Appendix A. Linguistic variety and type of loan
1. Descriptives of the total number of loans uttered by the speakers of different varieties LanguageSpeaker
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Belgian Dutch 610 36,6 36,6 36,6
Netherlandic Dutch 1056 63,4 63,4 100,0
Total 1666 100,0 100,0
2.1. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms versus frenchisms Language
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid English 1201 72,1 72,1 72,1
French 465 27,9 27,9 100,0
Total 1666 100,0 100,0
2.2. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms versus frenchisms for Belgian Dutch speakers Language
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid English 406 66,6 66,6 66,6
French 204 33,4 33,4 100,0
2.3. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms versus frenchisms for Netherlandic Dutch speakers Language
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid English 795 75,3 75,3 75,3
French 261 24,7 24,7 100,0
Total 1056 100,0 100,0
3.1. Descriptives of the total number of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms Catachresis
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Catachrestic 361 30,1 30,1 30,1
Non-catachrestic 840 69,9 69,9 100,0
Total 1201 100,0 100,0
3.2. Descriptives of the total number of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms for Belgian Dutch speakers Catachresis
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Catachrestic 119 29,3 29,3 29,3
Non-catachrestic 287 70,7 70,7 100,0
3.3. Descriptives of the total number of catachrestic and non-catachrestic anglicisms for Netherlandic Dutch speakers Catachresis
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Catachrestic 242 30,4 30,4 30,4
Non-catachrestic 553 69,6 69,6 100,0
Total 795 100,0 100,0
4.1. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms carrying I-implicature and M-implicature Implicature
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid I-implicature 658 54,8 54,8 54,8
M-implicature 543 45,2 45,2 100,0
Total 1201 100,0 100,0
4.2. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms carrying I-implicature and M-implicature for Belgian Dutch speakers Implicature
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid I-implicature 208 51,2 51,2 51,2
M-implicature 198 48,8 48,8 100,0
4.3. Descriptives of the total number of anglicisms carrying I-implicature and M-implicature for Netherlandic Dutch speakers Implicature
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid I-implicature 450 56,6 56,6 56,6
M-implicature 345 43,4 43,4 100,0
Total 795 100,0 100,0
5.1. Descriptives of the average numbers of different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms as used by speakers of Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch
Group Statistics
Language N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 57 7,26 11,095 1,470
Netherlandic Dutch 88 8,93 12,460 1,328
NumberC Belgian Dutch 57 2,11 3,462 ,459
Netherlandic Dutch 88 2,74 3,996 ,426
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 57 5,21 8,904 1,179
Netherlandic Dutch 88 6,19 9,335 ,995
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 57 3,81 5,617 ,744
Netherlandic Dutch 88 4,99 7,271 ,775
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 57 3,49 7,000 ,927
Netherlandic Dutch 88 3,92 6,257 ,667
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 57 3,77 6,593 ,873
5.2. Results of the independent samples t-test for the average numbers of the different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for the speakers of the different linguistic varieties.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed ,552 ,459 -,822 143 ,413 -1,669 2,031 -5,683 2,346
Equal variances not
assumed -,842 129,321 ,401 -1,669 1,981 -5,588 2,250
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 1,715 ,192 -,981 143 ,328 -,633 ,645 -1,909 ,642
Equal variances not
assumed -1,012 131,363 ,313 -,633 ,626 -1,872 ,605
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed ,624 ,431 -,630 143 ,529 -,983 1,559 -4,064 2,099
Equal variances not
assumed -,637 123,753 ,525 -,983 1,543 -4,037 2,072
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed 1,426 ,234 -1,042 143 ,299 -1,182 1,134 -3,424 1,061
Equal variances not
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed ,007 ,934 -,385 143 ,701 -,429 1,115 -2,633 1,775
Equal variances not
assumed -,376 109,999 ,708 -,429 1,142 -2,693 1,834
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed ,341 ,560 ,752 143 ,453 ,840 1,118 -1,369 3,049
Equal variances not
assumed ,751 119,300 ,454 ,840 1,119 -1,375 3,055
Appendix B. Age
1.1. The distribution of age
AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid 15-30 67 46,2 46,2 46,2 31-50 49 33,8 33,8 80,0 51-75 29 20,0 20,0 100,0 Total 145 100,0 100,0
1.2. The total numbers of anglicisms uttered by the speakers of different age groups AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 15-31 216 18,0 18,0 18,0
51-75 308 25,6 25,6 100,0
Total 1201 100,0 100,0
2.1 The distribution of age for Belgian Dutch speakers AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid 15-30 28 49,1 49,1 49,1 31-50 20 35,1 35,1 84,2 51-75 9 15,8 15,8 100,0 Total 57 100,0 100,0
2.2. The total numbers of loans uttered by the speakers of different age groups AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid 15-31 52 12,8 12,8 12,8 31-50 238 58,6 58,6 71,4 51-75 116 28,6 28,6 100,0 Total 406 100,0 100,0
3.1. The distribution of age for Netherlandic Dutch speakers AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 15-30 39 44,3 44,3 44,3
31-50 29 33,0 33,0 77,3
51-75 20 22,7 22,7 100,0
Total 88 100,0 100,0
3.2. The total numbers of anglicisms uttered by the speakers of different age groups for Netherlandic Dutch speakers AgeGroup
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent Valid 15-31 164 20,6 20,6 20,6 31-50 439 55,2 55,2 75,8 51-75 192 24,2 24,2 100,0 Total 795 100,0 100,0
4.1 Descriptives of the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Belgian Dutch speakers
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms 15-31 28 1,89 1,286 ,243 1,39 2,39 0 5 31-50 20 12,25 13,439 3,005 5,96 18,54 0 46 51-75 9 12,89 15,112 5,037 1,27 24,50 4 51 Total 57 7,26 11,095 1,470 4,32 10,21 0 51 NumberC 15-31 28 ,25 ,701 ,132 -,02 ,52 0 3 31-50 20 3,10 2,532 ,566 1,92 4,28 0 11
51-75 9 5,67 6,185 2,062 ,91 10,42 1 20 Total 57 2,11 3,462 ,459 1,19 3,02 0 20 NumberNC 15-31 28 1,71 1,150 ,217 1,27 2,16 0 5 31-50 20 9,15 12,659 2,831 3,23 15,07 0 42 51-75 9 7,33 9,124 3,041 ,32 14,35 1 31 Total 57 5,21 8,904 1,179 2,85 7,57 0 42 NumberIImp 15-31 28 ,86 1,044 ,197 ,45 1,26 0 4 31-50 20 5,55 4,058 ,907 3,65 7,45 0 13 51-75 9 9,11 10,410 3,470 1,11 17,11 2 35 Total 57 3,81 5,617 ,744 2,32 5,30 0 35 NumberMimp 15-31 28 1,11 ,916 ,173 ,75 1,46 0 3 31-50 20 6,70 10,633 2,378 1,72 11,68 0 36 51-75 9 3,78 5,094 1,698 -,14 7,69 0 16 Total 57 3,49 7,000 ,927 1,63 5,35 0 36 NumberFrenchisms 15-31 28 ,54 ,793 ,150 ,23 ,84 0 3 31-50 20 5,75 6,365 1,423 2,77 8,73 0 24 51-75 9 9,44 11,103 3,701 ,91 17,98 1 32 Total 57 3,77 6,593 ,873 2,02 5,52 0 32
4.2. Results of the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Belgian Dutch speakers
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. NumberAnglicisms Between Groups 1589,735 2 794,868 8,094 ,001
Within Groups 5303,317 54 98,210
NumberC Between Groups 230,318 2 115,159 14,100 ,000
Within Groups 441,050 54 8,168
Total 671,368 56
NumberNC Between Groups 693,209 2 346,605 4,996 ,010
Within Groups 3746,264 54 69,375
Total 4439,474 56
NumberIImp Between Groups 557,610 2 278,805 12,450 ,000
Within Groups 1209,267 54 22,394
Total 1766,877 56
NumberMimp Between Groups 365,811 2 182,906 4,153 ,021
Within Groups 2378,434 54 44,045
Total 2744,246 56
NumberFrenchisms Between Groups 661,099 2 330,549 10,068 ,000
Within Groups 1772,937 54 32,832
Total 2434,035 56
4.3. Post hoc Tukey tests for the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Belgian Dutch speakers
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable (I) AgeGroup (J) AgeGroup
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms 15-31 31-50 -10,357* 2,901 ,002 -17,35 -3,36
51-75 -10,996* 3,797 ,015 -20,15 -1,84
31-50 15-31 10,357* 2,901 ,002 3,36 17,35
51-75 15-31 10,996* 3,797 ,015 1,84 20,15 31-50 ,639 3,978 ,986 -8,95 10,23 NumberC 15-31 31-50 -2,850* ,837 ,004 -4,87 -,83 51-75 -5,417* 1,095 ,000 -8,06 -2,78 31-50 15-31 2,850* ,837 ,004 ,83 4,87 51-75 -2,567 1,147 ,074 -5,33 ,20 51-75 15-31 5,417* 1,095 ,000 2,78 8,06 31-50 2,567 1,147 ,074 -,20 5,33 NumberNC 15-31 31-50 -7,436* 2,439 ,010 -13,31 -1,56 51-75 -5,619 3,192 ,193 -13,31 2,07 31-50 15-31 7,436* 2,439 ,010 1,56 13,31 51-75 1,817 3,343 ,850 -6,24 9,87 51-75 15-31 5,619 3,192 ,193 -2,07 13,31 31-50 -1,817 3,343 ,850 -9,87 6,24 NumberIImp 15-31 31-50 -4,693* 1,385 ,004 -8,03 -1,35 51-75 -8,254* 1,813 ,000 -12,62 -3,88 31-50 15-31 4,693* 1,385 ,004 1,35 8,03 51-75 -3,561 1,899 ,156 -8,14 1,02 51-75 15-31 8,254* 1,813 ,000 3,88 12,62 31-50 3,561 1,899 ,156 -1,02 8,14 NumberMimp 15-31 31-50 -5,593* 1,943 ,016 -10,28 -,91 51-75 -2,671 2,543 ,549 -8,80 3,46 31-50 15-31 5,593* 1,943 ,016 ,91 10,28 51-75 2,922 2,664 ,520 -3,50 9,34 51-75 15-31 2,671 2,543 ,549 -3,46 8,80 31-50 -2,922 2,664 ,520 -9,34 3,50
NumberFrenchisms 15-31 31-50 -5,214* 1,678 ,008 -9,26 -1,17 51-75 -8,909* 2,196 ,000 -14,20 -3,62 31-50 15-31 5,214* 1,678 ,008 1,17 9,26 51-75 -3,694 2,300 ,252 -9,24 1,85 51-75 15-31 8,909* 2,196 ,000 3,62 14,20 31-50 3,694 2,300 ,252 -1,85 9,24
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
5.1. Descriptives of the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Netherlandic Dutch speakers
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms 15-31 39 4,21 3,743 ,599 2,99 5,42 0 19 31-50 29 14,83 18,018 3,346 7,97 21,68 0 61 51-75 20 9,60 10,252 2,292 4,80 14,40 0 41 Total 88 8,93 12,460 1,328 6,29 11,57 0 61 NumberC 15-31 39 1,31 2,041 ,327 ,65 1,97 0 9 31-50 29 3,93 5,311 ,986 1,91 5,95 0 20 51-75 20 3,80 3,955 ,884 1,95 5,65 0 12 Total 88 2,74 3,996 ,426 1,89 3,59 0 20 NumberNC 15-31 39 2,90 2,732 ,437 2,01 3,78 0 13 31-50 29 10,90 13,676 2,540 5,69 16,10 0 43 51-75 20 5,80 7,230 1,617 2,42 9,18 0 30 Total 88 6,19 9,335 ,995 4,22 8,17 0 43 NumberIImp 15-31 39 2,38 3,092 ,495 1,38 3,39 0 15
31-50 29 7,72 9,985 1,854 3,93 11,52 0 44 51-75 20 6,10 7,026 1,571 2,81 9,39 0 26 Total 88 4,99 7,271 ,775 3,45 6,53 0 44 NumberMimp 15-31 39 1,82 1,805 ,289 1,24 2,41 0 7 31-50 29 7,03 9,367 1,739 3,47 10,60 0 33 51-75 20 3,50 4,407 ,985 1,44 5,56 0 15 Total 88 3,92 6,257 ,667 2,59 5,25 0 33 NumberFrenchisms 15-31 39 ,21 ,469 ,075 ,05 ,36 0 2 31-50 29 2,83 3,576 ,664 1,47 4,19 0 10 51-75 20 8,40 11,450 2,560 3,04 13,76 0 41 Total 88 2,93 6,561 ,699 1,54 4,32 0 41
5.2. Results of the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Netherlandic Dutch speakers
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. NumberAnglicisms Between Groups 1888,294 2 944,147 6,907 ,002
Within Groups 11619,297 85 136,698
Total 13507,591 87
NumberC Between Groups 143,619 2 71,809 4,901 ,010
Within Groups 1245,370 85 14,651
Total 1388,989 87
NumberNC Between Groups 1068,237 2 534,118 6,970 ,002
Within Groups 6513,479 85 76,629
Total 7581,716 87
Within Groups 4092,824 85 48,151
Total 4598,989 87
NumberMimp Between Groups 456,734 2 228,367 6,581 ,002
Within Groups 2949,709 85 34,702
Total 3406,443 87
NumberFrenchisms Between Groups 888,294 2 444,147 13,213 ,000
Within Groups 2857,297 85 33,615
Total 3745,591 87
5.3. Post hoc Tukey test for the one way ANOVA comparing age groups across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms for Netherlandic Dutch speakers
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable (I) AgeGroup (J) AgeGroup
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms 15-31 31-50 -10,622* 2,867 ,001 -17,46 -3,78 51-75 -5,395 3,216 ,220 -13,07 2,28 31-50 15-31 10,622* 2,867 ,001 3,78 17,46 51-75 5,228 3,398 ,278 -2,88 13,33 51-75 15-31 5,395 3,216 ,220 -2,28 13,07 31-50 -5,228 3,398 ,278 -13,33 2,88 NumberC 15-31 31-50 -2,623* ,939 ,017 -4,86 -,38 51-75 -2,492 1,053 ,052 -5,00 ,02 31-50 15-31 2,623* ,939 ,017 ,38 4,86 51-75 ,131 1,113 ,992 -2,52 2,78
51-75 15-31 2,492 1,053 ,052 -,02 5,00 31-50 -,131 1,113 ,992 -2,78 2,52 NumberNC 15-31 31-50 -7,999* 2,146 ,001 -13,12 -2,88 51-75 -2,903 2,408 ,453 -8,65 2,84 31-50 15-31 7,999* 2,146 ,001 2,88 13,12 51-75 5,097 2,544 ,118 -,97 11,17 51-75 15-31 2,903 2,408 ,453 -2,84 8,65 31-50 -5,097 2,544 ,118 -11,17 ,97 NumberIImp 15-31 31-50 -5,340* 1,701 ,007 -9,40 -1,28 51-75 -3,715 1,908 ,132 -8,27 ,84 31-50 15-31 5,340* 1,701 ,007 1,28 9,40 51-75 1,624 2,017 ,701 -3,19 6,44 51-75 15-31 3,715 1,908 ,132 -,84 8,27 31-50 -1,624 2,017 ,701 -6,44 3,19 NumberMimp 15-31 31-50 -5,214* 1,444 ,001 -8,66 -1,77 51-75 -1,679 1,620 ,556 -5,54 2,19 31-50 15-31 5,214* 1,444 ,001 1,77 8,66 51-75 3,534 1,712 ,103 -,55 7,62 51-75 15-31 1,679 1,620 ,556 -2,19 5,54 31-50 -3,534 1,712 ,103 -7,62 ,55 NumberFrenchisms 15-31 31-50 -2,622 1,422 ,161 -6,01 ,77 51-75 -8,195* 1,595 ,000 -12,00 -4,39 31-50 15-31 2,622 1,422 ,161 -,77 6,01 51-75 -5,572* 1,685 ,004 -9,59 -1,55 51-75 15-31 8,195* 1,595 ,000 4,39 12,00 31-50 5,572* 1,685 ,004 1,55 9,59
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
6.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch young speakers Group Statistics
Language N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 28 1,89 1,286 ,243
Netherlandic Dutch 39 4,21 3,743 ,599
NumberC Belgian Dutch 28 ,25 ,701 ,132
Netherlandic Dutch 39 1,31 2,041 ,327
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 28 1,71 1,150 ,217
Netherlandic Dutch 39 2,90 2,732 ,437
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 28 ,86 1,044 ,197
Netherlandic Dutch 39 2,38 3,092 ,495
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 28 1,11 ,916 ,173
Netherlandic Dutch 39 1,82 1,805 ,289
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 28 ,54 ,793 ,150
Netherlandic Dutch 39 ,21 ,469 ,075
6.2. Results of the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch young speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper
NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed 8,629 ,005 -3,133 65 ,003 -2,312 ,738 -3,786 -,838
Equal variances not
assumed -3,575 49,641 ,001 -2,312 ,647 -3,612 -1,013
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 16,467 ,000 -2,628 65 ,011 -1,058 ,402 -1,861 -,254
Equal variances not
assumed -2,999 49,613 ,004 -1,058 ,353 -1,766 -,349
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed 3,733 ,058 -2,155 65 ,035 -1,183 ,549 -2,280 -,087
Equal variances not
assumed -2,422 54,411 ,019 -1,183 ,488 -2,162 -,204
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed 10,070 ,002 -2,509 65 ,015 -1,527 ,609 -2,743 -,312
Equal variances not
assumed -2,866 49,280 ,006 -1,527 ,533 -2,598 -,457
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed 6,339 ,014 -1,919 65 ,059 -,713 ,372 -1,456 ,029
Equal variances not
assumed -2,118 59,416 ,038 -,713 ,337 -1,387 -,039
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed 11,527 ,001 2,138 65 ,036 ,331 ,155 ,022 ,639
Equal variances not
7.1. Descriptives for the t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch middle-aged speakers Group Statistics
Language N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 20 12,25 13,439 3,005
Netherlandic Dutch 29 14,83 18,018 3,346
NumberC Belgian Dutch 20 3,10 2,532 ,566
Netherlandic Dutch 29 3,93 5,311 ,986
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 20 9,15 12,659 2,831
Netherlandic Dutch 29 10,90 13,676 2,540
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 20 5,55 4,058 ,907
Netherlandic Dutch 29 7,72 9,985 1,854
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 20 6,70 10,633 2,378
Netherlandic Dutch 29 7,03 9,367 1,739
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 20 5,75 6,365 1,423
Netherlandic Dutch 29 2,83 3,576 ,664
7.2. Independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch middle-aged speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
Equal variances not
assumed -,573 46,654 ,569 -2,578 4,497 -11,627 6,472
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 4,938 ,031 -,649 47 ,519 -,831 1,280 -3,406 1,744
Equal variances not
assumed -,731 42,666 ,469 -,831 1,137 -3,125 1,463
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed ,724 ,399 -,453 47 ,653 -1,747 3,858 -9,508 6,015
Equal variances not
assumed -,459 42,995 ,648 -1,747 3,803 -9,416 5,923
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed 4,818 ,033 -,920 47 ,362 -2,174 2,362 -6,927 2,578
Equal variances not
assumed -1,053 39,666 ,299 -2,174 2,064 -6,348 1,999
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed ,015 ,903 -,116 47 ,908 -,334 2,877 -6,122 5,454
Equal variances not
assumed -,114 37,494 ,910 -,334 2,946 -6,301 5,632
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed 3,540 ,066 2,052 47 ,046 2,922 1,424 ,058 5,787
Equal variances not
assumed 1,861 27,297 ,074 2,922 1,571 -,299 6,143
8.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch older speakers Group Statistics
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 9 12,89 15,112 5,037
Netherlandic Dutch 20 9,60 10,252 2,292
NumberC Belgian Dutch 9 5,67 6,185 2,062
Netherlandic Dutch 20 3,80 3,955 ,884
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 9 7,33 9,124 3,041
Netherlandic Dutch 20 5,80 7,230 1,617
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 9 9,11 10,410 3,470
Netherlandic Dutch 20 6,10 7,026 1,571
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 9 3,78 5,094 1,698
Netherlandic Dutch 20 3,50 4,407 ,985
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 9 9,44 11,103 3,701
Netherlandic Dutch 20 8,40 11,450 2,560
8.2. Independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch older speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed ,494 ,488 ,689 27 ,497 3,289 4,777 -6,512 13,090
Equal variances not
assumed ,594 11,450 ,564 3,289 5,534 -8,834 15,412
NumberC Equal variances
Equal variances not
assumed ,832 11,058 ,423 1,867 2,243 -3,068 6,801
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed ,102 ,752 ,487 27 ,630 1,533 3,147 -4,923 7,989
Equal variances not
assumed ,445 12,732 ,664 1,533 3,444 -5,924 8,990
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed ,638 ,431 ,918 27 ,367 3,011 3,282 -3,722 9,744
Equal variances not
assumed ,791 11,414 ,445 3,011 3,809 -5,335 11,358
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed ,089 ,768 ,150 27 ,882 ,278 1,855 -3,528 4,084
Equal variances not
assumed ,141 13,645 ,890 ,278 1,963 -3,943 4,498
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed ,103 ,751 ,229 27 ,820 1,044 4,555 -8,302 10,390
Equal variances not
assumed ,232 15,951 ,819 1,044 4,500 -8,498 10,587
Appendix C. Gender
1.1. The distribution of male and female speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 79 54,5 54,5 54,5
Total 145 100,0 100,0
1.2. The total number of anglicisms uttered by male and female speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 781 65,0 65,0 65,0
Female 420 35,0 35,0 100,0
Total 1201 100,0 100,0
2.1. The distribution of gender for Belgian Dutch speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 30 52,6 52,6 52,6
Female 27 47,4 47,4 100,0
Total 57 100,0 100,0
2.2. The total number of anglicisms uttered by male and female Belgian Dutch speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 268 66,0 66,0 66,0
Female 138 34,0 34,0 100,0
3.1. The distribution of gender for Netherlandic Dutch speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 49 55,7 55,7 55,7
Female 39 44,3 44,3 100,0
Total 88 100,0 100,0
3.2. The total number of anglicisms uttered by male and female Netherlandic Dutch speakers Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 513 64,5 64,5 64,5
Female 282 35,5 35,5 100,0
Total 795 100,0 100,0
4.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-tests comparing male and female Belgian Dutch speakers Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Male 30 8,93 13,080 2,388
Female 27 5,41 8,215 1,581
NumberC Male 30 2,97 4,081 ,745
Female 27 1,15 2,332 ,449
Female 27 4,30 7,151 1,376 NumberIImp Male 30 5,00 6,858 1,252 Female 27 2,48 3,468 ,667 NumberMimp Male 30 3,97 8,015 1,463 Female 27 2,96 5,774 1,111 NumberFrenchisms Male 30 5,27 7,570 1,382 Female 27 2,11 4,925 ,948
4.2. Results of the independent samples t-test comparing male and female Belgian Dutch speakers across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed 2,877 ,096 1,203 55 ,234 3,526 2,931 -2,349 9,401
Equal variances not
assumed 1,231 49,404 ,224 3,526 2,864 -2,228 9,280
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 2,503 ,119 2,035 55 ,047 1,819 ,894 ,027 3,610
Equal variances not
assumed 2,091 46,967 ,042 1,819 ,870 ,069 3,568
NumberNC Equal variances
Equal variances not
assumed ,746 51,842 ,459 1,737 2,328 -2,935 6,409
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed 2,197 ,144 1,719 55 ,091 2,519 1,465 -,417 5,454
Equal variances not
assumed 1,775 43,871 ,083 2,519 1,419 -,341 5,378
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed 1,941 ,169 ,537 55 ,593 1,004 1,869 -2,742 4,749
Equal variances not
assumed ,546 52,587 ,587 1,004 1,837 -2,682 4,690
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed 4,218 ,045 1,842 55 ,071 3,156 1,713 -,277 6,588
Equal variances not
assumed 1,883 50,286 ,066 3,156 1,676 -,210 6,521
5.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-test comparing male and female Netherlandic Dutch speakers across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms
Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Male 49 10,47 12,862 1,837 Female 39 7,00 11,817 1,892 NumberC Male 49 3,47 4,209 ,601 Female 39 1,82 3,553 ,569 NumberNC Male 49 7,00 9,600 1,371 Female 39 5,18 9,011 1,443 NumberIImp Male 49 5,82 6,930 ,990
Female 39 3,95 7,640 1,223
NumberMimp Male 49 4,63 6,894 ,985
Female 39 3,03 5,304 ,849
NumberFrenchisms Male 49 4,31 8,269 1,181
Female 39 1,21 2,587 ,414
5.2. Results of the independent samples t-test comparing male and female Netherlandic Dutch speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed ,727 ,396 1,303 86 ,196 3,469 2,663 -1,825 8,764
Equal variances not
assumed 1,315 84,189 ,192 3,469 2,637 -1,775 8,714
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 4,252 ,042 1,954 86 ,054 1,649 ,844 -,029 3,326
Equal variances not
assumed 1,992 85,675 ,050 1,649 ,828 ,003 3,295
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed ,378 ,540 ,908 86 ,366 1,821 2,005 -2,166 5,807
Equal variances not
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed ,701 ,405 1,200 86 ,233 1,868 1,556 -1,226 4,961
Equal variances not
assumed 1,187 77,693 ,239 1,868 1,574 -1,266 5,001
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed 1,997 ,161 1,200 86 ,234 1,607 1,339 -1,056 4,270
Equal variances not
assumed 1,236 85,918 ,220 1,607 1,300 -,978 4,192
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed 10,076 ,002 2,253 86 ,027 3,101 1,376 ,365 5,837
Equal variances not
assumed 2,477 59,398 ,016 3,101 1,252 ,596 5,606
6.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch male speakers Group Statistics
Language N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 30 8,93 13,080 2,388
Netherlandic Dutch 49 10,47 12,862 1,837
NumberC Belgian Dutch 30 2,97 4,081 ,745
Netherlandic Dutch 49 3,47 4,209 ,601
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 30 6,03 10,284 1,878
Netherlandic Dutch 49 7,00 9,600 1,371
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 30 5,00 6,858 1,252
Netherlandic Dutch 49 5,82 6,930 ,990
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 30 3,97 8,015 1,463
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 30 5,27 7,570 1,382
Netherlandic Dutch 49 4,31 8,269 1,181
6.2. Results of the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch male speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed ,000 ,985 -,512 77 ,610 -1,536 3,001 -7,511 4,439
Equal variances not
assumed -,510 60,653 ,612 -1,536 3,013 -7,562 4,490
NumberC Equal variances
assumed 1,008 ,318 -,521 77 ,604 -,503 ,965 -2,424 1,418
Equal variances not
assumed -,525 62,940 ,601 -,503 ,957 -2,416 1,411
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed ,001 ,973 -,423 77 ,674 -,967 2,287 -5,520 3,586
Equal variances not assumed
-,416 58,194 ,679 -,967 2,325 -5,621 3,687
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed ,535 ,467 -,510 77 ,611 -,816 1,600 -4,003 2,370
Equal variances not
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed ,060 ,807 -,392 77 ,696 -,666 1,701 -4,053 2,721
Equal variances not
assumed -,378 54,471 ,707 -,666 1,764 -4,202 2,870
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed ,016 ,899 ,517 77 ,607 ,961 1,858 -2,738 4,660
Equal variances not
assumed ,528 65,675 ,599 ,961 1,818 -2,670 4,591
7.1. Descriptives for the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch female speakers Group Statistics
Language N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
NumberAnglicisms Belgian Dutch 27 5,41 8,215 1,581
Netherlandic Dutch 39 7,00 11,817 1,892
NumberC Belgian Dutch 27 1,15 2,332 ,449
Netherlandic Dutch 39 1,82 3,553 ,569
NumberNC Belgian Dutch 27 4,30 7,151 1,376
Netherlandic Dutch 39 5,18 9,011 1,443
NumberIImp Belgian Dutch 27 2,48 3,468 ,667
Netherlandic Dutch 39 3,95 7,640 1,223
NumberMimp Belgian Dutch 27 2,96 5,774 1,111
Netherlandic Dutch 39 3,03 5,304 ,849
NumberFrenchisms Belgian Dutch 27 2,11 4,925 ,948
7.2. Results of the independent samples t-test comparing Belgian Dutch and Netherlandic Dutch female speakers Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper NumberAnglicisms Equal variances
assumed ,969 ,329 -,606 64 ,547 -1,593 2,630 -6,846 3,661
Equal variances not
assumed -,646 63,994 ,521 -1,593 2,466 -6,518 3,333
NumberC Equal variances
assumed ,679 ,413 -,862 64 ,392 -,672 ,780 -2,230 ,886
Equal variances not
assumed -,928 63,864 ,357 -,672 ,725 -2,120 ,775
NumberNC Equal variances
assumed 1,224 ,273 -,425 64 ,672 -,883 2,079 -5,037 3,271
Equal variances not
assumed -,443 62,722 ,659 -,883 1,994 -4,868 3,102
NumberIImp Equal variances
assumed 1,357 ,248 -,932 64 ,355 -1,467 1,574 -4,612 1,678
Equal variances not
assumed -1,053 56,654 ,297 -1,467 1,394 -4,258 1,324
NumberMimp Equal variances
assumed ,097 ,757 -,046 64 ,964 -,063 1,377 -2,813 2,688
Equal variances not
NumberFrenchisms Equal variances
assumed 1,642 ,205 ,973 64 ,334 ,906 ,931 -,954 2,766
Equal variances not
assumed ,876 35,985 ,387 ,906 1,034 -1,192 3,004
Appendix D. Shows
1.1. Distribution of the speakers across the different television shows Show
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Reyers Laat 17 11,7 11,7 11,7
Pauw 29 20,0 20,0 31,7
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 27,6 27,6 59,3
The Voice of Holland 55 37,9 37,9 97,2
Sports Flemish 2 1,4 1,4 98,6
Sports Dutch 2 1,4 1,4 100,0
Total 145 100,0 100,0
1.2. Total numbers of loans uttered in the different television shows Show
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Reyers Laat 203 16,9 16,9 16,9
Pauw 189 15,7 15,7 32,6
The Voice of Holland 519 43,2 43,2 95,6
Sports Flemish 18 1,5 1,5 97,1
Sports Dutch 35 2,9 2,9 100,0
Total 1201 100,0 100,0
2.1. Descriptives for the one way ANOVA comparing the different shows across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms
Descriptives
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms Reyers Laat 17 11,82 11,912 2,889 5,70 17,95 2 51
Pauw 29 6,52 7,918 1,470 3,51 9,53 0 41
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 5,95 10,851 1,716 2,48 9,42 0 46
The Voice of Holland 55 9,44 14,325 1,932 5,56 13,31 0 61
Sports Flemish 2 9,00 5,657 4,000 -41,82 59,82 5 13
Sports Dutch 2 17,50 ,707 ,500 11,15 23,85 17 18
Total 145 8,28 11,931 ,991 6,32 10,23 0 61
NumberC Reyers Laat 17 5,24 4,893 1,187 2,72 7,75 1 20
Pauw 29 2,07 2,618 ,486 1,07 3,06 0 11
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 ,88 1,471 ,233 ,40 1,35 0 5
The Voice of Holland 55 2,67 4,338 ,585 1,50 3,85 0 20
Sports Flemish 2 4,00 2,828 2,000 -21,41 29,41 2 6
Sports Dutch 2 11,00 1,414 1,000 -1,71 23,71 10 12
Total 145 2,49 3,795 ,315 1,87 3,11 0 20
Pauw 29 4,45 5,950 1,105 2,19 6,71 0 30
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 5,15 9,673 1,529 2,06 8,24 0 42
The Voice of Holland 55 6,76 10,806 1,457 3,84 9,68 0 43
Sports Flemish 2 5,00 2,828 2,000 -20,41 30,41 3 7
Sports Dutch 2 6,50 ,707 ,500 ,15 12,85 6 7
Total 145 5,81 9,149 ,760 4,31 7,31 0 43
NumberIImp Reyers Laat 17 8,35 7,945 1,927 4,27 12,44 2 35
Pauw 29 3,93 5,099 ,947 1,99 5,87 0 26
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 2,08 3,222 ,509 1,04 3,11 0 13
The Voice of Holland 55 5,00 8,069 1,088 2,82 7,18 0 44
Sports Flemish 2 5,50 ,707 ,500 -,85 11,85 5 6
Sports Dutch 2 15,50 ,707 ,500 9,15 21,85 15 16
Total 145 4,52 6,674 ,554 3,43 5,62 0 44
NumberMimp Reyers Laat 17 3,47 5,026 1,219 ,89 6,05 0 16
Pauw 29 2,55 3,291 ,611 1,30 3,80 0 15
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 3,93 7,943 1,256 1,38 6,47 0 36
The Voice of Holland 55 4,42 7,315 ,986 2,44 6,40 0 33
Sports Flemish 2 3,50 4,950 3,500 -40,97 47,97 0 7
Sports Dutch 2 2,00 ,000 ,000 2,00 2,00 2 2
Total 145 3,75 6,539 ,543 2,68 4,83 0 36
NumberFrenchisms Reyers Laat 17 4,88 3,740 ,907 2,96 6,81 1 15
Pauw 29 5,14 7,891 1,465 2,14 8,14 0 41
The Voice van Vlaanderen 40 2,13 4,942 ,781 ,54 3,71 0 24
The Voice of Holland 55 ,80 2,013 ,271 ,26 1,34 0 9
Sports Flemish 2 27,00 7,071 5,000 -36,53 90,53 22 32
Total 145 3,26 6,564 ,545 2,18 4,34 0 41
2.2. Results of the one way ANOVA comparing the different shows across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. NumberAnglicisms Between Groups 765,326 5 153,065 1,078 ,375
Within Groups 19731,639 139 141,954
Total 20496,966 144
NumberC Between Groups 388,829 5 77,766 6,414 ,000
Within Groups 1685,405 139 12,125
Total 2074,234 144
NumberNC Between Groups 133,776 5 26,755 ,312 ,905
Within Groups 11920,817 139 85,761
Total 12054,593 144
NumberIImp Between Groups 754,646 5 150,929 3,707 ,004
Within Groups 5659,519 139 40,716
Total 6414,166 144
NumberMimp Between Groups 74,998 5 15,000 ,343 ,886
Within Groups 6082,065 139 43,756
Total 6157,062 144
NumberFrenchisms Between Groups 2983,653 5 596,731 25,756 ,000
Within Groups 3220,388 139 23,168
2.3. Post hoc Tukey test comparing the different shows across different types of anglicisms and the frenchisms Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Dependent Variable (I) Show (J) Show
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound
NumberAnglicisms Reyers Laat Pauw 5,306 3,639 ,691 -5,21 15,82
The Voice van Vlaanderen 5,874 3,450 ,532 -4,10 15,84
The Voice of Holland 2,387 3,306 ,979 -7,17 11,94
Sports Flemish 2,824 8,907 1,000 -22,92 28,56
Sports Dutch -5,676 8,907 ,988 -31,42 20,06
Pauw Reyers Laat -5,306 3,639 ,691 -15,82 5,21
The Voice van Vlaanderen ,567 2,906 1,000 -7,83 8,96
The Voice of Holland -2,919 2,734 ,893 -10,82 4,98
Sports Flemish -2,483 8,710 1,000 -27,65 22,69
Sports Dutch -10,983 8,710 ,806 -36,15 14,19
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat -5,874 3,450 ,532 -15,84 4,10
Pauw -,567 2,906 1,000 -8,96 7,83
The Voice of Holland -3,486 2,476 ,722 -10,64 3,67
Sports Flemish -3,050 8,633 ,999 -28,00 21,90
Sports Dutch -11,550 8,633 ,763 -36,50 13,40
The Voice of Holland Reyers Laat -2,387 3,306 ,979 -11,94 7,17
Pauw 2,919 2,734 ,893 -4,98 10,82
The Voice van Vlaanderen 3,486 2,476 ,722 -3,67 10,64
Sports Flemish ,436 8,577 1,000 -24,35 25,22
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat -2,824 8,907 1,000 -28,56 22,92
Pauw 2,483 8,710 1,000 -22,69 27,65
The Voice van Vlaanderen 3,050 8,633 ,999 -21,90 28,00
The Voice of Holland -,436 8,577 1,000 -25,22 24,35
Sports Dutch -8,500 11,914 ,980 -42,93 25,93
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat 5,676 8,907 ,988 -20,06 31,42
Pauw 10,983 8,710 ,806 -14,19 36,15
The Voice van Vlaanderen 11,550 8,633 ,763 -13,40 36,50
The Voice of Holland 8,064 8,577 ,935 -16,72 32,85
Sports Flemish 8,500 11,914 ,980 -25,93 42,93
NumberC Reyers Laat Pauw 3,166* 1,064 ,039 ,09 6,24
The Voice van Vlaanderen 4,360* 1,008 ,000 1,45 7,27
The Voice of Holland 2,563 ,966 ,092 -,23 5,36
Sports Flemish 1,235 2,603 ,997 -6,29 8,76
Sports Dutch -5,765 2,603 ,238 -13,29 1,76
Pauw Reyers Laat -3,166* 1,064 ,039 -6,24 -,09
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,194 ,849 ,723 -1,26 3,65
The Voice of Holland -,604 ,799 ,974 -2,91 1,71
Sports Flemish -1,931 2,546 ,974 -9,29 5,43
Sports Dutch -8,931* 2,546 ,008 -16,29 -1,57
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat -4,360* 1,008 ,000 -7,27 -1,45
Pauw -1,194 ,849 ,723 -3,65 1,26
The Voice of Holland -1,798 ,724 ,136 -3,89 ,29
Sports Flemish -3,125 2,523 ,817 -10,42 4,17
Sports Dutch -10,125* 2,523 ,001 -17,42 -2,83
Pauw ,604 ,799 ,974 -1,71 2,91
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,798 ,724 ,136 -,29 3,89
Sports Flemish -1,327 2,507 ,995 -8,57 5,92
Sports Dutch -8,327* 2,507 ,014 -15,57 -1,08
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat -1,235 2,603 ,997 -8,76 6,29
Pauw 1,931 2,546 ,974 -5,43 9,29
The Voice van Vlaanderen 3,125 2,523 ,817 -4,17 10,42
The Voice of Holland 1,327 2,507 ,995 -5,92 8,57
Sports Dutch -7,000 3,482 ,342 -17,06 3,06
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat 5,765 2,603 ,238 -1,76 13,29
Pauw 8,931* 2,546 ,008 1,57 16,29
The Voice van Vlaanderen 10,125* 2,523 ,001 2,83 17,42
The Voice of Holland 8,327* 2,507 ,014 1,08 15,57
Sports Flemish 7,000 3,482 ,342 -3,06 17,06
NumberNC Reyers Laat Pauw 2,140 2,829 ,974 -6,03 10,31
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,438 2,681 ,995 -6,31 9,19
The Voice of Holland -,175 2,570 1,000 -7,60 7,25
Sports Flemish 1,588 6,923 1,000 -18,42 21,59
Sports Dutch ,088 6,923 1,000 -19,92 20,09
Pauw Reyers Laat -2,140 2,829 ,974 -10,31 6,03
The Voice van Vlaanderen -,702 2,259 1,000 -7,23 5,83
The Voice of Holland -2,315 2,125 ,885 -8,46 3,83
Sports Flemish -,552 6,770 1,000 -20,12 19,01
Sports Dutch -2,052 6,770 1,000 -21,62 17,51
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat -1,438 2,681 ,995 -9,19 6,31
The Voice of Holland -1,614 1,924 ,960 -7,17 3,95
Sports Flemish ,150 6,710 1,000 -19,24 19,54
Sports Dutch -1,350 6,710 1,000 -20,74 18,04
The Voice of Holland Reyers Laat ,175 2,570 1,000 -7,25 7,60
Pauw 2,315 2,125 ,885 -3,83 8,46
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,614 1,924 ,960 -3,95 7,17
Sports Flemish 1,764 6,666 1,000 -17,50 21,03
Sports Dutch ,264 6,666 1,000 -19,00 19,53
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat -1,588 6,923 1,000 -21,59 18,42
Pauw ,552 6,770 1,000 -19,01 20,12
The Voice van Vlaanderen -,150 6,710 1,000 -19,54 19,24
The Voice of Holland -1,764 6,666 1,000 -21,03 17,50
Sports Dutch -1,500 9,261 1,000 -28,26 25,26
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat -,088 6,923 1,000 -20,09 19,92
Pauw 2,052 6,770 1,000 -17,51 21,62
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,350 6,710 1,000 -18,04 20,74
The Voice of Holland -,264 6,666 1,000 -19,53 19,00
Sports Flemish 1,500 9,261 1,000 -25,26 28,26
NumberIImp Reyers Laat Pauw 4,422 1,949 ,214 -1,21 10,05
The Voice van Vlaanderen 6,278* 1,847 ,011 ,94 11,62
The Voice of Holland 3,353 1,771 ,410 -1,76 8,47
Sports Flemish 2,853 4,770 ,991 -10,93 16,64
Sports Dutch -7,147 4,770 ,666 -20,93 6,64
Pauw Reyers Laat -4,422 1,949 ,214 -10,05 1,21
The Voice van Vlaanderen 1,856 1,556 ,840 -2,64 6,35
Sports Flemish -1,569 4,665 ,999 -15,05 11,91
Sports Dutch -11,569 4,665 ,137 -25,05 1,91
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat -6,278* 1,847 ,011 -11,62 -,94
Pauw -1,856 1,556 ,840 -6,35 2,64
The Voice of Holland -2,925 1,326 ,242 -6,76 ,91
Sports Flemish -3,425 4,623 ,976 -16,79 9,94
Sports Dutch -13,425* 4,623 ,048 -26,79 -,06
The Voice of Holland Reyers Laat -3,353 1,771 ,410 -8,47 1,76
Pauw 1,069 1,464 ,978 -3,16 5,30
The Voice van Vlaanderen 2,925 1,326 ,242 -,91 6,76
Sports Flemish -,500 4,593 1,000 -13,77 12,77
Sports Dutch -10,500 4,593 ,207 -23,77 2,77
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat -2,853 4,770 ,991 -16,64 10,93
Pauw 1,569 4,665 ,999 -11,91 15,05
The Voice van Vlaanderen 3,425 4,623 ,976 -9,94 16,79
The Voice of Holland ,500 4,593 1,000 -12,77 13,77
Sports Dutch -10,000 6,381 ,621 -28,44 8,44
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat 7,147 4,770 ,666 -6,64 20,93
Pauw 11,569 4,665 ,137 -1,91 25,05
The Voice van Vlaanderen 13,425* 4,623 ,048 ,06 26,79
The Voice of Holland 10,500 4,593 ,207 -2,77 23,77
Sports Flemish 10,000 6,381 ,621 -8,44 28,44
NumberMimp Reyers Laat Pauw ,919 2,021 ,998 -4,92 6,76
The Voice van Vlaanderen -,454 1,915 1,000 -5,99 5,08
The Voice of Holland -,948 1,836 ,995 -6,25 4,36
Sports Dutch 1,471 4,945 1,000 -12,82 15,76
Pauw Reyers Laat -,919 2,021 ,998 -6,76 4,92
The Voice van Vlaanderen -1,373 1,613 ,957 -6,04 3,29
The Voice of Holland -1,866 1,518 ,822 -6,25 2,52
Sports Flemish -,948 4,836 1,000 -14,92 13,03
Sports Dutch ,552 4,836 1,000 -13,42 14,53
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat ,454 1,915 1,000 -5,08 5,99
Pauw 1,373 1,613 ,957 -3,29 6,04
The Voice of Holland -,493 1,375 ,999 -4,47 3,48
Sports Flemish ,425 4,793 1,000 -13,43 14,28
Sports Dutch 1,925 4,793 ,999 -11,93 15,78
The Voice of Holland Reyers Laat ,948 1,836 ,995 -4,36 6,25
Pauw 1,866 1,518 ,822 -2,52 6,25
The Voice van Vlaanderen ,493 1,375 ,999 -3,48 4,47
Sports Flemish ,918 4,762 1,000 -12,84 14,68
Sports Dutch 2,418 4,762 ,996 -11,34 16,18
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat ,029 4,945 1,000 -14,26 14,32
Pauw ,948 4,836 1,000 -13,03 14,92
The Voice van Vlaanderen -,425 4,793 1,000 -14,28 13,43
The Voice of Holland -,918 4,762 1,000 -14,68 12,84
Sports Dutch 1,500 6,615 1,000 -17,62 20,62
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat -1,471 4,945 1,000 -15,76 12,82
Pauw -,552 4,836 1,000 -14,53 13,42
The Voice van Vlaanderen -1,925 4,793 ,999 -15,78 11,93
The Voice of Holland -2,418 4,762 ,996 -16,18 11,34
NumberFrenchisms Reyers Laat Pauw -,256 1,470 1,000 -4,50 3,99
The Voice van Vlaanderen 2,757 1,394 ,360 -1,27 6,78
The Voice of Holland 4,082* 1,336 ,032 ,22 7,94
Sports Flemish -22,118* 3,598 ,000 -32,52 -11,72
Sports Dutch -24,118* 3,598 ,000 -34,52 -13,72
Pauw Reyers Laat ,256 1,470 1,000 -3,99 4,50
The Voice van Vlaanderen 3,013 1,174 ,113 -,38 6,41
The Voice of Holland 4,338* 1,105 ,002 1,15 7,53
Sports Flemish -21,862* 3,519 ,000 -32,03 -11,69
Sports Dutch -23,862* 3,519 ,000 -34,03 -13,69
The Voice van Vlaanderen Reyers Laat -2,757 1,394 ,360 -6,78 1,27
Pauw -3,013 1,174 ,113 -6,41 ,38
The Voice of Holland 1,325 1,000 ,771 -1,57 4,22
Sports Flemish -24,875* 3,488 ,000 -34,95 -14,80
Sports Dutch -26,875* 3,488 ,000 -36,95 -16,80
The Voice of Holland Reyers Laat -4,082* 1,336 ,032 -7,94 -,22
Pauw -4,338* 1,105 ,002 -7,53 -1,15
The Voice van Vlaanderen -1,325 1,000 ,771 -4,22 1,57
Sports Flemish -26,200* 3,465 ,000 -36,21 -16,19
Sports Dutch -28,200* 3,465 ,000 -38,21 -18,19
Sports Flemish Reyers Laat 22,118* 3,598 ,000 11,72 32,52
Pauw 21,862* 3,519 ,000 11,69 32,03
The Voice van Vlaanderen 24,875* 3,488 ,000 14,80 34,95
The Voice of Holland 26,200* 3,465 ,000 16,19 36,21
Sports Dutch Reyers Laat 24,118* 3,598 ,000 13,72 34,52
Pauw 23,862* 3,519 ,000 13,69 34,03
The Voice van Vlaanderen 26,875* 3,488 ,000 16,80 36,95
The Voice of Holland 28,200* 3,465 ,000 18,19 38,21
Sports Flemish 2,000 4,813 ,998 -11,91 15,91
Appendix E. Dataset recorded loanwords
Loan Language
of origin
Catachresis Implicature Speaker Age Age Group Gend er Speaker Language Show
Fitness English Catachrestic I-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Label English Catachrestic I-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Pop English Catachrestic I-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Single English Catachrestic I-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Are you ready English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Crew English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Going through the motions
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Head office English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Reyers Laat
Love you all English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Magic city English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Relaxedheid English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Seventies English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Seventies English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Sixties English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Sixties English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Spaced out English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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What a show, free sex on the street, free drugs on the show, this is fantastic, man!
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Wow man English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Ad Visser 67 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Hobby English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Live English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Popmuziek English Catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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In terms of English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Makeup English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Corbijn dic Dutch Oké English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton
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59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Oké English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Oké English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Team English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Team English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Fake English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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In terms of English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Lounge English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn 59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch Reyers Laat Media exposure
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Pressure English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
Shoot English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Shoot English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Teenagers English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn 59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch Reyers Laat What's the story here
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Anton Corbijn
59 51-75 Male Netherlan dic Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Bruno Tobback
45 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Bruno Tobback
45 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Film English Catachrestic I-implicature Bruno Tobback
45 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Fitness English Catachrestic I-implicature Bruno Tobback
45 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Jobcreatie English Catachrestic M-implicature Bruno Tobback
45 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Fan English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Bruno Tobback
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Tobback Dutch Interestaftrek English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Bruno
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Facebook English Catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Facebook English Catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sociale media English Catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Getest English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Match English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Partners English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Testen English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Dirk Ysebaert 60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat Straightforwar d
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Dirk Ysebaert
60 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Live English Catachrestic I-implicature Frank Deboosere
56 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
Oké English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Frank Deboosere
56 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Wow English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Frank Deboosere
56 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Supporteren English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Frank Deboosere
56 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Films English Catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Films English Catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
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Musicals English Catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Show English Catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Shows English Catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Fan English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Stylen English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Gert Verhulst
47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Verhulst Dutch Kick English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Gert
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47 31-50 Male Belgian Dutch
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Fitness English Catachrestic I-implicature Inga Verhaert 45 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Gestart English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Inga Verhaert 45 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Sites English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Inga Verhaert 45 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Quick fix English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Inga Verhaert 45 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Media English Catachrestic I-implicature Jolien D'Hoore 25 15-30 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Finish English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Jolien D'Hoore 25 15-30 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Media English Catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Mindfulness English Catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Sporten English Catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Sportte English Catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Format English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Format English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Couch potato English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Down English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Fast food English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Oh my God English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Shame on you English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Karen Damen 40 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Budgetten English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Budgetten English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
streetview Stinckens le Dutch Hashtag English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen
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Input English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Input English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Input English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Laptop English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Laptops English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Laptops English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Output English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Sociale media English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Trending topic English Catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Meeting English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
In shock English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
Incentives English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Kathleen Stinckens 48 31-50 Fema le Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat
DNA English Catachrestic I-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Spurt English Catachrestic I-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Focussen English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Focussen English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Underdog English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Underdog English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Koen Geens
57 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Facebook English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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van Gils Dutch Hashtag English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven
van Gils
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Internet English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Live English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Live English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Popmuziek English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Popmuziek English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Rock English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Single English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Single English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sponsor English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
Sport English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sport English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils 51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat Sportprogram ma
English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sprint English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sprint English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sprint English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sprinter English Catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Uptempo English Catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Boost English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Catwalkmodel English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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van Gils Dutch Coach English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven
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51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Coaches English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Hobby English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Impact English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Match English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Matchen English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Show English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Shows English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Song English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sorry English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
Te nemen of te laten
English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Uittesten English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Wow English Non-catachrestic I-implicature Lieven van Gils 51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat Business as usual
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Clip English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Clip English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Closure English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Cover English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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En co. English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Geslowed English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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van Gils Dutch K3 is bigger
than life
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Magic trick English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils 51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat Marketing strategy
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Masterplan English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils 51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch Reyers Laat Much ado about nothing
English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
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Running maid English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Running maid English Non-catachrestic M-implicature Lieven van Gils
51 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Doping English Catachrestic I-implicature Paul van den Bosch
67 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sport English Catachrestic I-implicature Paul van den Bosch
67 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
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Sport English Catachrestic I-implicature Paul van den Bosch
67 51-75 Male Belgian Dutch
