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Win-wins in forest product value chains? How governance impacts the
sustainability of livelihoods based on non-timber forest products from Cameroon
Ingram, V.J.
Publication date
2014
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Ingram, V. J. (2014). Win-wins in forest product value chains? How governance impacts the
sustainability of livelihoods based on non-timber forest products from Cameroon.
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Appendix 13 Governance scores
Table 13.1 Scoring of governance arrangementsIntensity of governance Strong Clear Reasonable Moderate Mediocre Weak Non existent
Score 10 8 6 5 4 2 0
Percentage 100% 80% 60% 50% 40% 20% 0%
Table 13.2 Intensity of governance arrangements per chain
Governance arrangement
Criteria Apiculture Gnetum Irvingia Prunus Cola Raphia Bamboo Gum
arabic Intensity of governance S tat u tor y r egu lat ion
Existence of institution (named, rules/norms ) 2 9 7 10 0 0 0 9 46%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 1 7 4 7 0 0 0 6 31%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 1 4 1 5 0 0 0 2 16%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 0 3 0 7 0 0 0 1 14%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 6%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
2 2 3 6 0 0 0 4 21%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
3 6 1 8 0 0 0 2 25%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 2 4 3 7 0 0 0 3 24%
Moral grounding/legitimacy of power 2 5 5 7 0 0 0 5 30%
Location of decision making clear to actors 2 5 2 7 0 0 0 2 23%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 1 8 3 9 0 0 0 7 35%
Average score 1.5 4.8 2.6 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 2.5
arrangement arabic governance V o lunt a ry /m a rk et s ta nda rds
Existence of institution clearly (named, rules/norms ) 7 8 6 9 6 4 3 4 59%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 5 9 5 9 5 4 2 5 55%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 8 2 2 7 3 3 3 5 41%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 7 3 3 8 2 2 3 2 38%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 4 8 0 9 0 0 0 2 29%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
8 8 1 8 2 2 1 7 46%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
9 0 2 9 6 4 4 7 51%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 8 7 5 9 5 5 5 4 60%
Moral grounding of power 8 8 5 8 5 5 4 4 59%
Location of decision making clear to actors 8 9 5 8 7 7 5 5 68%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 3 9 5 8 9 9 4 8 69%
Average score 6.8 6.5 3.5 8.4 4.5 4.1 3.1 4.8 5.2
Governance arrangement
Criteria Apiculture Gnetum Irvingia Prunus Cola Raphia Bamboo Gum
arabic Intensity of governance C u st om ar y r egu lat ion
Existence of institution clearly (named, rules/norms ) 7 8 8 9 9 9 5 7 78%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 5 7 7 8 8 7 4 6 65%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 1 1 3 9 9 8 6 4 51%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 3 2 4 6 7 7 2 2 40%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 1 2 2 7 7 6 3 3 41%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 36%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 29%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 2 2 6 9 9 8 2 2 48%
Moral grounding of power 2 7 7 9 9 9 2 3 58%
Location of decision making clear to actors 2 3 4 8 9 5 3 3 46%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 6 4 4 9 9 9 4 5 60%
Average score 3.1 3.7 4.6 7.5 7.6 6.9 3.3 3.6 5.0
arrangement arabic governance P ro je ct s
Existence of institution clearly (named, rules/norms ) 7 4 2 9 0 0 4 3 36%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 5 3 0 5 1 1 2 2 24%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 0 1 0 9 0 0 2 2 18%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 2 11%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 2 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 11%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
7 4 0 7 0 0 4 4 33%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
4 3 0 9 0 0 4 4 30%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 4 1 0 5 0 0 1 2 16%
Moral grounding of power 2 2 0 3 0 0 1 1 11%
Location of decision making clear to actors 4 1 0 7 0 0 1 1 18%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 4 2 1 8 0 0 2 2 24%
Average score 3.5 1.9 0.3 6.8 0.1 0.1 2.0 2.1 2.1
Governance arrangement
Criteria Apiculture Gnetum Irvingia Prunus Cola Raphia Bamboo Gum
arabic Intensity of governance C o rr upt io n
Existence of institution clearly (named, rules/norms ) 5 9 6 9 5 2 1 5 53%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 2 6 4 8 4 3 1 1 36%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 2 6 2 6 4 0 0 0 25%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 1 4 1 4 1 0 0 0 14%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
2 8 0 8 3 0 0 0 26%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 9%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 2 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 20%
Moral grounding of power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0%
Location of decision making clear to actors 3 5 2 5 5 2 2 5 36%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 2 8 6 8 9 9 3 4 61%
Average score 1.7 4.5 2.0 5.1 3.4 1.6 0.7 1.5 2.6
arrangement arabic governance In vol u n tar y st a nd a rds /c o nv ent io ns
Existence of institution clearly (named, rules/norms ) 8 5 0 9 0 4 0 0 33%
Boundaries of rights known/ by actors in chain 8 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 19%
Level of monitoring and compliance with rules 9 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 20%
Frequency of use of sanctions and enforcement 9 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 21%
Use of conflict resolution mechanisms 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5%
Use of individual and collective action to engage in development and modification of rules
7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 13%
Nesting horizontally (e.g. Local-global level) and/or vertically (value chain)
9 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 25%
Level of accountability and dependence on actors 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 18%
Moral grounding of power 8 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 21%
Location of decision making clear to actors 7 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 16%
Longevity of institution and participation of actors 3 4 0 9 0 0 0 0 20%
Average score 7.0 1.3 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1,9
Table 13.2 Summary of intensity of governance arrangements per chain
Gnetum Apiculture Prunus Cola Irvingia Raphia Bamboo Gum
arabic Combined sum Statutory regulation 48 15 71 0 26 0 0 37 25 Voluntary/market standards 65 68 84 45 35 41 31 48 52 Customary regulation 37 31 66 67 46 69 33 36 36 Projects 19 35 68 1 3 1 20 21 21 Corruption 45 17 51 34 20 16 7 15 26 Involuntary standards 13 70 66 0 0 4 0 0 19 Sum 226 236 406 147 131 131 91 157 179 Intensity of governance (average) 38 39 68 25 22 22 15 26 30
Figure 13.1 Overview of intensity of NTFP chain governance arrangements 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Statutory regualtion Voluntary/market
standards
Customary regulation Projects Corruption Involuntary
standards/conventions Int ens it y o f go ve rna nc e ar ra nge m ent s Governance arrangements
Apiculture
Gnetum
Irvingia
Prunus
Cola
Raphia
Bamboo
Gum arabic
Figure 13.2 Overview of intensity of governance arrangements per NTFP chain 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Apiculture Gnetum Irvingia Prunus Cola Raphia Bamboo Gum arabic
In te ns ity o f g ov ern an ce a rra ng eme nt s NTFP Chain
