. Varying from environmental to societal issues. Each SDG contains a specific subject of challenges, but could also be

interconnected to other SDGs (UN, 2019a). Worldwide, many policy documents have since focussed on these SDGs. Therefore the SDGs look like a promising basis for a broad impact assessment. In this research is chosen to focus on four SDGs; 1,3,5, and 7.4_{This SDGs will} be used as the different dimensions in the conceptual space and they offer a sense of what impact entitles.

Figure 6. Sustainable Development Goals 1,3,5 and 7. (UN, 2015)

3_{This is brings us closer to answering the questions: (1) How is it possible to methodologically organise the data}

provided by African Clean Energy? (2) How is it possible to quantify the social impact based on the processed data?

4_{SDGs 1,3,5 and 7 are chosen since their indicators and targets have a good correspondence with the data ACE}

(11)

An SDG consists of various targets each with one or multiple corresponding indicators (see Appendix G for the complete list) used to track the progress of these targets (UN, 2019). These indicators provide actionable steps which support the goal of making the world more sustainable and are therefore used as guidelines to create impact points in this thesis.

There is yet to determine which ‘indicators’ are used in the impact-tool: the units in which the contribution of a product or service to SDG 1,3,5 and 7 can be expressed. These indicators have to be ranked on a scale of negative social impact to positive social impact. Thus we have to apply a ‘value’: the contribution of a product or service to SDG 1,3,5 and 7. The data from an organization needs to be linked to indicators from the SDGs to see if the organization makes impact according to them. This is done by analysing the data for each SDG. From this assessment a list of impact points is created and then linked to an indicator within this SDG.5_{If this is not possible because there has been produced an impact point} which is not logically linkable to an existing indicator within the SDGs, a measurable indicator is created to logically link this impact point to. Using this method positive and negative scores on indicators linked to the impact points can be measured. This will be translated to numerical values. If data is quantified, all the factors that could change its identity in numerical value has to be taken into account. Only positive or negative will not be enough representation to quantify impact.

Some social outcomes are easily quantified, but others are not. For example, how much CO2-emissions are reduced by replacing a traditional cookstove with a clean cookstove is a numeric exercise, and therefore easily quantified. However, women in

Lesotho also save time having to spend less hours gathering fuel and cooking. Whether this time saved is either spent on other household work, or is going towards education or job sourcing, is a matter of a qualitative state of affairs. When data is not so obvious one can make use of ‘indirect indicators’ (which will later be referred to as ‘passive impact’). Indirect indicators are rooted in a well educated guess. For example, the increase in girls and women in higher education is linked to the replacement of a traditional stove for a clean cookstove. On the other hand there are ‘direct indicators’. These indicators are primarily formulated for countable facts or easily measured results, like the reduction of

CO2-emissions (Hinze, 2018). Our quantified impact-measuring-tool will include both indicators. But, is at the same time critical of this exercise. That is why we will distinguish between active- and passive impact. Active impact is directly affecting the score on a target. Passive impact on the other hand, does not directly affect the value of the indicator, but has to be determined qualitatively.

The impact-tool will include both active and passive impact. The user of the tool can influence the outcome in two ways. Firstly, the user answers the questions whether he/she would like to include passive impact. If the answer is yes, the active and passive impact will be weighted equally in order to produce a top three organisations, based on the input of the user. If the answer is no, all passive impact will be excluded from the outcome.

The second way in which the user can influence the outcome of the tool is by appointing personal relevance to the indicators. This is because of the variety of the yet to be assessed indicators. Since the indicators represent a broad framework of different impact points, there is no way to methodologically apply weight to an indicator when using the

5_{This process is chosen because of two problems. (1) There exist many indicators for some SDGs, while many}

are not relevant for the research. Analysing all indicators would result in an inefficient, time-consuming process. (2) The list of indicators per SDG is not comprehensive to analyse all data, by merely focusing on the SDGs indicators there is a probability to miss important aspects to measure impact.

(12)

values as input in the impact-tool. In order to connect all the dimensions and define which values of the impact points should be weighted more or less relevant. There is a need for another value, the value of relevance (VR). The VR describes the importance of an

individual indicator to the user of the tool. This value makes the connection between SDGs, because now it is possible to compare indicators, and therefore SDGs. The reason why is because of the metrics that lie behind a conceptual space (see Appendix E). The VR will be extra input given by the investor using the tool. The investor attributes a weight, on a scale of 0 to 3 (0: not important to 3: very important), to indicators that are being used by the tool. This way the investor can influence the result of the tool. The personal results should help the investor choose between organisations to invest in, or donate to.

With this information the conceptual space can be modelled according to the impact made by a company. Then it can be represented and compared to other companies or organisations in the conceptual space while taking the users preferences into account.

Combining the insights and tools resulting from the problems treated in this section provides a set of tools and a method which can be tested. An experiment in the form of a case study based on the findings in this section is executed next.

3.3 Method and results Loop 1

Loop 0 provides a set of tools and insights used to construct the method for executing the case study. The case study will focus on two of the countries ACE operates in: Lesotho and Cambodia.6_{The subdivisions of the case study are displayed in Figure 7.}

Figure 7. Method case study

The first step is to organize the obtained data into a list of measurable parameters. Methodologically organising the data will be done by analyzing the data provided by ACE (Appendix F) as explained in loop 0. To illustrate this process, an example is shown in Textbox 1. The results of this process are listed in column 1 of Table 1 at the bottom of this section.

Data provided by ACE: “At this moment 100 employees are working for ACE in Lesotho, 30 people (of which 20% have a disability) in the factory and 70 at the office. All employees are from the region except for one.” (Appendix F)

Impact point assigned to this data: ‘employment opportunities’ Textbox 1. Impact point example.

(13)

As a guideline and to stimulate a general methodology, the indicators corresponding to the targets of each SDG are used (see Appendix G). The impact points will be logically linked to an existing indicator, listed by the UN. An example of such a link is shown in Textbox 2. Further, the indicators will be subdivided in quantitative and qualitative indicators. This is important to define in order to ask critical questions when an indicator is quantitatively derived.

Impact point: ‘employment opportunities’ Logically linked to indicator:

1.2.1:’ Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age’ regarding target: 1.2 ‘By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions’.

Textbox 2. Impact point link to indicator example (Appendix A).

As predicted in loop 0, some impact points are not logically linked to an indicator of the SDG framework. If this occurs a measurable indicator for this impact point will be created and added to the methodology as illustrated in Textbox 3. Column 2 of Table 1 concluding this section lists all indicators used in this thesis.

“The third impact point is not linked to any of the existing indicators. When using the ACE1 families cut their energy costs with 81% on average. By energy costs we mean all the expenses on electricity and cooking fuel. However; this impact point is not represented in the existing indicators from the UN. Hence, we have

formulated an indicator to measure impact point 3. The indicator is formulated as follows: Reduce in monthly cost per household.” (Appendix A)

Textbox 3. Production of an indicator.

Secondly, every impact point, linked to an indicator, will be assessed in the national context by means of literary research, and in some cases semi-structured interviews. This data assessment is subdivided into three parts: (1) Define the national status quo (on the topic of the impact point), (2) Compare the data of ACE with status quo, (3) Translate the impact into a numeric score ranging from 1 to -1.7,8

1. As explained in the Theoretical Framework one has to know the current situation in order to analyze the influence of an actor. The national status quo will be used to summarize the “what would have happened anyway” box in Figure 2 from section 2.2.The national status quo will be derived from qualitative research based on policy reports, expert interviews and UN documents.

2. Data of ACE will be compared to the national status quo. Each impact point will receive an individual value based on a conclusion drawn by comparing the national status quo to the effect the ACE1 has on this indicator. An example of step 1 and step 2 is shown in Textbox 4.

3. Lastly, the researcher will argue whether the impact is passive or active.

7_N_{umeric values; 1: positive impact; 0: neutral, or negligible impact, -1: negative impact.}

8_{This approach is chosen after a combination of literature research, debating, experimenting, brainstorming and}

trying to create an absolute scale to credit the impact in a more analogue way. Due to the complexity of each impact point, and the fact that even the quantitative indicators are too complex to score in a solely quantitative approach, there has not yet been found a possible method to score the assessed impact in a more precise manner. This subject will be evaluated in the section Conclusions and discussion.

(14)

This example concerns the impact point gathering fuel with linked indicator: 5.4.1 “Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location” SDG5 Gender equality. The example is part of the assessment in Cambodia.

“Men predominantly collect the firewood (San et al, 2012; Brickell, 2007). In 2004, 74,8% of the population was dependent on firewood for cooking. This number is decreasing rapidly, and the government pushes for this (Royal Government of Cambodia, 2018). In Kampong Chhnang province, the average amount of time spent on firewood collection is 2.15 hours per day (San, Spoann, Ly, & Chheng, 2012).

The increased temperature of the ACE1 also invites different fuels than wood or coal. You can burn any dry biomass, like coconut shells, corn-pops and cow dung. People in the rural and semi-rural villages have access to multiple alternative fuels (D. Walker, pers. comm., 6 December, 2019). This makes people less dependent on wood (or coal).

However, reducing the amount of time spent on gathering fuel, saves time spent on household work for men. Thus, this does not per se reduce gender inequality. Because It is unknown if the saved time is spent on other household work, therefore the social impact has been appointed a neutral value.” (Appendix C)

Textbox 4. Applied value example

Table 1 displays the full set of impact points, indicators and values assigned based on the impact assessment.9_{These results are the input for the impact-tool.}

Impact point Indicator Cambodia Lesotho

Employment opportunities

Proportion of population living below the national

poverty line, by sex and age 1 1 Access to basic services Proportion of population living in households with _{access to basic service} 1 1 Cut in monthly costs Reduce in monthly cost per household -1 1 Fuel 1. Under five mortality rate, _{2. Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning’} 1 1 Cooking 1. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution”

2. Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning

1 1

Gathering fuel Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care _{work, by sex, age and location”} 0 1 Cooking Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care _{work, by sex, age and location} 1 1 Indirect health benefits Reduce health disadvantages by gendered practices _{(i.e. cooking).} 1 1 Direct health benefits Reduce health disadvantages by gendered practices _{(i.e. cooking).} 1 1 Clean & efficient cooking 1. Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology

2. Reducing air pollution caused by cooking

1 1

Provide consumer

electricity Proportion of population with access to electricity 1 1 Table 1. Case study results overview.

The values listed in Table 1 implemented along randomly chosen user preferences10 are visually represented in a conceptual space to give a simple overview of the overall impact.

9_{Appendices A,B,C,D cover the full assessment of all the individual assessments per country, impact point,}

status quo and applied values.

(15)

Figure 8.Conceptual space result ACE case study

4. Conclusions and discussion

This research is twofold. Therefore this chapter will first present the conclusions of the research into the quantified impact assessment of ACE, which serves as the input for the tool, and secondly the conclusions of the research into the production of the online impact-tool. To answer our research question we will critically reflect upon our methods and conclusions.

As discussed in the Theoretical Framework, outcomes need to be separated from outputs. In other words, the difference between ‘what would have happened anyway’ and ‘what has happened because of the organisation’. For two reasons this distinction is problematic.

1. What to measure. There is an infinite amount of possible impact points per SDG. It is up to the research team to make decisions which and how many to use. Although one needs to substantiate their decisions, these choices are never exhaustive and inherently carry a bias with them. This ultimately has an influence on the

comparability of different companies.

2. How to measure. To measure the difference between the outcomes and output is for some indicators very difficult. This can have different causes.

A. There is not enough data available to make a thorough result of the impact on this particular indicator. This lack of data can occur on both sides; the organisation or the about the area it is active in.

B. The indicator is qualitative and it is difficult to quantify qualitative data. It is relative to the researcher and therefore the arguments are very important. When the data is quantified this nuance is lost.

C. When an organisation is operating for a while in that particular area, it is difficult to distinguish which social outcomes have already been influenced by the presence of the company and which are social outcomes are not.

We do not see any other solutions to these challenges than intensive research and elaborate substantiation of the decisions made. This results in the problem we started of

(16)

with: only big organisations have the time and money to provide insight into their social impact.

On the other hand, this thesis attempts to produce a framework in which qualitative data can be quantified. If a framework like this can be optimized and the social impact of different organisations will be quantified by a mediating organisation this can improve the quality, and further democratise the current practices surrounding impact funding.

Furthermore, the applied method of Science in Practice, where a feedback-loop constantly feeds the researchers knowledge has shown positive opportunities for an interdisciplinary approach. Interdisciplinary research has to integrate theories and/or methods of different disciplines. The constant feedback, conducted in Loop 0 and Loop 1, has created a field, in which became clear how different disciplines can conflict, overlap and/or synthesize. For further research this loop could produce more knowledge, when investors and organisations would be involved in the research process. Therefore it would be interesting to see if the tool is further optimized when this research will transform into a transdisciplinary research.

Finally, by programming an impact-tool we have created a framework that calculates a top three organisations based on the users preferences without losing a multidimensional view on a complicated question. Combining VR with the quantified impact of organisations in a conceptual space provides a solution for ethical dilemmas such as: How much kg CO2 less in the air is equal to saving one human life? So, this framework can be used to rank social organisations for each user and is a step in the right direction to democratise the current practices surrounding impact funding.

(17)

5. Literature

African Clean Energy. (2019). ACE1 African Clean Energy. Geraadpleegd op 2019, van https://africancleanenergy.com/ace-1/

Bhatia, M., & Angelou, N. (2015). Beyond Connections : Energy Access Redefined (008/15). Geraadpleegd van

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24368

Braun, Y. A. (2010). Gender, development, and sex work in Lesotho. Equality,

Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(1), 78–96.

https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151011019228

Breeze, B,. (2013). How donors choose charities: the role of personal taste and experiences in giving decisions. Voluntary Sector Review, 4(2), 165-183. Brickell, K. (2007). Gender relations in the Khmer “home”: Post-conflict perspectives

(MA Thesis). University of London: ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Brickell, K. (2011). The ‘stubborn stain’on development: Gendered meanings of housework (non-) participation in Cambodia. Journal of Development Studies,

47(9), 1353-1370.

Buysman, E., & Mol, A. P. (2013). Market-based biogas sector development in least developed countries—The case of Cambodia. Energy Policy, 63, 44-51.

Clark, C., Rosenzweig, W., Long, D., & Olsen, S. (2004). Double Bottom Line Project

Report: Assessing Social Impact in Double Bottom Line Ventures. Retrieved

from https://centers.fuqua.duke.edu/case/knowledge_items/double-bottom-line-project-report-assessing-social-impact-in-double-bottom-line-ventures/ Concord. (2019). Aidwatch (nog aanpassen). Retrieved from

https://concordeurope.org/blog/2016/01/09/aidwatch-reports/

Dave, R., Keller, S., Bonsuk Koo, B., Fluerantin, G., Portdale, E., & Rysankova, D. (2018). CAMBODIA Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework Rutu Dave, Sandra Keller, Bryan Bonsuk Koo, and Gina Fleurantin, Elisa Portale and Dana Rysankova. Geraadpleegd van

https://development-data-hub-s3- public.s3.amazonaws.com/ddhfiles/144951/cuserswb533616mtfmtf-energy-access-country-diagnostic-report_cambodia_6.2018.pdf

Dasgupta, S., Deichmann, U., Meisner, C., & Wheeler, D. (2005). Where is the poverty–environment nexus? Evidence from Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. World Development, 33(4), 617-638.

de Koning, H. W., Smith, K. R., & Last, J. M. (1985). Biomass fuel combustion and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63(1), 11.

Dunn, J. C. (1983). Spatial metrics of integral and separable dimensions.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9(2), 242.

(18)

Gardenfors, P. (2004). Conceptual spaces as a framework for knowledge representation. Mind and Matter, 2(2), 9-27.

Gottwald, R. L., & Garner, W. R. (1975). Filtering and condensation tasks with integral and separable dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 18(1), 26-28.

Ferkol, T., & Schraufnagel, D. (2014). The global burden of respiratory disease.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 11(3), 404-406.

Fullerton, D. G., Bruce, N., & Gordon, S. B. (2008). Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world. Transactions of

the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(9), 843-851. Hák, T., Janoušková, S., & Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A

need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573.

IEA, IRENA, UN, World Bank Group, & WHO. (2019). Tracking SDG 7 The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved from

https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/2019-Tracking-SDG7-Report.pdf

Hinze, F. (2018, January 26). Types of indicators. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from http://www.social-impact-navigator.org/impact-analysis/indicators/types-of-indicators/

Ministry of Women’s Affairs. (2014). Cambodian Gender Strategic Plan - Neary Rattanak 4 | UNDP in Cambodia [2014-2018] [Parliamentary paper]. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from

https://www.kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/library/democratic_gover nance/cambodian-gender-strategic-plan---neary-rattanak-4.html

Mudaliar, M., Bass, R., Dithrich, H., Nova, N., & Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN). (2019). Annual Impact Investor Survey. Retrieved from

https://thegiin.org/research/publication/impinv-survey-2019

Open Development Cambodia (ODC). (2019, March 11). SDG 5 Gender equality. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from

https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/sdg-5-gender-equality/ Our World in Data. (2017). Average daily time spent by women on domestic work

(paid and unpaid) [Dataset]. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/average-daily-time-spent-by-women-on-domestic-work-paid-and-unpaid?tab=map

Proof of Impact. (2019). Unlocking the Intrinsic Value of Impact through Global

Impact Capital Markets. Retrieved from

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZpIpMhiWPLed0VwTawPnRC_wi5qCZ5sf/vie w

Royal Government of Cambodia. (2018, November). Cambodian sustainable development goals framework (2016-2030) - OD Mekong Datahub [Parliamentary paper]. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from

(19)

https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/en/dataset/cambodian-sustainable-development-goals-framework-2016-2030

San, V., Spoann, V., Ly, D., & Chheng, N. V. (2012). Fuelwood consumption patterns in Chumriey Mountain, Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia. Energy,

44(1), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.025

Sarraf, M., Rismanchi, B., Saidur, R., Ping, H. W., & Rahim, N. A. (2013). Renewable energy policies for sustainable development in Cambodia. Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 223-229.

Smulders, I. (2019). Serve him well and keep the flame alive: gendered

interpretations of the ‘clean cookstove’ in Khmer households. Amsterdam:

UvA Anthropology Thesis (Bachelor degree).

Taele, B. M., Gopinathan, K. K., & Mokhuts’oane, L. (2007). The potential of

renewable energy technologies for rural development in Lesotho. Renewable

Energy, 32(4), 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2006.02.014

The Kingdom of Lesotho. (2019a). Lesotho: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform: 2019 - Lesotho Key Messges Voluntary National Review. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/lesotho

The Kingdom of Lesotho. (2019b). Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the Agenda 2030. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/23777Lesotho_VN R_Report_2019_Final.pdf

Tshiamo, W. (2009). Paraffin (kerosene) poisoning in under-five children: A problem of developing countries. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15(3), 140– 144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172x.2009.01748.x

UN. (2015a). Goal 3 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved 20 december 2019, van https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3

UN. (2015b). Goal 5: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5 UN. (2019c, October 7). United Nations: Gender equality and women’s

empowerment. Retrieved December 9, 2019, from

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/

UN. (z.d.-d). Goal 3 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3

UN. (2019e). Goal 7 Sustainable development knowledge platform. Retrieved 4 december 2019, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7

UN. (2019f). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Geraadpleegd op december 2019, van https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/

(20)

UN. (z.d.-g). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved in 2019, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/

UN. (2015h). Goal 1: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg1

UNICEF. (2018). Country Office Annual Report 2018 Lesotho. Retrieved from

https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Lesotho_2018_COAR.pdf

UNICEF. (2018a). Country Office Annual Report 2018 Cambodia. Retrieved from

https://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Cambodia_2018_COAR.pdf

UNICEF. (2018b). Annual report. Retrieved from

https://www.unicef.org/media/55486/file/UNICEF-annual-report-2018%20revised%201.pdf

United Nations Statistics Division. (2018, October 3). — SDG Indicators [Dataset]. Retrieved in December 9, 2019, from

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/?indicator=5.4.1 United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). (2019). SDG Indicators: Metadata

Repository: Indicator 5.4.1. Retrieved from

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata

Venn, A. J., Yemaneberhan, H., Bekele, Z., Lewis, S. A., Parry, E., & Britton, J. (2001). Increased risk of allergy associated with the use of kerosene fuel in the home. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 164(9), 1660-1664.

WHO, 2005. Indoor air pollution and health. Geneve: WHO. Retrieved November 2019, from〈http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/〉 The World Bank. (2019). Lesotho poverty assessment. Retrieved from

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/387071576240590486/pdf/Lesoth o-Poverty-Assessment-Progress-and-Challenges-in-Reducing-Poverty.pdf

6. Appendices

Appendix A: Impact assessment African Clean Energy: SDG 1:

Poverty

736 million people are still living in extreme poverty, that means that 1 out of 10 humans live on less than $1.25 US dollars a day (UN, 2015h). This has already been a big step forward because in 1990 4 out of 10 people were living in extreme poverty (The World Bank, 2019). The goal for SDG 1 is to end all this extreme poverty before 2030.

(21)

To be able to reach that goal, the SDGs are subdivided in targets, linked to specific indicators. There are six targets for SDG 1: (1.1) Reduce half the proportion of humans living in all dimensions of poverty according to national definitions; (1.2) Implement social

protection systems to achieve a substantial cover of the poor in 2030; (1.3) Equal rights to economic resources, basic services, property and new technology; (1.4) Reduce the exposure and vulnerability to economic, social and environmental disasters; (1.5, 1.6) Mobilization of resources from every kind in order to provide implement programmes and policies to end poverty; (1.6) create policy frameworks at all levels to support poverty eradication actions (UN, 2015).

A.1 Formulation of indicators

SDG 1 consists of 7 targets (of which 3 targets as means of implementation) and 14

indicators formulated by the UN (See Appendix C). The social impact derived from the data provided by African Clean Energy has created a framework of three impact points: (1) employment opportunities, (2) Basic Services, (3) Cuts in monthly costs. These impact points help to reduce poverty. Unemployment is the main reason why people are in poverty, so employment of the unemployed fights poverty. Not having access to basic services makes it hard to get out of poverty, that is why there needs to be a focus on equal services. Saving on monthly costs will make sure that people are able to spend more on other needs.

The first two impact points are logically linked to existing indicators of the SDG. Therefore they are respectively ascribed to the UN indicators “1.2.1: Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age” with the corresponding target “1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions”. And “1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services” with the corresponding target “1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance”.

The third impact point is not linked to any of the existing indicators. When using the ACE1 families cut their energy costs with 81% on average. By energy costs we mean all the expenses on electricity and cooking fuel. However; this impact point is not represented in the existing indicators from the UN. Hence, we have formulated an indicator to measure impact point 3. The indicator is formulated as follows: Reduce in monthly cost per household.

The first impact point is active impact. It directly influence the amount of people living underneath the poverty line. The second and third impact point are seen as passive impact. They do not have a direct influence on the number of people living in poverty both they help to get people out of poverty.

A.1.1 Lesotho

The national poverty rate of Lesotho is 49.7 percent and the national unemployment rate is 23.6 percent(The World Bank, 2019). Although these percentages are high they both dropped 10 percent in the last 10 years. At this moment 100 employees are working for ACE in Lesotho, 30 people (of which 20% have a disability) in the factory and 70 at the office. All employees are from the region, except for one. Thus, ACE is actively generating a

(22)

lot of job opportunities in a very competitive labor market for people that would not have a big change on another job.

Only 35.6 percent of the population in Lesotho has access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (UNICEF, 2016). This number is steadily growing (one percent a year), but needs to be speed up to reach the SDG target. The ACE1 provides a clean way of cooking and thus helps to increase the number. One can be sure that the stove is sold to the part of the population that does not have access to the cooking techniques because

otherwise the clients wouldn’t be interested in the stove. So, ACE gives people access to clean cooking technologies and and energy that they previously didn’t had.

The ACE1 costs plusminus $120 US dollar. This price fluctuates a bit with the exchange rate. To make the stove available for the ‘two-dollar-a-day-people’ ACE uses a ‘pay-as-you-save’ model. This means that they offer a microloan to their clients. The first year that a client uses the stove they pay plusminus $12 US dollars a month. After that year the stove is paid off. This structure is made possible by the fact that the ACE1 saves around $15 a month on energy (fuel and electricity) costs (ACE, 2019). A simple calculation shows that the ACE1 saves $2 a month in the first year and $15 for the following. Taking into account that the average lifespan of the stove is 7 years; the stove saves op to $1100 in total. This is a huge saving and the most important: it is available for the extremely poor people.

No. (1) Impact (2) Active/Passive (3) Points 1 employment _{opportunities} Active 1

2 Access to _{basic services} Passive 1 3 Cut in monthly _costs Active 1

Table 2. Application of value in Lesotho.

A.1.2 Cambodia

Cambodia has undergone a big transition in the last few decades. The national poverty rate dropped from 47.8 percent in 2007 to 13.5 percent in 2019 (The World Bank, 2019). The unemployment rate is 1.02 percent in 2019. ACE employs 27 people in this country. The work for ACE is not very complicated (mostly sales) and the people who do this kind of work are likely to have found another job if ACE didn’t employ them. The wages in ACE are higher than for comparable employment opportunities(The World Bank, 2019). This results in a positive impact on the first indicator.

More than 90 percent of the poor inhabitants of Cambodia are living in rural areas and less than 32.9 percent have access to a clean cooking methods. Affordability is the main factor in this (Dave et al., 2018). 5.5 percent of the households using a traditional stove are spending more than 5 percent of their income on cooking fuel. For Improved cooking stoves this is 3.9 percent. On average the ACE1 saves 230 riel a month. This is not enough to cover the monthly costs (600 riel) to pay back ACE. So, stepping over from traditional cooking stoves to the ACE1 has a slightly negative effect on the monthly costs of a

(23)

household.

No. (1) Impact (2) Active/Passive (3) Points 1 employment _{opportunities} Active 1

2 Access to basic _services Passive 1 3 Cut in monthly _costs Active -1

Table 3. Application of value in Cambodia

Appendix B: Impact assessment African Clean Energy: SDG 3:

Good health and well-being

SDG 3 has as its goal to improve the good health and wellbeing around the globe. The UN announced that over the last few years there has been a great deal of improvement. Life expectancy got higher, maternal mortality and child mortality rate has decreased (UNICEF, 2018b). One subject that needs to catch up is the treatment and spreading of major diseases such as malaria, hepatitis and tuberculosis. Next to that the UN is worried about the possibility for people to receive aid in both financial problems and accessibility problems, when medical treatment is needed (UN, 2019).

SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators (Hák, 2016). These are primarily fixated on reducing the maternal mortality ratio (3.1), reducing the child mortality ratio (3.2), strengthening the treatment and prevention of diseases and drug and alcohol abuse (3.3 - 3.5), providing more treatment in family planning (3.7) and reduce the amount of contaminated water and air pollution (3.9) as in Appendix C (UN, 2015). For each of these targets the UN sets an amount of indicators, both quantitative and qualitative, to measure the progress towards the targets.

B.1 Data African Clean Energy

The data provided by ACE creates a framework for the research on two points of impact: (1) Fuel usage, (2) Cooking methods and health benefits regarding smoke inhalation. These are points that can be linked to indicators provided by the UN for SDG 3. The data from ACE states that the cooking method that is being used in Lesotho and Cambodia is one of the leading causes of childhood pneumonia and affect birth weight in a negative way (Data ACE). This correlates to point 2 of the framework provided and can be logically linked indicator 3.4.1: “Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease” with corresponding target 3.4: “By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being” (UN, 2015a). This indicator is also the case for adults that are inside the house while the cooking method is used, because much of the cases that include cancer and chronic respiratory problems are caused by indoor air pollution (Ferkol, 2014). Over 4 million people in the third world die in a year because of illness related to household air pollution (Data ACE). Point 1 and 2 both contribute to SDG 3 indicator 3.9.1:

(24)

“Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution” with corresponding target 3.9: “By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination” (UN, 2015a).

Point 1 can also be logically linked to indicator 3.9.3: “Mortality rate attributed to

unintentional poisoning” which also corresponds to target 9.3 (UN, 2015a). Still many types of fuel being used, like wood, charcoal and paraffin, in the third world are harmful to people (Fullerton, 2008). That’s why point 1 can be linked to indicator 3.9.3. ACE reduces the gathering of these fuels what causes less use of them. That is why reducing the amount spent on gathering fuel could attribute to less unintentional poisoning.

B.2 Application value

B.2.1 Cambodia

Most of the fuels used in Cambodia for cooking are charcoal and gas (ACE). Charcoal and LPG (gas) is estimated to be used the most in 2020 in rural areas is Cambodia. The top 3 states charcoal 12.441 TJ (Terajoule), LPG 4671 TJ and kerosene 673 TJ (Sarraf, 2013). The ACE1 makes it possible to use different types of fuel and less fuel, this causes less harm to people who use it to cook. Using this type of fuel on a regular basis still causes a lot of illness in third world countries. Especially reducing the usage will reduce the risk of harm to the wellbeing (Venn, 2001). The ACE1 also burns the fuel more efficient which results in a higher temperature that causes food and water to be more sterile.

The greater part of rural Cambodia still cooks inside their home, as the traditional cooking method. The indoor air pollution is very high in these parts to the types of fuel being used in an inefficient way, because families of cook inside (Dasgupta, 2005). This causes are one of the leading causes of illness related to pollution (de Koning, 1985).

B.2.2 Lesotho

Most of the fuels used in Lesotho for cooking are biomass, paraffin, gas and electricity (ACE). Still 69% of the fuel is composed out of biomass. The biomass consists primarily out of wood, corp residue and cattle dung. Paraffin and gas make up 23% of the fuel usage in rural Lesotho (Taele, 2007). Exposure to large amounts of smoke coming from biomass results in a huge health risks for both children and adults (de Koning, 1985). As stated in the report the ACE1 also burns the biomass more efficient which results in a higher temperature. Because of the cold winters in Lesotho and the hard wind most families in rural Lesotho cook their food inside their homes. This causes much indoor air pollution as the houses aren’t ventilated properly (Taele, 2007).

B.3 Quantified impact assessment

No. (1) Impact (5) Indicator (6) Value PI/AI (Cambodia)

(7) Value PI/AI (Lesotho) 1 Fuel

3.2.1: “Under five mortality rate”

3.9.3: “Mortality rate attributed to unintentional

1

(25)

poisoning”

2 Cooking

3.4.1: “Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease”

3.9.1: “Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution”

3.9.3: “Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning”

1

PI 1 PI

(26)

Appendix C: Impact assessment African Clean Energy: SDG 5:

Gender Equality

The goal of SDG 5 ‘Gender Equality’ is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Women all over the world are not given the same opportunities and rights as men. They suffer from this inequality in different domains of physical and social life (UN, 2019c). In the global south they are often limited to the household- and care work, and do not always enjoy the same rights to education as men. They are poorly or non existent in political life, and do not enjoy the same economic opportunities and status.

All SDGs are subdivided in targets, linked to specific indicators. The targets of SDG 5 are respectively aimed at ending: (5.1) discrimination; (5.2) violence and (5.3) harmful

practices against girls and women. Furthermore targets 5.4 and 5.5 are aimed at improving the social and economic status of women and their work. Lastly, target 5.6 is focussed on improving the access to sexual and reproductive health of girls and women. Next to these targets the UN has also listed Target 5A, 5B and 5C, which are formulated as means of implementation to achieve Gender Equality (UN, 2015b).

The indicators linked to these targets are subdivided in quantitative and qualitative indicators. When implementing these indicators it is important to define whether the indicator is quantitatively or qualitatively derived. If the indicator is quantitative derived, critical

questions will be formulated whether the ‘impact on paper’, or the ‘illusion of impact’, is also practiced in everyday life. Furthermore, we will determine if the indicator is sufficient to create and measure social impact.

C.1 Data African Clean Energy

In Textbox 5 questions (concerning SDG 5) have been formulated for ACE to provide insight into their data. In Table 5 the data inquiry is organised into (1) impact points, (2) whether the practice is culturally gendered, (3) quantitative data and (4) qualitative data. To derive

qualitative data, critical questions have been formulated to assess the impact within the local context. In Table 6 and Table 7 the data delivered by ACE has been incorporated into Table 5 to initiate the impact assessment.

1. What are the alternatives or the different kind of cooking facilities in the different regions?

(example: Lesotho: open fire/ kerosine, Cambodia: Gas/open fire, Uganda: Open fire/Gasoline)

a. What is the average usage time people spend cooking

b. Average time people searching for fuel (ex: wood to burn/cook upon) c. Which member of the family cooks

d. Which family member provides the fuel to cook

2. Where do people cook? (location; inside the house/ outside the house) Regarding both the ACE1 and/or traditional methods of cooking.

a. Are there any negative consequences? (indoor air pollution, toxic gasses, fire hazards etc.)

b. Which are common dangers regarding traditional methods of cooking?

(27)

No. (1) Impact (2) Gendered (3) Quantitative (4) Qualitative

1 Gathering fuel %women / %men Hours spent on _{gathering fuel}

If a gendered individual spends less time gathering fuel is this saved time spend on other activities that reduce gender inequality?

2 Cooking %women / %men Hours spent on _cooking

If a gendered individual spends less time cooking is this saved time spend on other activities that reduce gender inequality?

3 Health benefits (indirect danger on physical health) derived from 2.2 Amount of smoke inhalation by

individuals who stay at home and the health consequences thereof.

1. Is the practice of cooking exercised inside the house or outside?

2. Are traditional cooking methods replaced by the ACE1, or is this an alternative stove? 4 Health benefits (direct danger on physical health) derived from 2.2 Accidents occuring because of dangerous cooking methods (gasses and liquids)

1. What are the traditional cooking methods and is there the possibility of danger?

2. Are traditional cooking methods replaced by the ACE1, or is this an alternative stove?

Table 5. Impact assessment for African Clean Energy.

C.1.1 Cambodia

No. (1) Impact (2) Gendered (3) Quantitative (4) Qualitative

1 Gathering fuel -

The ACE1 reduced woodfuel used by at least 52% compared to traditional stoves in Cambodia. - 2 Cooking predominantly women (field experience) customers: 49,5% women 49,2% men 1,4% N/A (2018) - - 3 Health benefits (indirect danger on physical health i.e. indoor air pollution because of smoke) derived from 2.2 It is estimated that every 25,000 stoves distributed averts 40 deaths and adds 1,295 years of healthy life (aDALYs) from reduced cooksmoke exposure. - 4 Health benefits (direct danger on physical health i.e. explosion or poisoning) derived from 2.2 - -

(28)

C.1.2 Lesotho

No. (1) Impact (2) Gendered (3) Quantitative (4) Qualitative 1 Gathering fuel Predominantly women (field

experience) 22 hours a month - 2 Cooking Predominantly women (field experience) customers: 85,7% women 13,8% men 0,5% N/A (2018) 49% of ACE consumers use the stove 3 times per day -

3 Health benefits (indirect danger on physical health i.e. indoor air pollution because of smoke) derived from 2.2 -

1. With both traditional cooking and the ACE1, people generally cook inside the house in winter and outside in summer 2. 29.77% combine the ACE1 with traditional methods of cooking Controversies:

- If used in an airtight room, it can consume the oxygen in the room, and this could result in asphyxiation. However, it does not burn long enough without tending to it to cause this if someone falls asleep, and we have never heard of a case of this happening. - There is some concern in Malaria common regions that smoke chases away the mosquitoes and that taking away household air pollution could result in more frequent cases of malaria.

4 Health benefits (direct danger on physical health i.e. explosion or poisoning) derived from 2.2 95% of the customers have stopped using paraffin.

In a longitudinal study conducted by Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in Malawi, the ACE1 reduced the incidence of cooking-related burns among children by 40%.

1. Open Fire, Paraffin, Gas, Electricity. 2. 29.77% combine the ACE1 with traditional methods of cooking

Table 7. Data social impact ACE Lesotho.

C.2 Formulation of indicators

SDG 5 consists of 9 targets (of which 3 targets as means of implementation) and 14

indicators formulated by the UN (See Appendix G). The social impact derived from the data provided by African Clean Energy has created a framework of four impact points: (1)

Gathering fuel, (2) Cooking, (3) Health benefits regarding smoke inhalation and (4) Health benefits regarding the danger of explosion of specific fuels. These impact points are logically linked to an existing indicator of the SDGs. Therefore impact point 1 and 2 are ascribed to

(29)

the UN indicator “5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location” with the corresponding target “5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate”. When using the ACE1 families can reduce the time spent on cooking and/or gathering fuel. These practices classify as ‘unpaid domestic work’. However, for impact points 3 and 4 there was no logical relation to a UN-indicator of SDG 5. Hence, we have formulated an indicator to measure impact point 3 and 4. The indicator for (3) health benefits regarding smoke inhalation, and (4) health benefits regarding the danger of

explosion of specific fuels is formulated as follows: Reduce health disadvantages caused by gendered practices (i.e. cooking).

C.3 Findings: Derive status quo

The definition of impact in this thesis is: the social outcomes minus- ‘what would have happened anyway’ (see Introduction). In this chapter policy documents, literature (from different disciplines) and quantified data is reviewed to make assumptions about ‘what the social outcomes would be’ without the operations of ACE. However ACE has been active in these countries for multiple years, thus they may have already created impact. Findings from different years will be reviewed to create a comprehensive overview of the local context;

● Policy documents provide information on the local context, and give insight on the parliamentary focus on the SDGs, as well as SDG 5 of Gender Equality;

● Literature provides insight and information on the local context. The literature analyses is mainly focussed on key words such as; the collection of cooking fuel; fuels used for cooking; gendered division of household work; gender relations;

cooking; smoke inhalation; danger of different cooking fuels and the demographics of the population;

● Quantified data is retrieved from different databases, mainly provided by the UN. Policy documents and literature also contributed to quantified data.

● Semi-structured interviews: two experts have been interviewed regarding the local context. In Lesotho, sales agent Lerato Mapjeta has participated in a semi-structured interview to provide insight into the gender relations of Lesotho and how to interpret these regarding the local cooking cultures. The country director of Cambodia, Daniel Walker, provided insight into the cooking cultures of Cambodia. Furthermore findings from semi-structured interviews with 43 women about the acquisition and usage of the ACE1, and gender relations in Cambodia (see Smulders, 2019) have been used to determine the status quo.

Findings that contribute to one of the four impact points in the local context of Cambodia and Lesotho are summarized in the following chapter.

C.4 Application of value

Findings from C.3 about the local context will serve as backbone to draw conclusions about the social impact created by ACE. The social impact will be analysed along the line of the goal of SDG 5. Thus, for every impact point the following question needs to be answered: whether the impact point contributes to achieve gender equality and empower all women

(30)

and girls. In Table 8 the performance on the indicator is quantified. In Chapter C.4.1 and C.4.2 are the results of the impact assessment, and the substantiation for the quantified impact assessment.

C.4.1 Cambodia

1.6 Men predominantly collect the firewood (San et al, 2012; Brickell, 2007). In 2004, 74,8% of the population was dependent on firewood for cooking. This number is decreasing rapidly, and the government pushes for this (Royal Government of Cambodia, 2018). In Kampong Chhnang province, the average amount of time spent on firewood collection is 2.15 hours (San, Spoann, Ly, & Chheng, 2012).

The increased temperature of the ACE1 also invites different fuels than wood or coal. You can burn any dry biomass, like coconut shells, corn-pops and cow dung. People in the rural and semi-rural villages have access to multiple alternative fuels (D. Walker, pers. comm., 6 December, 2019). This makes people less dependent on wood (or coal).

However, reducing the amount of time spent on gathering fuel, saves time spent on household work for men. Thus, this does not per se reduce gender inequality. Because It is unknown if the saved time is spent on other household work, therefore the social impact has been appointed a neutral value.

The division of household work is decidedly gendered and women are in charge of most of the household chores (Brickell, 2007; Smulders, 2019; Open Development

Cambodia (ODC), 2019). There is cause to belief that the moral codes of conduct are prescriptive enough to keep limiting women to the domestic sphere, and men to the public sphere. Therefore, this social impact is passive social impact.

2.6 Predominantly women perform the practice of cooking (Brickell, 2007; Smulders, 2019) There is no data available whether to ACE1 actually saved time cooking in Cambodian households. If the ACE1 replaces traditional methods of cooking, i.e. open fire or Changran

Lauw it is reasonable to assume it saves time. If the ACE1 is used correctly the fire can

reach approximately 1000°C. This is comparable to fire produced by gas and is therefore more efficient for boiling water, or cooking rice. However, different meals ask for different preparations and Khmer people often keep using their traditional cooking methods for specific (local) meals (Smulders, 2019).

The same argument of 1.8 accounts for the decision that this is passive impact. 3.6 Kitchens of Khmer people are located outside (D. Walker, pers. comm., 6 December, 2019; Smulders, 2019). However air pollution will still affect women and girls more than men, because they are in charge of the household work, it is not comparable to indoor air pollution because of the ventilation.

Nonetheless will smokeless cooking have a direct impact on women’s and girls’ health. Reducing smoke will have an impact on their physical health, and therefore the impact is active impact.

4.6 There is not much information on the dangers of traditional cooking methods. However it is safe to say that, if used correctly, there is no danger of explosion. Therefore this is a positive active impact.

C.4.2 Lesotho

1.7 72% of the population is considered living ‘rural’. Almost 90% of the energy consumption in the rural areas is sourced from indigenous biomass fuels (Taele et al, 2007). Women and

The democratisation of impact funding: A case study into the production of an online impact-tool