Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

Dr. Martien Visser

Professor Energy Transition & Network Integration Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen

Partner of the Energy Academy Europe E-mail: b.m.visser@pl.hanze.nl

This analyses contains information of various sources and own analyses, including various estimates. Readers are encouraged to add, to improve the quality of the information provided.

 Electricity production by Solar PV reached a record level of 0.14 TWh  Installed wind capacity passed the 3000 MW threshold

 Average utilization of wind capacity was 27% and for solar-PV 15%

 Net power imports increased substantially and were at the level of last year

 Coal was again the main source of Dutch power and contributed for 80% of the CO2 emissions from the Dutch power sector.

 The Netherland became, for the first time in its history, a net gas importer  Dutch CO2 emissions were on par with May 2014

 The fraction renewable energy was 5.0%, compared to 4.8% in May 2014

May 2015

In a Nutshell

• May 2015 data

• Monthly profiles

• Monthly data

• Hourly data

• Miscellaneous

Content

Final Energy Demand

May 2015

Energy is used for many different purposes. In May 2015, the most important applications were heating/gas (19 TWh) and Transport (27 TWh). Renewables

are given by comparison.

19.0 12.4 11.3 8.7 6.8 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.1 0 5 10 15 20

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping*

Power Feedstock* Industry*

Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

May 2015

TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, etc.., own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

Final Energy Demand

May 2015

In May 2015, gas consumption was higher than last year, mainly due to lower temperatures. Energy used for transport, bunkering (shipping) and in particular

feedstock is estimated to be lower than previous year.

1.0 -0.6 -1.2 -0.3 -2.4 -0.4 _-0.3 0.2 0.1 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping*

Power Feedstock* Industry*

Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

May 2015 versus May 2014

TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

CO2 Emissions

May 2015

The national CO2 emissions for May 2015, excluding power imports, feedstock and international shipping & aviation, have been estimated at 12.1 Mton. This was exactly the same as in May 2014.

Main contributions came from road transport, gas and power.

3.4 3.5 _{3.2 3.2} 1.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.7 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

Mton CO2 May 2015

*do not contribute to the national CO2 target ** excl. gas & coal to power Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, RIVM,

In May 2015, the available capacity in wind power has passed 3000 MW

Power Generation

Capacity May 2015

Gas Coal Wind Biomass* Solar Nuclear

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, Windstats, own analyses

Power Supplies

May 2015

In May 2015, power consumption was 8.7 TWh, 3% lower than in May 2015 2014. Power imports and exports were similar than last year. The usage of coal for power generation increased by 37% y-o-y. In May, the average contribution from renewables to the power

system was 11.9%, compared to 10.6% in May 2014.

1.9 3.4 0.62 0.14 _{0.30 0.34} 1.71 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

NatGas Coal Wind solar-PV Biomass Nuclear Net imports

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

Power Supplies

May 2015

The CO2 emissions from imports are given for comparison, as these emissions do not contribute to the National Dutch CO2 emission level. In May 2015, 80% of the CO2 emissions

from the power sector came from coal-fired power stations.

0.6 2.7 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

natgas coal wind solar biomass nuclear imports

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

SELECTED MONTHLY PROFILES

(using daily data)

Daily power demand shows a week-weekend pattern. Daily gas demand (excluding gas demand for power) is mainly used for the heating market and

affected by ambient temperature.

Gas and Power Demand

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Power Gas*

May 2015

GWh

The picture clearly shows that nowadays, power in the Netherlands is primarily produced using coal.

Conventional Power

Production

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Coal Gas Nuclear

May 2015

GWh

Both wind and solar power proved to be very volatile in May. 1 GWh is sufficient to provide power for a year to 300 households

Wind and Solar

Power Production

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Wind Solar-PV

May 2015

GWh

Renewable energy peaked to 7% on May 5th_{, while the fraction of renewable power}

peaked to 20% that day. These high values have been caused by high wind speeds in combination with a public Holiday in The Netherlands (liberation day).

Contribution of

Renewable Energy

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Ren% Power Ren% Prim.

May 2015

For the fifth consecutive month, gas demand (excluding gas demand for power production) was higher than in in the same month in 2014, due to lower

temperatures in 2015 compared to 2014

Gas Demand

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Due to lower production from the Groningen gas field and declining gas production from the North Sea, Dutch gas production in 2015 is considerable lower than in 2014.

10 TWh gas is sufficient to supply heat to all houses in Amsterdam for two years

Gas Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

After three consecutive months with power demand growth, demand fell for the second consecutive month in May (-3%).

Power Demand

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: TenneT, CBS, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Monthly, wind power production is volatile y-o-y. Wind production in May2015 was 57% higher than in May 2014, due to increased wind capacity and more wind

availability. In May 2015, wind capacity passed the 3000 MW threshold.

Wind Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: CertiQ, KNMI, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

In May 2015, electricity production by Solar PV in The Netherlands reached a new record level of 141 GWh (0.14 TWh). This was 49% higher than in May 2014, mainly

due to increased Solar PV capacity.

Solar PV Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: PolderPV.nl, CertiQ, Klimaatmonitor, KNMI, own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

For the fifth consecutive month, coal utilization for power generation increased significantly.

Coal-to-Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

In May 2015, power production by gas-fired power stations and cogeneration was significantly lower than in May 2014.

Gas to Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

In May 2015, after three months with considerable imports from the Gate terminal, gas flows were at a relatively low level (again).

LNG imports

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

Renewable Energy

All Sources

2015 (and 2014)

May 2015, the total renewable energy production in The Netherlands increased slightly compared to May 2014. Higher contributions from wind and sun have been

compensated by lower contributions from biomass.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) TWh

In May 2015, the percentage of renewable energy for The Netherlands, as fraction of total energy demand (EU definition), has been estimated at 5.0%, slightly higher

than in May 2014.

Renewable Energy

Percentage

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

In May 2015, Dutch national CO2 emissions were at the same level as in May 2014, after four months of increasing values. One of the reasons is that power imports, which do not contribute to the national CO2

emissions, were much higher in May than in the previous months.

CO2 Emissions

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, CE-Delft, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014) Mton

In May 2015, substantial gas volumes were used to fill gas storages, depicted as negative values in the figure. Maximum gas supplies (import + production) reached

about 100.000 MW.

Gas Supply

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Natural Gas origins May 2015

Storages Gas import LNG Terminals Production MWh

On May 1st_{, gas demand in The Netherlands peaked to 50.000 MW.}

Gas Demand

Including Gas-to-Power

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Gas Demand May 2015

Industry LDC points MWh

Gas Imports & Exports

May 2015

In May 2015, gas imports were higher than gas exports. Thus, probably for the first time in its history, The Netherlands became a gas importing country for a months.

-60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

May 2015

Gas export Gas import MWh

Power Imports &

Exports

May 2015

In May 2015, little power exports were recorded while power imports soared compared to previous months.

-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

May 2015

Power import Power export MWh

May 2015 was characterized by a highly volatile wind pattern. The utilization rate of the available wind capacity was 27%.

Wind Power

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Wind Power May 2015

MWh

In May Solar-PV reached a new Dutch record level of 141 GWh. Solar-PV peaked to more than 800 MW, up from its previous record of 700 MW in April. In May, the

average utilization rate of the solar PV installed was 15%.

Solar PV Power

May 2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Solar Power May 2015

MWh

The following set of slides presents for each month

in 2015 the hourly contributions of various energy

sources to total power consumption in The

Power Generation

January 2015

In the week of 20-24 January, power generation peaked, due to the net exports that occurred. The majority of the additional power generation has been generated by

gas-fired installations. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW January 2015

Power Generation

February 2015

Like in January, low wind availability coincided with net exports of power.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Feb 8-Feb 15-Feb 22-Feb

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW February 2015

Power Generation

March 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in March. On several Saturdays, some net exports were recorded.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Mar 8-Mar 15-Mar 22-Mar 29-Mar

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW March 2015

Power Generation

April 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in April. On several occasions, mainly on Saturdays, net exports were recorded. April showed several days with high coal-fired generation, while gas-fired generation was low.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Apr 8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW April 2015

Power Generation

May 2015

In May, high net imports and high coal utilization squeezed gas-fired power generation. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW May 2015

The following set of slides presents for each week in

2015 the hourly contributions of wind and solar-PV

to the total power consumption in The Netherlands.

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan 8-Jan 9-Jan 10-Jan 11-Jan Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

12-Jan 13-Jan 14-Jan 15-Jan 16-Jan 17-Jan 18-Jan Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

19-Jan 20-Jan 21-Jan 22-Jan 23-Jan 24-Jan 25-Jan Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

26-Jan 27-Jan 28-Jan 29-Jan 30-Jan 31-Jan 1-Feb Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Feb 3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb 6-Feb 7-Feb 8-Feb Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Feb 10-Feb 11-Feb 12-Feb 13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Feb 17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb 20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Feb 24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb 27-Feb 28-Feb 1-Mar Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar 26-Mar 27-Mar 28-Mar 29-Mar Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

30-Mar 31-Mar 1-Apr 2-Apr 3-Apr 4-Apr 5-Apr Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

6-Apr 7-Apr 8-Apr 9-Apr 10-Apr 11-Apr 12-Apr Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

13-Apr 14-Apr 15-Apr 16-Apr 17-Apr 18-Apr 19-Apr Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

20-Apr 21-Apr 22-Apr 23-Apr 24-Apr 25-Apr 26-Apr Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

27-Apr 28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr 1-May 2-May 3-May Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

4-May 5-May 6-May 7-May 8-May 9-May 10-May Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

11-May 12-May 13-May 14-May 15-May 16-May 17-May Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

25-May 26-May 27-May 28-May 29-May 30-May 31-May Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

The effective temperature (temperature including wind shield factor). The beginning of May registered colder temperatures than last year. For comparison, effective daily

temperatures of May 2014 are presented as well.

Effective Temperature

2015

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

May 2015 (2014)

Sources: KNMI, own analyses

Characteristic CO2 emissions used in this presentation.

Fuel Specific CO2

Emissions

Sources: CE-Delft, own analyses Power Generation Fuels

This presentation is based on numerous sources which present data on energy

demand and supply in The Netherlands. These data, however, do not cover the

entire energy system. Some approximations and scaling factors were thus

needed. The author would like to thank students from Hanze University of

Applied Science in Groningen and various energy experts in The Netherlands

which gave suggestions for improvements of the methods used. Currently, the

aggregated results of this work are in good agreement with data supplied by the

Dutch National Office of Statistics (CBS). It is believed by the author that the

detailed results in this presentation give a fair presentation of the complex

reality of the Dutch energy system.

Nevertheless, the author invites readers to comment on the data provided with

the objective to further improve this work. After all, good and reliable data are

at the heart of any successful policy to make our world more sustainable.

Epilogue