International publishing in operations research

International publishing in operations research

Rutten, W. G. M. M., & Tilanus, C. B. (1987). International publishing in operations research. European Journal of Operational Research, 33(1), 114-125.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1987

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114 European Journal of Operational Research 33 (1987) 114-125 North-Holland

Perspectives for Practice

International publishing in operational research

Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbox 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands

Abstract: The primary literature in OR, as defined in International Abstracts in Operations Research, has grown by 47 per cent between 1975 and 1985. E U R O and North-America together account for 85 percent of the primary literature. The USA is more than three times as productive per capita as EURO. English has become the standard language; its share in the primary literature increased from 86 to 93 per cent. Most primary journals are nationalist and many cannot be called international. These and more detailed results are presented in this cross-section analysis of the OR primary literature.

Keywords: Professional, O R literature, measurement

1. Introduction

In the January, 1987, issue of EJOR we have given 10 years' time series statistics of EJOR (Rutten and Tilanus, 1987). Now, we would like to make a cross-section of the O R literature as a whole for the years 1975, 1980 and 1985.

Our focus is international publishing in OR. In a small country like the Netherlands, a big distinc- tion is made between 'national' and 'interna- tional' publications. Publishing in an 'interna- tional' journal conveys more prestige to an author than publishing in a 'national' journal.

But what is an international journal? Is it: (a) an English language journal?

(b) a journal distributed and read all over the world?

(c) a journal with contributions from authors all over the world?

(d) a top quality journal? (e) a journal that is often cited?

It is (a) for sure, as will be shown in this article. It is also (b), but journal distribution figures are not accessible for many journals. In this article,

Received August 1987

we shall focus on (c). The real criterion is, of course, (d), but there is no way of establishing quality statistically. Finally, we have our doubts about (e): citations can much easier be manipu- lated than publications. If citation indexes would become a more important evaluation criterion, chances are that the means of measurement would heavily influence the object of measurement, as even now one hears of citation circuits. Raft (1975) wrote a readable account of noble and ignoble motivations of authors, reviewers, editors, etc. He did not mention nationalist motives, though. Their role may become apparent through this study.

We aim to survey the authorship by countries of the world literature. The world literature is made up of journals (with an ISSN, International Standard Serial Number), books (with an ISBN, International Standard Book Number), and the so-called grey literature, i.e. reports, theses, etc., that are not easily traceable and obtainable on the market.

We shall limit ourselves to a sample of thirty O R journals, as described in Section 2, and hope that this will be representative for all other jour- nals, books and grey literature. In Section 3, we shall present the results and, in Section 4, discuss them giving our own opinion.

W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus / International publishing in OR 115

2. Survey

The operations research societies representing 35 countries plus 5 kindred societies are united in the International Federation of Operational Re- search Societies (IFORS). IFORS sponsors the abstracts journal International Abstracts in Oper- ations Research (IAOR). IAOR (1987) covers 33 " p r i m a r y " journals, 30 of which are included in our survey. Their full titles and countries of pub- lication are given in Appendix 1 of this article.

Primary journals are considered to be of inter- est to operational researchers " b y definition, so IAOR cites every paper in each of these journals". Furthermore, 63 "supplemental" journals are "regularly screened ... for papers which would interest the operations research community as a whole", and another 67 "specialist" journals are "regularly screened ... for papers of potential interest to some operational researchers". Supple- mental and specialist journals are not included in our survey, because the abstracts selected depend too much on the subjectivity, the reliability and the timeliness of the 33 IAOR contributing edi- tors, appointed by the IFORS member societies, and the 9 IAOR subject specialist editors. By the same token, we do not survey the abstracts con- tained in IAOR in, say, 1975, 1980 and 1985, but we refer to the contents of the primary journals themselves.

Of course, I F O R S is not represented in many countries, especially the East-European countries (see Tilanus, 1982). They may be doing OR under a different name, and their journals may not be recognized as primary journals, or they may just not publish at all. Nevertheless, a bias through our selection of the sample is possible.

Rand (1981) gives some statistics of 1AOR, but they are given by the country of publication, not by the nationality of the author. The latter is our main concern.

A straightforward, and easy to count, unit of measurement is a paper. But some journals pub- lish much longer papers, on average, than others. It is also easy to count pages. But some journals have more words to the page, on average, than others. The fairest unit of measurement would be words. We have performed the exercise of reduc- ing papers to words, by sampling full text pages of each journal, estimating the number of words per page, and multiplying the number of pages for

each paper by the number of words per page. This results in some overestimation of the number of words per paper, as no account is taken of the one half white page, on average, at the end of a paper, of extra white at the heading, between sections, etc. Appendix 2 gives some of the characteristics for the primary journals. The whole statistical analysis has thus been done both in terms of papers, and in terms of words; see Appendices 3, 4 and 5.

3. Results

The total number of papers in the primary literature, which form the basis of our survey, has increased by 47 per cent, from 931 to 1373, be- tween 1975 and 1985. See Table 1. The share of English language papers in the primary literature has gone up from 86 to 93 per cent. Although 14 primary journals are published in non-native En- glish speaking countries (Appendix 1), most of them have very high percentage shares of English (Appendix 2). Only the French RAIRO and the G e r m a n Operations Research-Spektrum contain less than 50 per cent English.

Other languages may soon be extinct in the primary literature. The 1985 distribution was: English 93.2%

G e r m a n 3.5%

French 2.0%

Other 1.3%

100 %

Our key question was: how international are 'international' journals? Appendices 4 and 5 give the details for 12 major journals. Major journals considered are those that published more than 49 papers in 1985 (see Appendix 2, column 3). Ap- pendix 4 gives the results in numbers of papers. This is done to emphasize the fact that detailed

Table 1

Overall growth, 1975-1985, total primary literature

1975 1980 1985

Total number of articles

in primary literature 931 1155 1373

Number of English language

articles in primary literature 801 1030 1280

Percentage English language

116 W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus /Internationalpublishing in OR

numbers are often quite small. Appendix 5 gives similar results in terms of percentages of words.

The last column of Appendix 5 gives the per- centage shares of countries in the total primary literature, expressed in words, for the total of 1975, 1980 and 1985. This distribution is taken as a standard for evaluating the 'internationality' of a journal. If the distribution by countries of the authorship of a given journal is 'similar' to the distribution of the total primary literature, then the journal is 'international'; otherwise, it is not.

Table 2 gives some measures for all 30 primary journals. First of all, the home market share. This is the share, in the journal, of the country where the journal is published. This should be compared with the share of that country in the total primary literature (Appendix 5, last column). The second column of Table 2 gives the difference. If the difference is positive, the home country is 'over- represented' in the journal. If the difference is more than, say, 15 per cent, we may call the journal 'nationalist'. About two-thirds of the

primary journals are nationalist in this sense. A more refined measure of similarity is given by the last column of Table 2. It gives the sum of the absolute differences between the country shares in the journal concerned, and the country shares in the total primary literature. The lower this sum, the more similarity there is and the more 'interna- tional' the journal may be called. Arbitrarily, we may say, that journals where the sum is below 100 per cent are 'international'. In this sense, about half of the primary journals are 'international', and Mathematical Programming and Mathematics of Operations Research are the most international of all. Since mathematics is more equally accessi- ble to people from all countries, than English, it is not surprising if more mathematical journals are more international.

After comparing journals, we now want to compare countries, aggregating over journals. Ap- pendix 3 gives the details. Tables 3 and 4 give relative performances of countries, account being taken of population sizes. Table 3 compares coun- tries within the Association of European Oper- ational Research Societies (EURO); Table 4 com- pares E U R O with some other countries.

The most meaningful columns are the columns 5, giving the publication share relative to the population share. The average within E U R O is 1.0 (Table 3) and Israel performs 10.8 times above

Table 2

How international are 'international' journals?

Journal Home abbr. a market share b Difference between home market share in journal and home market share in primary literature Sum of absolute differences between country shares in journal and country shares in primary literature ¢ CCERO 30.4 28.0 149.0 BJOR 70.2 67.8 163.8 I N F O R 85.6 78.0 159.8 R A I R O 54.1 51.5 144.3 MOFS 55.2 50.5 146.6 EIK 45.3 40.6 167.2 ORS 78.0 71.8 171.8 ZOR 59.8 53.6 134.4 OPS 48.8 47.2 136.5 JORSJ 95.0 92.3 185.6 J K O R S 92.4 91.4 189.5 EJOR 7.6 6.0 72.5 MP 1.4 - 0 . 2 33.9 MPS 0.8 - 0.8 56.9 ORL 0.0 - 1.6 59.4 N Z O R 71.1 70.2 152.1 IO 11.2 11.1 186.2 APJOR 0.0 - 0 . 1 115.6 JORS 59.0 50.5 111.5 COR 0.4 - 8.1 68.5 DS 87.4 38.8 79.9 I I E T 81.3 32.7 71.8 MS 78.5 29.9 67.9 MKTS 100.0 51.4 102.8 M O R 53.0 4.4 47.4 N R L Q 77.1 28.5 70.2 O R 77.9 29.3 63.1 TS 75.8 27.2 66.8 TRA 72.2 23.6 62.1 TRB 63.7 15.1 59.3

a Full titles and home countries are given in Appendix 1. b Gives the percentage share, of the country where the journal

is published, in the total number of words of the journal, for 1975, 1980 and 1985 totalled.

c Defined as Z i I x i j - w~ I, where x O = percentage share of

country i in journal j , and w, = percentage share of country i in total primary ('world') literature.

average. Belgium, the U K and the Netherlands perform at more than twice the average. West- Germany, Austria, Denmark, Switzerland and Finland are above average. The rest are below average, including France.

The average of Table 4 is again 1.0 and E U R O (1.2) performs slightly better than average. Canada performs nearly six times better than E U R O as a whole, and the USA more than three times better. Korea publishes at one half of the E U R O level

W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus /Internationalpublishing in OR

Table 3

Ranked, relative performances, EURO member countries

117

Country (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Number of Publication Population Population Publ. share/

papers share (%) (millions) share (%) pop. share

Israel 85 8.2 3.9 0.8 10.8

Belgium 80 7.7 9.9 1.9 4.0

United Kingdom 305 29.5 55.8 10.9 2.7

Netherlands 62 6.0 14.2 2.8 2.2

Germany, Fed. Rep. 217 21.0 61.7 12.1 1.7

Austria 23 2.2 7.6 1.5 1.5 Denmark 16 1.5 5.1 1.0 1.5 Switzerland 15 1.4 6.4 1.3 1.2 Finland 11 1.1 4.8 0.9 1.1 Norway 8 0.8 4.1 0.8 1.0 France 93 9.0 54.1 10.6 0.9 Sweden 14 1.4 8.3 1.6 0.8 Hungary 12 1.2 10.7 2.1 0.6 Greece 11 1.1 9.7 1.9 0.6 Ireland 4 0.4 3.4 0.7 0.6 Portugal 7 0.7 9.8 1.9 0.4 Italy 29 2.8 56.6 11.1 0.3 Poland 25 2.4 35.9 7.0 0.3 Spain 9 0.9 37.7 7.4 0.1 Yugoslavia 4 0.4 22.5 4.4 0.1 Egypt 3 0.3 43.5 8.5 0.0 Turkey 2 0.2 45.4 8.9 0.0 Total 1035 100.0 511.0 100.0 1.0

Explanation of columns: (1) = Number of articles in primary literature, 1975, 1980 and 1985 totalled; (2) = 100 * (1)/1035; (3) gives

estimated population as of 1981, source: The Europa Year Book 1985; (4) = 100 * (3)/511.0; (5) = (2)/(4). Any differences in column

totals are due to rounding.

Table 4

Ranked, relative performances, various countries and regions

Country (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Number of Pubfication Population Population Publ. share/

papers share (%) (millions) share (%) pop. share

Canada 278 8.2 24.3 1.2 6.8

German Dem. Rep. 175 5.1 16.7 0.9 5,7

New Zealand 28 0.8 3.2 0.2 4.0 United States 1578 46.4 229.8 11.8 3.9 Australia 51 1.5 14.9 0.8 1.9 EURO 1035 30.4 511.0 26.2 1.2 Singapore 3 0.1 2.4 0.1 1.0 Korea 42 1.2 38.7 2.0 0.6 Japan 87 2.6 117.6 6.0 0.4 Malaysia 6 0.2 13.4 0.7 0.3 South Africa 10 0.3 26.1 1.3 0.2 India 81 2.4 685.2 35.1 0.1 Soviet Union 30 0.9 267.7 13.7 0.1 Total 3404 100.0 1951.0 100.0 1.0

Explanation of columns: (1) Number of articles in primary literature, 1975, 1980 and 1985 totalled; (2) = 100 * (1)/3404; (3) gives

estimated population as of 1981, source: The Europa Year Book 1985; (4)= 100 * (3)/1951.0; (5)= (2)/(4). Any differences in

118 W.G.M.M. Rutten, CB. Tilanus /Internationalpublishing in OR and Japan at one third. This includes the non-En-

glish primary literature!

4. F u r t h e r t h o u g h t s

Different results may come as a surprise to different people. We were surprised by the high share of English (Table 1), because we had ex- pected about 70%, instead of 93%. This means, that English has become the de facto standard in the OR literature. Consequently, even though many love the French and German languages and culture, and might love the Spanish and Russian ones if they knew them, they are not appreciated for scientific communication. That French should be the official second language of The Institute of Management Sciences and that IFORS should be bilingual seems out of date.

In fact, if we may generalize to other profes- sions, nobody's English can be too good. It would be advisable if all non-native English speaking countries would try to educate everybody to be fluent in English, both passively and actively, both in writing and in speech.

We had expected that E J O R would be the most 'international' journal (Table 2), but Mathematical Programming and Mathematics of Operations Research perform distinctly better in this respect. However, most American journals, and many journals from other countries, are defi- nitely 'nationalist'. Conversely, it should be help- ful to potential authors in a given country, if that country has its own primary, 'nationalist' journal as an outlet for their publications. If governments or universities support their own 'nationalist' jour- nals, they thus indirectly support the publications of their national authors.

We realize that Israel is phenomenal in its contribution to the OR literature (Tables 3 and 4). But we were surprised that Canada, East-Germany, Belgium, New Zealand and especially the USA, all perform over three times better, relatively to the population size, than the E U R O average. In fact, we had expected a clear dichotomy: native English speaking countries performing consistently better than non-native English speaking countries. This dichotomy is not so clear.

The differences in size of the journals are greater than we expected (Appendix 2). The number of papers published in 1985 range between 6 (Asia-

Pacific Journal of Operational Research) and 160 ( E J O R ) . The estimated numbers of words per page range between 314 (Investigagao Operac- ional) and 1264 ( l i E Transactions). The estimated numbers of words per paper range between 3622 (Operations Research Letters) and 12903 (Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes de Recherche Operationnelle ).

It is striking that the Americans publish little in the Journal of the (British) Operational Research Society, and the British publish little in the American society journals, Management Science and Operations Research (Appendix 5). We have the impression that the mutual images are less favourable.

5. C o n c l u s i o n

We have discussed international publishing in Operational Research, using as a sample the primary literature, as defined by International Ab- stracts in Operations Research, for the years 1975, 1980, 1985. We have established 'market shares' of countries and measures of 'internationality' of journals.

English has become the standard language in the primary O R literature and E U R O and North America together produce 85 per cent of the total primary literature. We realize, however, that huge masses of people, in China, India, Africa, etc., do not contribute to the OR literature at all. If once they do, new ways of coping with the mass of literature will have to be found.

R e f e r e n c e s

International Abstracts in Operations Research (1987), List of Journals, IAOR 34/1, 3-11.

Raft, S.J., (1975), "Communication through Operations Re- search journals", Computers and Operations Research 2, 127-135.

Rand, G.K. (1981), "IAOR comes of age", in: J.P. Brans (ed.),

Operational Research "81: Proceedings of the Ninth 1FORS International Conference on Operational Research, Hamburg, Germany, July 20-24, 1981, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 25-38.

Rutten, W.G.M.M., and Tilanus, C.B. (1987), "EJOR history and geography in figures", European Journal of Operational Research 28, 104-107.

Tilanus, C.B. (1982), "The European O.R. Congresses: What are we doing?, Where are we going?", European Journal of Operational Research 10, 12-21.

W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus / International publishing in OR 119 Appendix 1

Thirty ' primary journals' of International A bstracts in Operational Research (IA OR)

Country a Abbr. b Full title c

Belgium CCERO Belgium BJOR Canada INFOR France RAIRO German DR MOFS German DR ElK Germany FR ORS Germany FR ZOR India OPS Japan JORSJ Korea FR JKORS Netherlands EJOR Netherlands MP Netherlands MPS Netherlands ORL

New Zealand NZOR

Portugal IO

Singapore APJOR

United Kingdom JORS

United Kingdom COR

United States DS

United States IIET

United States MS

United States MKTS

United States MOR

United States NRLQ

United States OR

United States TS

United States TRA

United States TRB

Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes de Recherche Operationnelle

Belgium Journal of Operations Research, Statistics and Computer Science INFOR

RAIRO

Mathematische Operationsforschung und Statistik--Series Optimization Elektronische lnformationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik

Operations Research-Spektrum Zeitschrift f'tir Operations Research Opsearch

Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan Journal of the Korean Operations Research Society European Journal of Operational Research Mathematical Programming

Mathematical Programming Studies Operations Research Letters New Zealand Operational Research lnvestiga~ao Operacional

Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research Journal of the Operational Research Society Computers and Operations Research Decision Sciences

liE Transactions Management Science Marketing Science

Mathematics of Operations Research Naval Research Logistics Quarterly Operations Research

Transportation Science

Transportation Research Part A: General Transportation Research Part B: Methodology a Country where the journal is published.

b Abbreviation of journal title used in this article.

c This is the list of 'primary journals' according to IAOR volume 34, pp. 3-4, (February, 1987), with three exceptions: (1) Boletin de

la Sociedad Argentina de Inoestigacion Operativa from Argentina, and (2) Advances in Management Studies from India, could not

be obtained (the latter does not even seem to exist) and (3) TIMS Studies in the Management Sciences from the Netherlands was disregarded because it is a book series appearing irregularly.

120 W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus / International publishing in OR

Appendix 2

Characteristics of primary journals, 1985

Abbr. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Gross nr. Net nr. Nr. of Words/ W o r d s / Percentage of

of pages of pages papers page paper papers in English

CCERO 273 226 11 628 12903 90.9 BJOR 252 232 16 342 4959 68.8 INFOR 472 453 25 428 7755 96.0 RA1RO 397 365 25 442 6453 36.0 MOFS 942 844 76 606 6730 71.1 ElK 656 466 38 556 6818 60.5 ORS 254 213 22 751 7271 40.9 ZOR 588 524 31 603 10193 77.4 OPS 274 214 20 510 5457 100.0 JORSJ 362 354 20 477 8443 70.0 JKORS 170 170 18 580 5478 66.7 EJOR 1674 1514 160 791 7485 100.0 MP 742 719 50 531 7636 100.0 MPS 510 510 30 570 9690 100.0 ORL 311 274 59 780 3622 100.0 NZOR 130 119 12 589 5841 100.0 IO 119 107 7 314 4800 85.7 APJOR 72 69 6 569 6544 100.0 JORS 1194 928 116 827 6616 100.0 COR 611 569 54 998 10516 100.0 DS 444 419 32 480 6285 100.0 IIET 407 396 56 1264 8938 100.0 MS 1598 1570 132 668 7945 100.0 MKTS 374 372 20 690 12834 100.0 MOR 717 713 58 790 9712 100.0 NRLQ 697 655 60 662 7227 100.0 OR 1412 1384 99 484 6766 100.0 TS 477 434 28 597 9254 100.0 TRA 542 509 55 1061 9819 100.0 TRB 533 463 37 780 9761 100.0 Total 17204 15785 1373 93.2

Explanation of columns: (2) I.e., number of pages devoted to regular papers. (4) Estimated by sampling full text pages. (5) Slightly overestimated by computing (5) = (2) * (4)/(3).

Appendix 3

Percentage shares of countries in total primary literature, 1975, 1980, 1985

Country Total primary literature English language literature only

Papers Words Papers Words

1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 Australia 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.8 Austria 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 Belgium 1.4 2.8 2.5 1.2 2.6 3.0 0.7 1.5 2.1 0.6 2.6 3.0 Brazil 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Bulgaria 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Canada 9.7 7.8 7.1 8.9 7.8 6.6 11.1 8.4 7.6 10.3 7.8 6.6 Chile 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 China 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 Czechoslovakia 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 Denmark 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.2

W.G.M.M. Rutten, C.B. Tilanus / International publishing in OR 121 Appendix 3 (continued)

Country Total primary literature English language literature only

Papers Words Papers Words

1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985

Egypt 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1

Finland 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

France 4.2 2.8 1.6 4.3 2.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.6 1.1 2.9 1.3

German Dem Rep 8.8 3.4 3.9 8.3 3.0 3.7 3.2 0.6 2.0 2.8 3.0 3.7

Germany, FR 4.5 8.0 6.0 4.8 7.6 6.0 2.2 6.3 5.1 2.1 7,6 6.0 Greece 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0,4 0.5 Hong Kong 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Hungary 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0,0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.3 0,0 0.7 India 2.0 2.8 2.2 1.6 1.9 1.4 2.4 3.1 2.3 1.8 1,9 1.4 lrak 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.1 Ireland 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Israel 1.4 2.6 3.1 1.3 2.7 3.1 1.6 2.9 3.3 1.5 2,7 3.1 Italy 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.5 1.5 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.6 Japan 1.7 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.0 3.3 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 Jordan 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Korea, FR 0.0 1.4 1.9 0.0 1.2 1.4 0.0 0.6 1.6 0.0 1.2 1.4 Kuwait 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 Malaysia 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 Mexico 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Netherlands 0.9 2.1 2.2 0.7 1.8 1.9 1.0 2.3 2.3 0.8 1.8 1.9 New Zealand 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.5 Nigeria 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Norway 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4

Papua New Guinea 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Poland 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.7 Portugal 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 Romania 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 Senegal 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Singapore 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 South Africa 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.4 Sowjet Union 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 Spain 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.4 Sweden 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.3 Switzerland 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.4 Taiwan 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thailand 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1

Trinidad & Tobago 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1

Turkey 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 United Kingdom 7.0 9.5 9.5 8.0 8.5 8.8 8.1 10.7 10.2 9.4 8.5 8.8 United States 50.5 43.1 44.4 51.3 46.9 48.3 58.6 48.3 47.7 59.8 46.9 48.3 Venezuela 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Vietnam 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 Yugoslavia 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 Zaire 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unidentified 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0,0 0.3 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

The percentage shares for papers are based on papers as units of measurement, attributed to the country of the first author. The percentage shares for words are based on the estimated number of words per paper.

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