The wind potential in the Senegal Fleuve region near Rosso/Podor and St. Louis

The wind potential in the Senegal Fleuve region near

Rosso/Podor and St. Louis

Citation for published version (APA):

Jongh, de, J. A. (1989). The wind potential in the Senegal Fleuve region near Rosso/Podor and St. Louis. (TU Eindhoven. Vakgr. Transportfysica : rapport; Vol. R-945-D). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1989

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THE WIND POTENTIAL IN THE SENEGAL FLEUVE REGION NEAR ROSSO/POOOR AND ST. LOUIS

J.A. DE JONGH

January 1989

WIND ENERGY GROUP

Technical University Eindhoven Faculty of Physics

R 945 D

Laboratory of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer P.O. Box 513

5600 MB Eindhoven. the Netherlands

Consultancy Services

Wind Energy

Developing Countries

p.O. box 85 3800 ab amersfoort holland

(X)NTENTS Page

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MEASUREMENT STATIONS.

INTERPRETATION OF WIND DATA OF ROSSO.

POooR AND ST. LOUIS 4

2.1 Rosso 4

2.2 Podor 6

2.3 St. Louis 7

3. DERIVATION WIND REGIME OF BOUNOOUM 12

3.1 Introduction 12

3.2 Maximum wind speeds 14

3.3 Windless periods 15

3.4 Diurnal patterns 16

3.5 Weibull k-factor 19

4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20

5. REFERENCES 21

1. INTRODUCTIaf

For a feasibility study on the applicability of wind pumps for the Fleuve region in Senegal. ref. [1] accurate data of the wind regime at the site were required. In first instance a 11 terature survey wa~ made. while during the mission to Senegal. three meteo stations were visited.

In Senegal and Maretanie meteorologic data are systematically gathered by two institutes; the meteorologic service and ASECNA. The latter has placed wind measurement equipment at 12 meteostations. wherewIth data have been acquired over a large number of years. See appendix A.

At these stations are measured (besides data on rainfall. temp. etc.): the wind direction and wind velocity every 3 hours. starting with 0.0 hour. An analysis of these wind data (over the years 70-75) has been reported by Gourieres (1980) see ref. [2] and also very recently by CERER see ref. [3].

However. in these analyses no corrections have been made for the

surrounding obstacles.

Furthermore. CERER states about the wind data collected by ASECNA; "These dates, which exists since some decades. representing the phenomenons which have been derived with the apparatusses, can be feared, also because the fact that they have not been renewed and regular readjustment is lacking." Based on these data. Courieres has fabricated a wind map of Senegal. of which can be expected that the wind velocities he presents are too low. See figure 1.

Also CERER has published a windmap with the ASECNA dates as basic material. They find in geneal some higher wind speeds. but as far as can be traced. no corrections for the surrounding roughness of the anemometers have been made. See figure 2.

To get more insight in the reliability of the wind data the study team has visited the meteostations and ASECNA.

With the obtained extra information the wind data have been corrected and the potential wind regime for Boundoum. the area wherefore a pilotproject was proposed (in ref. [1]), was derived.

•• 0 z u o •• (f '.-, ," • LINGUERE 1.95 mIl N E E BISSAU

Figure 1 Windmap of Senegal. see [2].

U"'lVUt~lT£' ~ ;, bE b~¥,I\R ~ E C 0 '"

,

₁₁₁ C> '" "')' A N E AEPUa.I<U: DU SENE~l Car .. du ¥.nl Vi, .... s mOYt'nnu I~nt map Fig • KAYE~· ISo "'U'"' .. 0 _ _ AI .. lu(. .... lf.

p__

70.'" " 40 ...

•

! -' I t t • • ' ,. • • • ~ . . . ".... *l;t.'OUGoou :

...

.. .. .. .. 'IJ . . .

,

..

.

o

2. IEASUREMENT STATI(I'fS. INTERPRETATIClt OF WIND DATA OF ROSSO, PODOR AND ST. LOUIS

2.1 Rosso

The wind data which were obtained by ASECNA over the years 66-81 were used. see Appendix A2. The wind was measured per day every 3 hours I.e. wind speed and wind direction.

Nothing is known about the calibration of the wind measurement equipment. The anemometer is located on top of a building on a mast with a length of only 1.5 m. The elevation of the anemometer is 6 m.

Obstacles; on the westside. one finds a tree of 6 m. height at a distance of 5 m.

In North-Eastern direction two small houses of ca. 3 m. height are located at 10 m. distance. The surroundings are rather open. See figure 3. and photo 2.

<J

/'HOrD%

f

\

~

Q

~

X

GO

~

[3

0

0

,--- I

Fig. 1. Rosso. Mauretanie

Meteorologique station, anemometer out of service.

i

N

Fig. 4. Surroundings at Podor.

Fig. 2. Rosso. Mauretanie

Meteorologique station, anemometer in service.

Fig. 3. Podor. Senegal

The data obtained by ASECNA uncorrected. averaged over the years 66-81 are:

Month

J

F M A M J

J

A S

o

N D

V aver

m 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.7

Wind dir. E NE N N N W W W W NE E E

Mainly in the months October until February the wind is coming from the N-NE-E quadrant. The wind speed has been corrected for height. roughness

*

and direction. to obtain a potential wind speed Vpot at a height of 12 m

and a roughness of

Z

= 0.03 according

o

roughness tabel of Davenport. see ref. [4J. The parameters are:

Z

= 0.3 (estimated)

or

Z = 6 m.

r

formula of the

KNMI

and the

In the months March until September the wind is mainly blowing from the quadrant N-NW-W.

In the same way the wind speeds have been corrected. with an estimated

Z

_or

of 0.5.

The potential wind speed at 12 m height becomes:

Month J F M A M _{J J} A S 0 N D

V aver _m 4.5 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.4

The average yearly wind speed is: V _{y aver.}

=

4.7 m/sec.

2.2 Podor

The wind data have been obtained by ASECNA over the years 51-81. The wind speed and the wind direction have been measured three times a day.

The anemometer has been placed on a bUilding in the same way as in ROSSO with the anemometer at 6 m height. See fig. 4.

*V

_{pot at 12 m height (instead of the usual 10 m) representing the hub}

Obstacles:

In Eastern direction at a distance of 20 m very high trees of 10 to 15 m are located.

To the West the surroundings are more open. however. only a few months per

year the wind is blowing from the West.

Therefore the data from PODOR cannot be used for the study. see [1]. For wind data see Appendix

B.

2.3 St. Louis

The wind data have been obtained by ASECNA.

Over the years 70-86 the wind speeds have been measured every 3 hours.

The wind direction has been taken from [2]. For the wind data see Appendix C.

At the meteostation on the airport we were told that the data over the years 85-86 were unreliable. due to the used wind registration apparatus

(Type Papillon see photograph 1). New apparatus have been ordered.

About calibration of the anemometer nothing was known.

The anemometer is placed on a truss type tower at a height of ca. 10 m (instead of the height of 12 m as stated on the measurement reports, see Appendix C).

The surroundings has been sketched on a map, see figure 5 on which the directions of the photos taken has been indicated. The wind direction in

St. Louis is only blowing from the quadrant N-NW-W. In this direction fields with trees are located before the anemometer mast with heights around 5 to 6 m at a varying distance of 15-120 m.

f

rRAf:F/<: .,..o/,tlE!.

/t.::I"-Figure 5 Map of the surroundings of the anemometer tower.

Of the measured data by ASECNA the monthly averages over the years 70-80 have been taken. It shows that the monthly averages over the years 85-86 are significantly lower than those over the taken period. which confirms the remark about the unreliability.

The measured values are:

Month J F M A M

_J

_J

A S

o

N D

V aver _m 4.2 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 4.9 4.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8

Wind dir. N

NNNWNNWNNWWNWWNWWWNWNWNNNWN

The wind speeds for the quadrant containing all wind directions have been corrected. See Appendix D with Z

=

0.7.

o

The potential wind speed at 12 m height becomes:

Month J F M A M

_J

J

A S

o

N D

V aver

m 4.9 5.1 6 6.4 6.4 5.7 5.7 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4

The yearly average wind speed has become V aver = 5.2 mlsec at 12 m height

y

with Z

=

0.03. (The measured V aver was 4.5 mlsec at 10 m height.)

o y

Photo 4

Traffic tower.

Photo 5 Buildings plus tree, direction 2 of figure 4.

Photo 6 Small buildings plus trees, direction 3 of figure 4.

Photo 8 Anemometer tower, direction 5 of figure 4.

Photo 9 Predominant wind direction. direction 6 of figure 4.

3. DERIVATIlXf WIND RECIME OF BOUNIXUI

3.1 Introduction

In study [1] a pilot project is proposed near Boundoum. which is situated exactly halfway St. Louis and Rosso, see map fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Map Senegal

The proposed area of the pilot project is a very flat "perimetre" (polder) without obstacles such as trees.

Therefore the mean values of the data of St. Louis and Rosso will be used. taking a roughness height of Z = 0.03. The originally measured wind speeds

have been elevated with 16-26% due to corrections. For elaboration of the corrections see Appendix D.

The corrected potential wind speed in Boundoum at 12 m height with Z

=

0.03 becomes: o Month

J

F M A M J

J

A S

o

N D V pot 4.7 5 5.7 6 5.9 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 6 5 4 3 2

o

J F St. Louis Boundoum Rosso M A M J J A S

o

N D month Fig. 7 The monthly average potential wind speed for

St. Louis, Rosso and Boundoum.

Al though the chosen values of the correction factors are always a bit arbi trairily. the thus obtained picture of the wind speed distribution between St. Louis and Rosso is consistent.

The average yearly wind speed in St. Louis. situated right at the coast, of 5.2 mlsec .. is higher than the wind speed of Rosso of V aver. = 4.7 mlsec.

y

Rosso is situated inland. Due to this situation also the difference in wind speeds between dry and wet season is greater for St. Louis.

St. Louis V dry season

=

5.6 mls

aver V aver wet season

=

4.3 mls

V _aver dry season = 5 mls

Rosso V wet season

=

4.2 mls

3.2 Maxi .... wind speeds

According data from article [2] the max. occurring wind speeds measured in tornados are as follows:

Station Dakar St. Louis Tambacounda Ziguinchor V mlsec 40 51 41 32 Year In a perios of 1962 20 years 1962 20 years 1976 16 years 1968 10 years

It is not clear how these maximum wind speeds have been measured.

As such. these data are not giving the chance that a certain max. wind speed is surpassed wi thin a certain number of years, the socaled "return period Tp" (in years).

To determine the return period, a sufficient range of measured values of max. wind speed per year. should be known. These data could then be plotted on socalled "Gumbel" paper. ref. [5].

The available range of (6) max. wind speeds per year, measured in

St. Louis. from winddata of Appendix Cis:

Year V in mlsec 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 max 18 18 20 15 16 20

When plotted on Gumbel paper. see fig. 8, it can be seen that this range of data is too small to predict an accurate max. wind speed.

Conclusion:

Seen the fact that from the acquired data no prediction can be made. and moreover, that the values of these data are remarkable lower than those of the first mentioned table from article [2] it can be concluded that without further investigation little can be said about expectation of max. occurring wind speeds.

V

1

25 max T = return period p P

=

frequency of the k 20

-

-

....

-

Kth value

•

•

•

n = _{number of Vmax} 15 (6 in this case) K

=

counter of Vmax

values, whereby the

10 value of Vmax is of increasing order 5 2 5 10 20 T

=

1 (l-P k) p k P k = -50

...

n+] T (years) p Figure 8 3.3 Windless periods

During the months August untill February there are lull periods. that is to say the connected periods in days during which the average wind speed is not surpassing 3 mlsec. These lull periods are spread over the months as can be seen from table 1.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 6/4 3 3 3/5 5 7 5/4 4 3 5 4 5 5 4 5n 8 10 5 4 5/4/4/4 4/4

Table 1 Occurrance of lull periods during the years 1976-1984. The number indictes the duration of the period in days.

1984

4 13/8

From this table it can be seen that the most worse period recorded during these years is the month of October 1984.

In Appendix

E

the three hourly recorded wind speeds per day for this month have been given.

From these data it can be seen that because of the diurnal pattern the wind speed increases for at least some hours per day above 3 mlsec. for practically all days of the month. This means that there passes no day during which the windmill is not running for at least a short time.

Moreover the wett season coincides with the lull periods. in which no water pumping is required.

3.4 Diurnal patterns

From the wind speed data which have been recorded every three hours. it can be seen that there is a very consistent diurnal pattern.

In figure 9 the diurnal pattern has been drawn of the original wind data from St. Louis for the year 1979.

The patterns are arranged according similarity in four groups: group 1:

group 2: group 3: group 4:

the months March and April

the months May. june. july and August

the months September. October and November the months December. january and February In group 4 also the data of Rosso have been indicated.

In figure 9 the diurnal pattern of the data measured at the meteo station

of Rosso has been drawn. Here the wind speed is only measured three times a day. The similarity with the diurnal pattern of St. Louis however. can

clearly be seen. The differences between day and night are quite large. When during night time the wind speeds drop to values between 3 to 4 mlsec .• in daytime they rise up to 6 mlsec around 12.00 hours during the dry season.

vf

3 6, 9. 12 1,5 18 21 24 8 6 6 March ~ 4 4 2 o 6 4

.

_--

.

_...

""

-

---~-... ~ 2 o 6 4 2 6 4

---.

2 o 3 6 9 15 18 21 24 hour-'"

Figure 9 The diurnal patterns of St. Louis. data of the year 1979. See appendix ell.

o 6 4 April March 2 o 6 4 2 June o 6 4 2 6 4 2 o 6 12 18

Figure 10 The diurnal patterns of Rosso. data of the year 1979.

3.5 Weibull k-factor

From available data, see Appendix C, the cumulative frequency distribution can be plotted on Weibull paper, giving as a yearly average a Weibull k-factor of k

=

2.6, see Appendix F.

This is however for the uncorrected data.

Moreover it can be assumed that seen the wind climate in Senegal. there are seasons which have a quite different wind regime, the k-factor will vary

considerably over the seasons. This effect has been studied by

E.H. ABu Bakr, see [6] concerning the wind climate in the Sudan.

Seen the restricted budget for the feasibility study [1] this effect was not studied and for calculation of wind pump output a k-factor of k

=

2 has been taken, giving a rather conservative output.

1:. GENERAL cma..USIOOS AND RECOMMENDATIOOS

1. After examination of the circumstances under which the wind is measured for three stations in Senegal and Mauretanie. it appeared that the average wind speeds as indicated on the existing windmaps

[2], [3]. [7]

are too low for these stations due to the fact that no correction for the roughness and obstacles of the surroundings were measured. Probably no corrections for the height of the anemometer have been made.

Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that this will be valid for more stations.

So it may be concluded that the existing windmaps in general indicate too low average wind speeds.

2.

The windmaps

[2], [3]

and

[7]

do not mention the diurnal patterns. which causes a much higher wind speed during the day, which causes the wind pumps to deliver water practically each day, although some times for a short period.

This effect thus reduces the actual lull periods.

3. Both effects mentioned under 1) and 2) attribute to a larger area of application of wind pumps then is assumed in the study of Paulissen en van Doorn [8].

llecOlDDendation

Although there is a considerable amount of wind data available. these data are often not checked .on their exactness, neglecting the circumstances under which has been measured.

It is therefore recommended to check the existing data on their

5. REFERENC£S

[1] Le pompage dans Ie delta du Fleuve Senegal. l'energie eolienne accentuee. Draft report jan. 1988.

J. Hoevenaars. ILRI

J. de Jongh. CWOITUE, the Netherlands

[2] Wind energy in Senegal: geographical repartition. Dr. Le Courieres University of Dakar.

Presented at the Third International Symposium on Wind Energy Sytems, Aug. 26-29-1980 at TU Lyngby.

[3] CWEP (Global Windpump Evaluation Programme)

Country study on Senegal by CERER, May 1987 DAKAR Senegal. draft report. commissioned to CWO by the World Bank.

[4] Davenport tabel.

[5] Windklimaat van Nederland.

J. Wieringa and P.J. Rijkoort. KNMI. De Bilt. the Netherlands.

[6] A method to obtain a wind model for the boundary layer in a representative tropical region.

E.H. ABu Bakr et al .• Technical University Eindhoven. the Netherlands. Presented at EWEA Conference 7-9 October 1986. Rome.

[7] Energie Eolienne. etude applique

a

I' Afrique occidentale Fran~alse

Service Meteorologique, Nov. 1957.

[8] L'Energie eolienne dans Ie Sahel par L.M. Paulissen et J.C. van Doorn. Mars. 1977. SWD. the Netherlands.

[9] Introduction to Wind Energy by E.H. Lysen. CWO report 82-1. 1982. [10] Wind Pumping Handbook by JooP van Meel and Paul Smulders.

CWO draft report. March 1987. commissioned to CWO by the Worldbank as part of the GWEP programme.

APPENDIX At Dakar Diourbel Kaolack Kedougou Kolda linguere Matam Podol" St. Louis Tambacounda Thies Zinguinchor

Average wind speed (mIsec) per month

J

F M A M

J

J

A S O N D 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.B 5.3 1.54.1 4.1 3.7 4.6 4.6 5.6 4.62 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.2 O.B 0.6 3.6 4.2 1.97 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.B 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.B 1.3 1.7 2.4 2.63 1.4 1.B 1.B 2.0 2.3 1.5 1.5 1.2 1 0.9 O.B 1.1 1.44 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 O.B O.B 0.7 0.5 5.5 5.5 0.B4 2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.32.5 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.B 1.5 1.9 1.99 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.B 1.7 1.4 O.B 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.75 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.B 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.10 4.1 4.65.4 5.B 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.3 3.B 3.7 3.3 4.0 4.35 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.B 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.B 2.01 3 3.6 4 3.9 3.1 2.B 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.4 2.63 2.1 1.9 2.B 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.15

Wind prevailing directions

Station

J

F M A M

J

J

A S 0 N D Dakar N N N N N NNW NW WNW NW NNW N N Diourbel N N N N NNW NNW NNW NW NW NNW N N Kaoloack N N NNW NNW WNW WSW WSW WSW W W N W Kedougou NE N N NW W W W W NW NW NW NE Kolda NE NNE N N W W SW SW SW W N NE

linguere N NNE NNE NW NW W W SW SW NW NNE NNE

Matam E E E NE W W W W W E E E

Podol" NE NE NNE N NNW W W W W NNE NNE NE

St. Louis N N NNW NNW NNW WNW WNW W WNW NNW NNW N

Tambacounda NE NE NNE N W WEW WEW WEW W W E E

Zinguinchor NNE N NW WNW W W W WEW WSW W N NNE

APPENDIX A2

The average wind speed per month and per year in mlsec with direction for station Rosso over the period 1966-1981 measured by ASECNA.

J F M A M J

1966 E 3,2 N 3,5 N 4,3 N 4,4 N 5,9 W 1967 E 4,0 NE 5,0 ENE 3,2 N 4,5 NNW 4,2 W 1968 ENE 4,0 NE 4,0 N 4,4 N 3,6 NW 5,6 W 1969 ENE 3,4 NNE 4,0 NNE 4,6 NE 5,1 N 3,8 NW 1970 NE 3,0 E 2,9 N 4,0 N 3,5 NW 3,5 W 1971 E 3,5 NE 3,7 N 4,1 N 4,5 N 4,3 W 1972 ENE 3,1 NE 4,1 NE 5,0 N 4,1 NNE 4,1 W 1973 E 4,1 N 4,0 N 3,2 N 4,1 N 4,5 W 1974 NE 4,5 NE 4,0 NE 4,5 N 4,5 N 4,5 W 1975 E 4,5 E 4,0 NE 3,5 N 4,0 N 4,0 W 1976 E 4,0 NE 4,0 NE 4,0 N 4,0 N 4,0 W 1977 NE 3,0 E 4,5 E 4,5 N 4,5 N 4,0 W 1978 NE 5,5 N 4,0 NE 4,5 M 4,0 N 4,0 W 1979 NNE 3,0 E 5,0 ENE 4,5 NE 4,5 NW 3,5 W 1980 N 3,0 NE 4,0 N 4,0 N 4,5 N 4,0 W 1981 E 4,5 ME 5,0 M 4,5 N 7,0 N 4,5 W 3,77 3,98 4,21 4,40 4,15 J 5,8 W 4,2 W 4,8 NW 4,1 NW 4,3 W 5,5 W 4,0 W 3,6 W 4,0 W 4,0 W 4,0 W 4,0 W 4,0 W 4,0 W 5,0 W 4,5 W 4,1 A s

o

N o 4,2 W 3,0 W 3,0 E 2,3 NE 3,5 E 2,9 NNE 3,5 3,5 W 3,3 W 2,0 N 2,5 N 3,0 HE 3,0 NNE 3,5 3,6 NW 4,0 NW 3,6 NNW 3,1 N 3,0 ENE 4,0 NNW 4,0 3,3 WNW 3,0 WNW 2,8 NNW 3,0 MNE 3,1 NE 3,0 NNE 3,6 3,5 W 3,0 W 2,9 M 2,8 E 2,5 ME 3,0 NNE 3,2 3,5 W 5,3 W 2,9 E 2,5 N 3,1 NE 3,0 NNE 3,5 4,0 W 3,0 W 2,9 W 3,0 NE 2,1 ME 3,3 ENE 3,5 4,0 W 4,2 W 2,5 NE 4,2 E 4,5 NE 3,1 N 4,3 5,0 W 4,0 W 3,5 N 3,5 H 4,0 E 4,5 M 4,2 4,8 W 3,5 WNW 3,0 E 4,0 E 4,0 E 4,0 E 4,0 4,0 W 3,5 W 3,0 ME 4,5 E 4,0 ME 3,5 W 4,0 4,0 W 4,0 W 3,0 N 4,0 E 4,0 E 4,5 W 4,0 4,0 W 3,0 W 3,5 E 3,5 E 3,5 E 4,0 N 4,0 4,0 W 3,5 W 3,5 NW 4,0 M 3,0 E 4,0 NW 3,5 4,5 W 3,0 W 3,0 N 5,0 E 3,5 E 5,0 N 4,0 5,0 W 4,5 W 3,5 ME 4,0 E 4,5 E 5,0 W 6,5 3,05 3,46 3,48 3,74 3,83

APPENDIX A3

Source:

Place and land: Measurement station: Geographical coordinates: Situation: anemometer: surroundings: Measuring period: Type of data: Yearly averages Monthly averages Dayly averages

Measurements 3/4 x per day 3-hourly intervalls per month per day I-hourly intervalls per month per day

maximum wind speeds lull periods

Remarks:

ASECNA-DAKAR

13 stations. Mauretanie. o.a. Rosso div.

div

height above the ground: type:

1966-1980

wind speed (in ... ) wind dIrection

10 degrees wind rose (0-36)

x x

x

x x

ASI:l.:NA ... 3144 • DAKAR MAURITANIE STATIONS NOUAkCHOTT AiOUN [L ATR lKJOUJT ATAR BIR MOGHREIN 8CUTILIMIT QAKHU F'DERIK KAEDI (IRATI UFFA NEMA NOUAOHleou ROSSO TlOJIKJA lOUERATE

7Jt>/~AJ,.

SH'&y

RESUME MENSUEl D'OBSERVATIONS METEOROlOGIQUES

VENT AU SOL - PRESSION - PH_NOMINES

WIT "TAlI'

...

MIftI _WIT

"'All'

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₌ 00 hI '<1

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N 33 ~2, 75 10 15 ~3 79 10 03 ~4 18

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3 () X 1 1 o X I xx

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)( ₀₂₁₁₃

nIl

()4 _{~3! 61t 1} 05 :n 30 1 XX XX X 9919. 0056 rr .) (. Ii (, X '.; (I .• ' X 36~1 I 1 32 )1 50 17 56 11 06

_ltll23

1 23

n

21 3 33 t)o 12 86 XX XX X 9791* 9944 G r, _{I 2} n 3 , .) XX

,x

X (,] t)O 10 1(' 08 PI 21t 8 02 t)1 42 13 XX XX x* 96l1t* 9788 U \, o C 0

x

(j (I C x XX 'X X 01 i)2 79 17 01 ~2 7~ 18 02 1)1 "11 20 xx XX X· 9987· 0100

o

0

o

I 0

o

lJ n XX (X

I

X 06 )3 61 5 11

rn

24 1 21 00 8 2 XX

xx

X 9149- 9869

o

0

o

1 (j l( () 0 .:'I X I XX xx x

x

x

o

0 0

o

0

x

0 U f) x 03 )1 _{86 17 03} )t _{89 lit 05 )2 82 1 06 tl2 80 13 XX XX} X _9911· ~OO31 n IJ u 0 o x

z

~ :1 It XX (X _{X 09 j4 81 1 10} )5 81 1 08 1)2 13 2 XX XX X 9757. 9861 o c' 6 1

o

X U 1 0 li

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.,

34 ~ZO II 1 lO071- .. 0209 6 3 IJ 6 o 0 I) 3 f"I 8

XX

ex

x 01 in 84 21 05 03 92 9 02 :'2 81 9 XX XX X ~O054. .. 0187

o

1

o

It o X 0 2 .' II.

APPENDIX 81

Source:

Place and land: Measurement station: Geographical coordinates: Situation: anemometer: surroundings: Measuring period: TYJ?e of data: Yearly averages Monthly averages Dayly averages

Measurements 3/4 x per day 3-hourly intervalls per month per day I-hourly intervalls per month per day

maximum wind speeds lull periods Remarks:

ASECNA-DAKAR

Podor. Senegal o 0 - 16 00 N: 15 00 W

height above the ground: type:

1951-1981

wind speed (in ... ) wind direction

10 degrees wind rose (0-36)

APPENDIX 82

-r;

_{f>IC/ft. SI,/!el}

... P..O .

.D ..

o ....

R .. _ ... Vent.. ...

Q.6.0..0 ... ...

T ...

..

U ... .

A·SECNA

Explolfatlon Meteorologlque

.. Af.?'1

..

Wh.~IttJIJMA"

...0.

r

fJ.·1 ..

().~

.

.c.

.4-3 . .fh1.

.!

3

.A ..

l.J·f ..

~~

...

D!1.

l/~1t. !)~3..._..

. ...

V.eJtfdt'J'IlI'nfl¥:.

Cae ..

OIl

CAl ..

fA.l.C«.l"

JU

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f

fie..

t:Rl

...d

f.lZ..

. .... .

.. __ .. _

... _

.. _ ...

__~

.

. J&,'&'s.re

f1D(j ..

elJ.!l<.

0.11

A·:3.C!.'

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fl£.. ..

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APPENDIX Cl

Source:

Place and land: Measurement station: Geographical coordinates: Situation: anemometer: surroundings: Measuring period: Type of data: Yearly averages Monthly averages Dayly averages

Measurements 3/4 x per day 3-hourly intervalls per month per day I-hourly intervalls per month per day

maximum wind speeds lull periods Remarks: ASECNA-DAKAR (J. Hoevenaars. 1987) St. Louis. Senegal St. Louis Airport 160 03 N. 100 27' W

height above the ground: 10 m type: Papillon

2.16 above sea level October 1974

wind speed (in ... ) wind direction

x x x x x x

10 degrees wind rose (0-36)

APPENDIX C2 , ; . ,~, ,. ,DII[CTION D£ I:ExPlOlTATION

TABLEAU

CLIMATOtOGUaUE'

o;i f;.:. ~ ~ ;00 >,'~ ~.

;

~.

J

_~ . M£'TEOROlOGlQUE . , " .. ' . ' . ' .

MENSU£L "

.; "~, .~. . -...

....vre.

d·.,~ ... ti. to S'ohol'l : (8

""'at,- .... ' ... )

::~"]~~~'

5[U[GAL

ClI.'i/2L.t < : ET'AT

----I

Ahit\lde dl' Ie cuv!'!t! dv boro...etre

-li.S1--

Cor Inst'" :~Cor Grovite : __ . _

Houteu r ~e !.one"',olT'etrE' 01.4 dl:ssvs dv sol

:-gPt

i

!:, ___

~~

______

Type dlt I onemo"..,etrlt : _____ ... _ _ ~_

Nombre de COntQC~ <iu tro ... smetteur de 10 giroui!tte : __ ,._~

Nature du p'uvlomerre enregiStf£.;r . .0 .. ~rh Cyllndre . .11. t

Noture de t"heliogrophe . _ .•.• _ .. _ _ _ ~~A • VI

Noh.I'1! des eVODQrometres : _ _ _ _ _ , __ ._~ ~ I

Ncture de I'ocllnometre : _. ____ , _ ... .. __ ... _-.tiIIL-. _ _ _ _

'"'~ " " " .. < " . , ' .'", ~ : ,-, " , . , : . " : ' , ' , '

Ren~_tlls "', Ie$ eho~'.

menls d'inslo11ot1vn eI d'tqulpe.,'

,",nl de 10.

stotiOn:

"

"

I;

D.AS':·

"

A . . dv t.,,"oou ~ .... oir . . . . 10 ... "" 1<I ... ..t ""' ... ,_O'!..-... .

• "U.Oo ... T. U. (~ .... _ _ II,

1.0000OU'Il EST-,II\101. HEURE OU FUSbU. IL EST I J100 ... 1 ",-"", ..

R£SUMt CliMATOLOGIQUE DU MOIS

Tft'f'lpf.raturt (e~ deg"e~-Cel:.\ .• ~ I!'; ~ X.~·N~))

M,..,.","" m*ttlJ,ttU .. crt', M'1\'~"1'!'l1 Tn . ___ -»~

___

~_ ~,--.-.:::.:...;:~.::..r::;...:=r:.:..r::..;rrT.:..r:~:....;;;-;T'_r...,--t"'",...,._:i

MoJ*!'o"" *'4tl\lvellc ~fl ~C1."lmu",. r; , __ --'Lll~._

.May . . . .

¥ ,---

.11 51. _ _ ._ t-.--" ... ;-.-i-l--+-+--I-...j..-j..-+-t~f_I_+_+_++_+_+-.,...,

"" .. ,"'-.~"'. ; . ....J.6.A..._ II ... : ~ ,SL-_____ J--=-~i_;_+_+...;..-+_1f-+-+-++-+-ir_"l__t_+_+_'i_1r.::~':1

MaIH'''"", cbs;.h. ' itA 0 4ec. : ~6 -+ ~. _ _ H _ _ J-::::..j.~-t_+--!---+ ... f-+-+-+__1-t-+_+__1-r+_+_t7"'-;

Moyennt' e"obdl."M lei-pi",. Hut '.~.f5.~ deut'· kl~", ___ _

• Moy.r'I"e quot.;6,tJ'U";f' 'c ph .... 1 . . . ~~Ot. _~ __

Prttlp,!.",ons : '

HtWtf'u" d' . . v r~(.utHljt 4l1"1 ""til· _ ~i ______ ~ ___ "

0111'..-t(;t:1,~ fJ'! n.e.J,j'""" It dl".'f:mti" _ i-i __ _ H •• "o" "'<''''''0'' .. l< , ... 5..1. ___ delO

1.:'1=-lfluu,,'t' rf'''"'-O'::<.tOb1f' ___ , _ ",-Ih."'.... dl..'"tf

Evaporc,;", . "'''' •• t tOto'. I~ """: p'o;r..\.oU. floac

'n,ohu,o!'l:: d ... e l..,rcj~ en M",rtt:. ~6..L --- ---~.-'"..;..-.. -.-" ... ---+-+-4-_-If-.j....+_+-'I__I_+_+_1I_+_~'""i

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APPENDIX C4 Source:

Place and land: Measurement station: Geographical coordinates: Situation: anemometer: surroundings: Measuring period: Type of data: Yearly averages Monthly averages Dayly averages

Measurements 3/4 x per day 3-hourly intervalls per month per day I-hourly intervalls per month per day

maximum wind speeds lull periods

Remarks:

ASECNA-DAKAR

St. Louis, Senegal St. Louis, Airport

height above the ground: 10 m type: Papillon

trees, close together. height ca. 6 m. at a varying distance of 10-100 m

(for the prevailing wind directions) 2 years (1985-1986)

wind speed (in ... ) wind direction

x x

x

x

x

10 degrees wind rose (0-36)

APPENDIX C5

Explanation or table:

- rules: each rule represent one day (of the month)

- columns: odd columns: 1 until/15 OIR

=

wind direction (3600/10) even colums: 2116

VIr

=

wind speed (m/sec)

- headline:

~Of the day on which measurements are taken

- last rule: even columns represent the wind speed averages per month at a certain hour of the day.

- column 17

=

sum of wind speeds per day - column 18

=

average wind speed per day

- last rule: column 17 and 18 is the average wind speed per BK)nth - columns 19/20-21 are respect:

OIR

=

wind direction

VIr

=

wind speed HEURE

=

hour

of the maximum instanteous wind speed per day

APPENDIX a;

-r;,P/~dl ~Eey

1+ 0.3 .3 ~ .6 L/. : ?J> 2>.6" ,3.{; 0," (; :.t;" G 3~ ₅ 3(; O~ S 34 5 3(; _{S 174} !\ t· :; o-tt 3 o.() S Ob S

7

s

VII. Ott. VII. ~' ya.,

12 " 1.... " '6 ., (;8 @ ,.3 ..!-3.4 3J,I. tr1J. 3~ l!1I 12~ 3.<.1 3U o~ 36 6 3,*

.3 06 .I] O.t- .t..o~ f

G ! C1f ,_..3-1 3G..;_ ~1.,a6 .... ~_G 3-.2 4.1011

,-s,--j

a~

-1

;3(;

1fa$~:r~~~~

7

r~~' '-"Y--"'-"'-+--'~~~~ ;....lL.-t"3,-,! . ~

;.3G.l_'L

3'J

b~ ~ :.3.1l +--+-,,3=1:. . 3 ~~.t I 5 04b_~4 ! ~ I S~" ~~,_~ 6

t{-

~~

':.3'

·-~io~

.

.3 ~Gl4 5 ~

.3

~ 31+ .

..3_ ...

3.IL S~ 1+

o 'U,.~l~g ',.It !~J.I

43

~f i 50 ' ,13'; 4tl ~~b 4 )

:wli ;

_I

"1'1

_j I' ,I •. ! _:

APPENDIX

cr

Source: ASECNA-DAKAR

Place and land: St. Louis. Senegal

Measurement station: St. Louis. Airport

Geographical coordinates: see before

Situation: anemometer: height above the ground: I () ...

type: see before surroundings:

Measuring period: 1970-1986 monthly averages

1976-1986 3-hourly values/month

Type of data:

wind speed (in ... ) wind direction 10 degrees wind rose

Yearly averages Monthly averages Dayly averages

Measurements 3/4 x per day

3-hourly intervalls per month per day I-hourly intervalls per month per day

maximum wind speeds lull periods

Remarks: Minimum wind speeds

<

3 m/sec )

(0-36)

1961-1970-1986

1976-1986

for October 1984

)for 1976-1986 + lull periode V

<

3 m/sec. 3-4 m/sec )

APPEl'IDIX

m

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 jan. 4.4 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.6 3.15 3.7 4.5 4.1 fev. 4.5 4.3 5.5 4.9 5.4 4.1 4.7 5.2 4.9 mar. 5.1 6.7 5.5 5.7 6.1 4.6 5.0 5.9 5.6 avr. 5.6 5.8 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 mal 5.6 6.4 5.7 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.8 6.3 4.4 juin 5.2 6.5 5.8 5.3 5.8 4.8 4.8 5.2 4.7 jull 4.4 6.4 4.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.5 5.3 3.5 aout 4.1 5.4 4.5 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.4 2.8 sep 3.0 5.1 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.8 2.5 oct 3.8 -4.2 3.5 4.5 3.3 2.2 3.2 -4.0 2.9 nov -4.0 3.9 3.9 4.1 2.9 3.4 4.0 -4.2 3.1 dec 4.0 4.3 -4.5 -4.4 3.5 3.4 -4.6 -4.2 3.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 V _mean jan. 3.65 3A9 3.92 4.28 -4.29 4.5 -4.9 5.1 -4.9 3.6 3.8 -4.22 feb. 3.00 -4.00 4.57 5.87 -4.22 -4.4 -4.3 5.0 -4.4 -4.7 -4.3 4.43 mar. -4.34 5.00 5.30 4.85 6.26 -4.9 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.7 5.19 avr. -4.2-4 5A7 5.71 5.33 6.20 6.5 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.6 6.0 5.54 mal -4.65 5.09 5.86 5.22 5.75 6.-4 5.7 6.1 5.3 -4.8 6.1 5.54 juin -4.12 -4.36 5.11 4.83 5.56 5.5 5.1 5.2 -4.8 -4.8 4.8 4.93 juil -4.17 -4.24 5.49 5.40 5.-45 -4.6 5.6 4.8 5.2 -4.9 -4.1 -4.90 aout 3.22 3.51 -4.90 3.90 3.87 -4.74 -4.7 4.2 3.8 -4.0 3.6 4.04 sep. 3.82 3.92 -4.34 4.23 3.68 3.96 4.5 2.8 3.28 3.7 3.2 3.77 oct. 3.33 3.66 -4.56 3.65 3.69 3.6 4.5 4.0 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.74 nov. 3.25 3.68 3.63 3.81 4.13 4.23 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.68 dec. 3.19 3.31 -4.52 3.70 4.20 4.41 4.3 3.9 3.4 3.3 -4.0 3.84

1981 1982 1983 198-4 1985 1986 mean mean mean 1970-1986

6 ans 70-80 76-86 jan. 3.8 3A -4.5 4.6 3.7 -4.6 4.1 -4.2 -4.3 -4.2 feb. -4.6 -4.-4 -4.5 4.7 4.7 4.3 -4.5 -4.4 -4.5 -4A mar. 5A -4.1 4.7 5.1 5.0 -4.8 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.1 apr. 6.1 5.2 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 mai 5.1 5.5 5.2 4.9 5.5 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.4 juin -4.5 4.6 -4.3 -4.8 -4.6 -4.7 4.6 -4.9 -4.7 4.8 juil 4.2 -4.3 5.1 -4.6 4.0 -4.8 4.5 4.9 4.7 -4.8 aout 4.6 2.5 -4.5 3.8 3.0 -4.1 3.8 -4.0 3.9 3.9 sep. 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.8 3.4 3.6 oct. 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.3 2.9 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.5 nov. 2.6 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.6 dec. 2.2 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.7

APPENDIX C9

Three-hourly average wind speeds per month over the years 1976-1986 at St. Louis airport

Year

1976 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 mean <3m1s 3-4mls lull

hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour a b period

< 3 mls

>

5 days jan. 3.9 3.5 4.0 4.4 6.8 6.3 5.8 4.4 4.9 0 2 feb. 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.9 5.6 5.1 5.4 4.1 4.3 1 6 mar. 4.8 4.5 3.8 4.6 5.2 7.3 6.3 4.9 5.2 1 3 avr. 5.1 4.5 3.7 4.8 5.5 7.5 7.3 5.5 5.5 1 mai 4.5 4.8 4.1 5.4 6.4 7.2 7.5 5.8 5.7 3 juin 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.7 6.3 7.2 7.0 4.3 5.1 1 3 jull 5.5 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.9 6.8 6.8 5.2 5.6 1 aout 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.2 5.2 6.7 5.9 4.7 4.7 4 10 sep. 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.7 5.5 6.5 5.4 4.5 4.5 2 11 oct. 3.6 3.5 3.0 4.4 5.2 6.5 5.9 4.1 4.5 2 6 nov. 3.5 2.9 3.0 3.7 5.3 5.9 5.1 3.5 4.1 3 9 dec. 3.9 3.2 3.5 4.1 5.0 5.4 5.0 4.2 4.3 4 5

1981 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 mean < 3 3-4 lull max.

hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour period wind

speed jan. 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.3 5.9 4.9 3.9 3.1 3.8 6 13

-

12 feb. 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.4 5.6 5.9 5.9 4.4 4.6 2 5

-

15 mar. 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.5 6.1 7.1 6.5 4.8 5.4 3

-

14 apr. 5.7 5.1 4.5 5.6 5.5 7.9 7.7 6.5 6.1 2

-

15 mal 4.7 4.0 2.5 4.5 5.1 7.1 7.1 5.5 5.1 2 3

-

12 juin 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.8 5.5 6.5 6.0 4.2 4.5 1 7

-

13 jull 3.7 2.8 2.7 3.7 5.1 5.9 5.7 4.3 4.2 6 9

-

17 aout 4.4 3.9 3.1 3.8 4.9 6.0 6.0 4.5 4.6 3 6

-

18 sep. 3.2 2.0 2.3 3.1 4.1 5.0 4.1 3.5 3.4 11 7 4d 16 oct. 3.2 2.8 2.5 3.1 4.5 5.3 4.7 3.6 3.7 6 14

-

9 nov. 1.8 1.0 1.3 2.4 4.2 4.4 3.5 2.3 2.6 19 8 Sd.7d 8 dec. 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.0 3.3 3.8 2.4 1.5 2.2 26 3 compI 9 Source: ASECNA

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