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Stakeholder expectation and satisfaction in road maintenance

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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 ( 2012 ) 266 – 275

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research Arena 2012

doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1007

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