The genre mask: Rhetorical style and audience activation in the investigation film - Thesis
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(3) The Genre Mask. Rhetorical Style and Audience Activation in the Investigation Film. Elan Gamaker University of Amsterdam 2015.
(4) Cover artwork Film still from The Testament of Dr Mabuse (Das Testament des Dr Mabuse, copyright Nero Film); illustration by Michelle Williams Gamaker. The Genre Mask Rhetorical Style and Audience Activation in the Investigation Film. © 2015 Elan Gamaker All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam WXOMbIO^IVLM:MK\WZ5IOVQÅK][ prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde KWUUQ[[QMQVPM\WXMVJIIZ\M^MZLMLQOMVQVLM)]TILMZ=VQ^MZ[Q\MQ\ WX^ZQRLIOVW^MUJMZ \M"]]Z door Elan David Asanka Gamaker OMJWZMV\M2WPIVVM[J]ZOB]QL)NZQSI.
(5) Contents. Promotiecommissie Promotor: Copromotor:. prof. dr. M.G. Bal dr. P.W.J. Verstraten. Universiteit van Amsterdam Universiteit Leiden. Overige leden: . prof. dr. C.P. Lindner XZWNLZ2*IM\MV[ prof. dr. F.E. Kessler dr. C.M. Lord dr. E. Peeren. Universiteit van Amsterdam 3=4M]^MV Universiteit Utrecht Universiteit van Amsterdam Universiteit van Amsterdam. .IK]T\MQ\LMZ/MM[\M[_M\MV[KPIXXMV. Thanks Introduction Genre and its Mask Political Filmmaking <PM;XMKQÅK[WN )UJQO]Q\a . 7 9. . 11 15 . . 1: Genre as Rhetorical Style =VLMÅVQVO/MVZM )4QVO]Q[\QK+]T\]ZIT)XXZWIKP :PM\WZQKIT;\aTMWN \PM/MVMZQK:MIT. 23 . . . . 2: The Investigation Film /MVMZQK8ZQVKQXTM[ Pistols and Propaganda 3]ZW[I_I"7KK]XI\QWVIVL8ZMWKK]XI\QWV. 51 . . . . . 57 . 3: Genre Under Scrutiny. 81. ?MQUIZ,a[\WXQI"+IOML)VQUIT[IVL3IVOIZWW+W]Z\[ )KKM[[IVL-OZM[["<MKPVWTWOaI[\PM4WK][WN 8W_MZ ):MK]ZZQVO6QOP\UIZM"0IVMSMIVL/MZUIVa¼[5WV[\MZ[ <W\PM>IVQ[PQVO8WQV\"?Q\VM[[I[5MUWZa . ! . 4: Investigating the Form. 125. <PM8WTQ\QK[WN +ZQUM"NZWU»?PWL]VQ\¼\W»?PaL]VQ\¼ ;WKQM\a¼[\W*TIUM"+ZQUQVITQ\a8[aKPWTWOaIVL/MVLMZ 8TIa*]\\WV[IVL8IZIVWQI"<MKPVWTWOaQV8W[\<ZI]UI\QK.QTU[. . 5: Revisionism and Activation :W\\MV\W\PM+WZM"5a[\MZaI\\PM0MIZ\WN ;WKQM\a )TT+IVVW\*M:MKTIQUML";WKQM\aI[\PM-`\MV[QWVWN \PM.ZWV\QMZ <PQ[.MI\]ZMTM[[4IVL[KIXM"1V^M[\QOI\QWVI[;MIZKPNWZ8TIKM .QTUUISMZI[8MZX)]LQMVKMI[1V^M[\QOI\WZ. <PMKWUXTM\QWVWN \PQ[[\]La_I[UILMXW[[QJTM_Q\P\PMI[[Q[\IVKMWN \PM);+) .QVQ[PQVO.MTTW_[PQX. . Epilogue References Filmography List of Figures Summary Samenvatting. 169 . ! . 213 219 235 239 243 249.
(6) Thanks. 1_W]TLTQSM\W\PIVSUa[]XMZ^Q[WZ[8ZWNM[[WZ5QMSM*ITIVL,Z8M\MZ>MZ[\ZI\MV NWZ\PMQZPIZL_WZS O]QLIVKMIVL XI\QMVKM\PZW]OPW]\\PQ[ XZWKM[[I[ _MTTI[ \PMQZM`\ZIWZLQVIZa[XMMLIVLSVW_TMLOML]ZQVO\PMXZWKM[[ <PQ[XZW^QLMLQV^IT]IJTMPMTXQVUaZM[MIZKPIVLITTW_MLUM\WUIQV\IQVUa UWUMV\]UAW]Z\Z][\IVLJMTQMN QVUM_QTTVW\JMNWZOW\\MV 5a \PIVS[ OW IT[W \W \PM R]LOQVO XIVMT WN \PM );+) .QVQ[PQVO .MTTW_[PQX :MKMQ^QVO\PQ[I_IZL_I[I\ZMUMVLW][PWVW]ZIVL[]KP[]XXWZ\_I[QV^IT]IJTM QVPMTXQVOUMW^MZ\PMÅVQ[PTQVM1IUIT[WOZI\MN]T\W\PMLWK\WZI\MKWUUQ\\MM NWZ\ISQVO\PM\QUM\WZM^QM_UaZM[MIZKPIVL\WJMXZM[MV\I\UaLMNMVKM 5a [QVKMZM OZI\Q\]LM OWM[ \W );+) 5IZOZMM\ >MZUM]TMV 0W\bM 5]TLMZ 1VOMJWZO+IVQ[Q][-TWM3QVOUI8ZWNM[[WZ<ZM^WZ,MZZa+PZQ[\QVM,QZIKIVL :QOWQVXIZ\QK]TIZNWZ[\MMZQVOUM\PZW]OPMUW\QWVITIVLJ]ZMI]KZI\QKLM\IQT[ _PQKPIZMWN\MV\PM[IUM)VL\W4M[TMa0MaTMVIVL5QZIa5MPUM\.WV\IVMTTQ NWZaW]ZOMVMZW[Q\aIVLXZWNM[[QWVITQ[U 1 _W]TL IT[W TQSM \W \PIVS 8PQTQX IVL 1VLZIVQ ?QTTQIU[ NWZ \PMQZ []XXWZ\ \PZW]OPW]\\PMXZWKM[[AW]VW_PI^M\_WLWK\WZ[QV\PMNIUQTaVMQ\PMZWN _PWU KIVXMZNWZUWXMVPMIZ\[]ZOMZa .QVITTaÅZ[\TaIVLNWZIT_Ia[UaTW^QVOQVKZMLQJTa[]XXWZ\Q^MIVLM`\ZIWZLQVIZQTa \ITMV\ML_QNM,Z5QKPMTTM?QTTQIU[/IUISMZIVLUa[UIZ\[]VTQ\LI]OP\MZ2]TQI )TM`IVLZI ;WUI /IUISMZ JWZV JMNWZM 1 JMOIV ITT \PQ[ IVL J]Z[\QVO _Q\P TQNM JMaWVL Q\ AW]Z WVOWQVO []XXWZ\ IVL TW^M OW\ UM \PQ[ NIZ IVL _QTT OM\ UM \W \PZW]OP\PMVM`\XZWRMK\IVL\PMVM`\ ?Q\PW]\aW]JW\PTQNM_W]TLJMTMN\\WUMZM\PMWZa. 7.
(7) Introduction. L’enquête ce n’est jamais le coeur d’un film, c’est un genre. Ġ1DAEJRAOPEC=PEKJEOJARANPDADA=NPKB=łHI EPEO=CAJNA – Laetitia Masson1 . 0.1 The teeth of the sea: even Jaws divides viewers regarding what it is really about. Is Jaws ;\M^MV ;XQMTJMZO ! ZMITTa IJW]\ I [PIZS' <PI\ I ÅTU _PW[M \Q\TM [W]ZKMUI\MZQITIVLX]JTQKQ\a·\W[IaVW\PQVOWN Q\[KWV\MV\·IZMLMUWV[\ZIJTa IJW]\ I Z]\PTM[[ UIZQVM XZMLI\WZ KIV [\QTT QV[XQZM []KP I Y]M[\QWV []OOM[\[ IV QV[\QVK\ QV ^QM_MZ[ ZM^QM_MZ[ IVL IKILMUQK[ \PI\ M^MV \PM UW[\ OMVMZQK WN UI\MZQITKIVZM^MITPQLLMVUMIVQVO[.ZWU2WPV?QTTQIU[¼[PQ[\ZQWVQK[KWZM\W ]VLMZ_I\MZ[PW\[WN \PMLIVOTQVOTMO[WN KPQTLZMV\PMQUIOM[IVL[W]VL[WN Jaws IZM[WQVOZIQVMLQVKWTTMK\Q^MKQVMUI\QKKWV[KQW][VM[[\PI\[]KPIY]M[\QWV[PW]TL JM LQ[UQ[[ML I[ [MTNM^QLMV\ aM\ LMJI\M XMZ[Q[\[ 8M\MZ *MVKPTMa I]\PWZ WN \PM JWWS]XWV_PQKP\PMÅTUQ[JI[MLKQ\M[PQ[XZMWKK]XI\QWV_Q\PKWV\MUXWZIZa XWTQ\QK[I[ZMTM^IV\\W\PM_WZS¼[\PMUM[!! J]\[\WX[[PWZ\WN [IaQVOJaws Q[ IJW]\ IVa\PQVO W\PMZ \PIV [PIZS I\\IKS[ ?PQTM *MVKPTMa TI\MZZMOZM\\ML\PM LIUIOM\PMVW^MTIVL\PMÅTUPI^MLWVM\WW]ZXMZKMX\QWVWN [PIZS[ VW\ M^MVPMKW]TLPI^MQUIOQVML\PMLQNNMZMV\QV\MZXZM\I\QWV[\PI\_W]TLKWUMNZWU []KPI[\ZIQOP\NWZ_IZLXTW\ 1 . In Dobson 2012, 152.. 9.
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(10) The Genre Mask. 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Political Filmmaking 1V\PQ[[\]La1QV\MZZWOI\M_PI\KWV[\Q\]\M[XWTQ\QKITÅTUUISQVO1N JW\PQV\MV\QWV IVLU]T\QXTMQV\MZXZM\I\QWV[WN UMIVQVOIZMSMa\W\PMIXXTQKI\QWVIVLZMKMX\QWV WN \PMOMVZMUI[SIVLQN Q\[][MQ[XZMLQKI\ML]XWVIXWTQ\QKITXW[Q\QWV1_W]TL TQSM\WZMÅVMUa][MWN \PM\MZUpolitical. 1LW[WQVWZLMZ\WLQ[\IVKMUa[MTN NZWU \PM ][M WN \PM \MZU politics _PQKP ZMNMZ[ \W [WUM\PQVO MT[M <PQ[ LQ[\QVK\QWV Q[ QUXWZ\IV\JMKI][MQ\LMÅVM[\PMX]ZXW[MWN OMVZMUI[S_PQKPQ[\WM`IUQVMPW_ _WZSQVO_Q\PQV\PMKWV[\Z]K\[WN \PMQVL][\ZaOMVZMIÅTUPI[\PMXW\MV\QIT\W JMKWUMI[]J^MZ[Q^M\M`\_Q\PQVIKWV[MV[]ITNZIUM_WZS 1VKTIZQNaQVOPMZ][MWN \PM\MZUXWTQ\QKIT*IT¼[MT]KQLI\QWVWN \PMLQ[\QVK\QWV [MZ^M[UaX]ZXW[M[_MTT1VLMML\PMXWTQ\QKIT\W*ITQ[¹]VLMZ[\IVLIJTMWVTaQV distinction from politicsº!MUXPI[Q[QV\M`\QV\PM[MV[M\PI\\PM\MZU[ IZMKWV\ZIZQM[.WTTW_QVO5W]NNM *ITKWV\MVL[\PI\_PMZMXWTQ\QK[ZMNMZ[\W \PMXIZ\aXWTQ\QKIT[a[\MU\PMM[\IJTQ[PMLIVLW[\MV[QJTaLMUWKZI\QK[\Z]K\]ZMWN ^W\QVOXZWXWZ\QWVITZMXZM[MV\I\QWVMTMK\MLWNÅKMIVL[WWV\PMXWTQ\QKIT_WZS[ LQNNMZMV\TaNZWUXWTQ\QK[ <PQ[ LQNNMZMVKM MV\IQT[ IV WXXW[Q\QWV JMKI][M \PM XWTQ\QKIT ITTW_[ ZM[XMK\[ IVL MTIJWZI\M[ IV\IOWVQ[U _PQTM XWTQ\QK[ XZWUW\M[ KWV[MV[][ 1V \PM KWV\M`\ WN M`XTQKQ\ IUJQO]Q\a _M KIV \PMV \ZMI\ UMIVQVO I[ JMQVO M[[MV\QITTa XWTQ\QKIT JMKI][M \PM X]ZXW[M WN \PM OMVZM UI[S Q[ \W XZW^QLM IV QUIOM WN KWV[MV[][ ]VLMZ _PQKP I UMIVQVO WN LQ[[MV\ KIV WXMZI\M <PM OMVZM UI[S \P][ WXMZI\M[ WV \PM TM^MT WN \PM XWTQ\QKIT ][QVO \PM OMVMZQKTM^MTWN XWTQ\QK[_PMZM\PMNIUQTQIZIVLNIUQTQIZQ[QVO\ZWXM[WN OMVZMZMQVNWZKM M`XMK\I\QWV IVL XZMLQK\ ZMKMX\QWV .]VK\QWVQVO I\ \PM TM^MT WN XWTQ\QK[ ITTW_[ \PM OMVZMUI[S\WMV\MZ\PMLMJI\M·QV\PQ[KI[M\PMKWVÆQK\[]ZZW]VLQVOLMXQK\QWVIVL ZMXZM[MV\I\QWVQV\PM^Q[]ITZMITU·NZWUIVW[\MV[Q^MKWV[MV[]ITXW[Q\QWV<PMÅTU XW[\MZIVLQ\[NIUQTQIZNIKM[XZWL]K\QWVKWUXIVaTWOW[IVLJWTLNWV\[JMKWUMTQSM \PM XWTQ\QKIT XIZ\a XW[\MZ IVL Q\[ I[[WKQI\ML TWOW[ OZQVVQVO XWTQ\QKQIV[ IVL KI\KPa 15.
(11) The Genre Mask. The Genre Mask. [TWOIV[ ÅO 1\ Q[ PMZM \PI\ KWV[MV[][ ZMIKPM[ Q\[ KWZWTTIZa" M`KT][QWV2 *]\ QN \PM ÅTU QV Y]M[\QWV MUXTWa[ \PM OMVZM UI[S Q\[ XWTQ\QKIT LQUMV[QWV M`Q[\[ JMVMI\P\PQ[KWV[MV[]IT^MVMMZIVLQ[[QU]T\IVMW][Ta[M\]XQVZM[Q[\IVKM\WQ\ 3Ma\W\PQ[ZMTI\QWV[PQXQ[\PMNIK\\PI\I[*ITIZO]M[\PM\_WLWUIQV[IZMVW\ MI[QTaLQ[MV\IVOTML"¹C\EPQ[LWM[VW\UMIV\PI\XWTQ\QK[IVL\PMXWTQ\QKITKIVJM ÅZUTaLQ[\QVO]Q[PML 7V \PM KWV\ZIZa \PM LQ[\QVK\QWV Q[ QVLQ[XMV[IJTM XZMKQ[MTa JMKI][M \PMa KIVVW\º1N Q\_MZMXW[[QJTM\WLQ[\QVO]Q[PKTMIZTaJM\_MMV\PM\_W\PMOMVZM UI[S_W]TLJMÆI_ML.WZQ\_W]TLPI^M\WJM[]KPIVWXIY]MJIZZQMZ\PI\WVTa PQOPUQVLML QV\MZXZM\I\QWV _W]TL JM IJTM \W ]VKW^MZ \PM XWTQ\QKIT \PW]OP\ Q\[ XWTQ\QK[_MZMI\\MUX\QVO\WKWVKMIT:I\PMZ\PMTIKSWN LQ[\QVK\QWVJM\_MMV\PM \_WKWVKMX\[UMIV[\PMaWXMZI\MQVKWV\ZI[\\WWVMIVW\PMZJ]\_Q\PQV\PM[IUM XIZILQOU1VUIVa_Ia[XWTQ\QK[ZMTQM[WV\PMQVIJQTQ\a\WLQ[\QVO]Q[PJM\_MMVQ\ IVL\PMXWTQ\QKIT[W\PI\_PI\UIa[MMUI\ÅZ[\\WJMI[]J^MZ[Q^MIK\·^W\QVONWZ IVWXXW[Q\QWVXIZ\aWZ\IK\QKITTa\W]V[MI\IVQVK]UJMV\·Q[QVNIK\IZMXMI\ML KWV[MV[]ITIK\_Q\PQVI[\I\][Y]WKWV\ZWTTMLJa\PMM[\IJTQ[PMLWZLMZ<PMLIVOMZ WN XWTQ\QK[I[*ITXWQV\[W]\Q[Q\[I[[WKQI\QWV_Q\PLQK\I\WZ[PQX_PQKPZMXZM[MV\[ the ne plus ultraWN KWV[MV[][ 1V \PM KI[M WN KWUUMZKQIT KQVMUI IVL QV XIZ\QK]TIZ Q\[ [\I\][ _Q\PQV I ÅVIVKQIT[a[\MUÅTU[U][\JW\PM`XZM[[IVL][M\PQ[TIKSWN LQ[\QVK\QWV\W\PMQZ IL^IV\IOM .QTU[ U][\ OMVMZI\M JW` WNÅKM []KKM[[ KWV[MV[][XWTQ\QK[ _PQTM M`XZM[[QVOVM_UMIVQVO[^QIPQLLMV[]J^MZ[QWV[WXXW[Q\QWV\PMXWTQ\QKIT)[1 IZO]M\PMIUJQO]Q\aJMKWUM[\PMUMIV[Ja_PQKP\PMaKIVIKPQM^M\PQ[JMKI][M Q\ ITTW_[ NWZ U]T\QXTM QV\MZXZM\I\QWV[ _PMZM \PM XWTQ\QK[ WN \PM []JRMK\ UI\\MZ OMVZMIVLQ\[UI[SKIVM`Q[\ITWVO[QLM\PMXWTQ\QKITWN Q\[\PMUMIVLQ\[UMIVQVO[ []J\M`\IVL_PMZMIZMILQVOWN JW\PI\\PM[IUM\QUMZMUIQV[NMI[QJTM .WZM`IUXTMI[<PWUI[-T[IM[[MZPI[VW\ML\PMUIRWZQ\aWN \PM=;ÅTU[ KQ\MLQV\PQ[[\]LaIZM\PW[MUILM¹KWQVKQLMV\ITTaWZVW\CL]ZQVOE\PMaMIZ[WN \PM UW[\ ^QWTMV\ [WKQIT IVL XWTQ\QKIT ]XPMI^IT[ \PM =VQ\ML ;\I\M[ C[]KP I[E \PM >QM\VIU?IZ\PM+Q^QT:QOP\[UW^MUMV\IVL\PMMUMZOMVKMWN NMUQVQ[UC_PQKPE OI^MJQZ\P\WIVMV\QZMTaLQNNMZMV\XWTQ\QKITK]T\]ZMº <PQ[QVKMVLQIZa MV^QZWVUMV\OQ^M[][I[MV[MWN PW_Q\_I[VW\UMZMTaNIK\WZ[WN QVL][\ZQITKPIVOM WZUWZMXMZUQ[[Q^MI[XMK\[WN [WKQM\a\PI\JZW]OP\IJW]\\PM[MKPIVOM[UMIVQVO \PI\\PMÅTUUISMZ[_MZMVW\UMZMTaUISQVOÅTU[UILMMQ\PMZQUXW[[QJTM·L]M \W QVL][\Za KPIVOM[ · WZ XW[[QJTM · \PIVS[ \W XMZUQ[[Q^MVM[[ · J]\ QV response \W \PM INWZMUMV\QWVML XWTQ\QKIT IVL [WKQIT ]XPMI^IT .WZ JW\P ÅTUUISMZ IVL I]LQMVKM[]KPÅTU[ZMOQ[\MZ¹\PMUWZITUITIQ[MJ]\CLWEVW\JT]V\\PMQZIXXM\Q\M NWZ[\aTQ[\QKWZNWZUITM`XMZQUMV\º <PQ[Q[_PMZM\PMÅTUJMOQV[\WWXMZI\M as a response to social changes and, often, in spite of them.. 16. 1DANAEO=JEJPANAOPEJCAT=ILHAKBDKSPDA=J=HKCKQONAH=PEKJODEL>APSAAJłHI=J@ L=NPULKHEPE?=HI=NGAPEJC?=JEJPANOA?PSEPDěEĜAGOAT=ILHAKBNA=?PEKJ=NUL=NK@UEJShrek. During the run-up to the UK General Election in April 2015, the minority Green Party of England and Wales launched a parody music video featuring the leaders of the main four political parties =LLA=NEJC =O IAI>ANO KB = >KU >=J@ 1DA LEA?AO DQIKQN NAHEA@ KJ REASANO B=IEHE=NEPU SEPD reality television and manufactured pop music, but rather than offering a true alternative to the L=NPULKHEPE?=HAOP=>HEODIAJPPDA=@RANPEOAIAJP=OGA@BKNPDAL=NPUOKSJOQLLKNPSEPDEJPDAO=IA system. Rather than using the genre mask of music video tropes, it created a parody of it, wearing familiarity on its sleeve rather than using it for political subversion. (Kemp 2015) Reactions to the video were mixed. (Petridis 2015). )VM`IUXTMQ[\PMLQZMK\WZ:WJMZ\)T\UIVIVLPQ[LM^W\MLI]LQMVKMThe Long Goodbye ! PQ[ZM^Q[QWVQ[\\ISMWVThe Big Sleep 0W_IZL0I_S[! IVL Q\[ 8PQTQX 5IZTW_M KPIZIK\MZ \Wa[ _Q\P OMVMZQK \ZWXM[ LMJ]VSQVO \PMU QV \PMNIKMWN I]LQMVKMKaVQKQ[UNWZ\PMOZW_QVOQZZMTM^IVKMWN \ZILQ\QWVIT^QM_[WN VWQZAM\ITT\PM_PQTM\PMÅTU[PW_[\PI\\PMOMVZMKW]TLVW\JMZM[\ZQK\ML\WI KMZ\IQVUWLMWZ\QUMXMZQWLJ]\KW]TLQV[\MILJMZM^Q[Q\ML\PIVS[\WQ\[KWV\QV]ML [\I\][I[¹I^MPQKTMNWZ[WKQITKWUUMV\IZaº,QUMVLJMZOQV3MTTa *]\ Q\Q[XZMKQ[MTa\PMÅTU¼[ZMI[[M[[UMV\WN IVLQZZM^MZMVKMNWZ\PMOMVZM\PI\[PW_[ PW_ \PM KWVLQ\QWV WN \PM OMVZM Q[ I\ [\ISM )T\UIV ZMXMI\[ XZMWKK]XI\QWV[ WN PQ[XZM^QW][ÅTU[J]\JaLZI_QVOI\\MV\QWV\WPQU[MTN UISM[¹[MTNKWV[KQW][Ta I]\M]ZKQVMUIº3QVO IVL KWV[\Z]K\[_PI\6WMT+IZZWTTKITT[I¹KQVMUI WN ITT][QWVºY\LQV3QVO ;QUQTIZTa QV )T\UIV¼[ Gosford Park [M\ QV ! 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(12) The Genre Mask. The Genre Mask. IVL _Q\P /W^MZVUMV\ KWZZ]X\QWV IVL \PM >QM\VIU ?IZ ]VNWTLQVO ;XWZ\MTTW¼[ LM\MK\Q^MQ[TQSMIUWLMZV^MZ[QWVWN 5IZTW_MQVThe Big Sleep IVLQ[KMZ\IQVTa UWZMXZMKIZQW][\PIVQ\[TIQ[[MbNIQZMQ\MZI\QWVQVThe Long Goodbye# his role is a XW[Q\QWVJ]\IT[WIXZMLQKIUMV\" )VL \PMV \PMZM¼[ \PM TWVMTQVM[[ WN \PM XZQ^I\M MaM _PW KIVVW\ ]V[MM_PI\PM¼[]VKW^MZML#IOMVMZI\QWV_PW[MM[KIXMPI[JMMV M`XTWQ\MLIVLM^MVMVIJTMLJaIVM[\IJTQ[PUMV\UWZM\PIVPIXXa \WSMMX\PMULZ]OOMLQVIJQTTW_QVONWO?WZ[MI[VMQ\PMZKWXVWZ KZWWS \PM XZW\IOWVQ[\ LM\MK\Q^M TQ^M[ QV \PM Q[WTI\ML VM\PMZ_WZTL ZMUW^ML NZWU JTQ[[N]T KQ^QTQIV QOVWZIVKM IVL M[\ZIVOML NZWU \PM KWZZ]X\QWVWN [WKITTMLTI_MVNWZKMUMV\8MZMb XIZI . KWV\M`\ J]\ \PI\ QV LQNNMZMV\ KWV\M`\[ \PM [IUM QLMI KIV PI^M UIVa MY]ITTa ^ITQLQV\MZXZM\I\QWV[;WR][\I[VW[XMISMZWN ITIVO]IOMKIVKTIQU[W^MZMQOV\a W^MZ\PM[XMKQÅKXZM[KZQJML]VQ\IZaIVLQVLQ[[WT]JTMUMIVQVOWN I_WZLQV\PI\ TIVO]IOM\PQ[¹][IOM\aXMºWN XWTa[MUa_WZS[I[I_IaWN _MISMVQVO\PMKTIQU \W[W^MZMQOV\aW^MZI\M`\WN IVI]\PWZWZQN _MM[KPM_I]\PWZ[PQXMV\QZMTa\PM KTIQUWN IÅTU\W[W^MZMQOV\aW^MZQ\[UMIVQVO ) KI[M WN IV IUJQO]W][ IXXZWIKP _PMZM I L]IT ZMILQVO Q[ ^ITQL Q[ \PM M`IUXTM WN High Noon .ZML BQVVMUIVV ! <PM ÅTU PI[ ZMKMV\Ta ZM\QZML 5IZ[PIT ?QTT 3IVM /IZa +WWXMZ NIKQVO \PM ZM\]ZV WN .ZIVS 5QTTMZ 1IV 5IK,WVITLIJQ\\MZM`KWV^QK\JMV\WVZM^MVOM)N\MZ\PM\W_VPMPI[[_WZV. <PQ[UQLLTM[XIKMQV_PQKP\PM1V^M[\QOI\WZXZW\IOWVQ[\U][\WXMZI\MUIVQNM[\[ Q\[MTN WV[KZMMVI[I\MV[QWVJM\_MMVKZMI\Q^Q\aIVLK]T\]ZM\PI\<PWUI[-T[IM[[MZ LM[KZQJM[ I[ KIZZaQVO KMZ\IQV QTT][QWV[ WN \PM MZI VIUMTa \PW[M WN \PM ¹TQJMZIT XWTQ\QKIT KWV[MV[][ KZMI\ML Ja \PM IV\Q_IZ UW^MUMV\ \PM ?I\MZOI\M [KIVLIT IVL\PM[]J[MY]MV\ZM[QOVI\QWVWN :QKPIZL6Q`WVºIVLILL[\PI\¹UIQV[\ZMIU )UMZQKIV UW^QM[ UQOP\ I[XQZM \W C\PQ[E [MZQW][ [WKQIT WZ XWTQ\QKIT KWV\MV\ CWVE I XMZUIVMV\ JI[Q[º ! +PIVOM[ QV \PM 1V^M[\QOI\QWV .QTU OMVZM ZIV ITWVO[QLM \PM LQ[Z]X\QWV WN \PM[M QTT][QWV[ \W \PM M`\MV\ \PI\ \PMa JMOIV \W []J[\Q\]\M \PM XWTMUQK IVL LQLIK\QK NWZ \PM QV\MZXZM\Q^M \PMZMJa IK\Q^I\QVO \PM ^QM_MZ _Q\PW]\ ZMTQVY]Q[PQVO I XWTQ\QKIT LQUMV[QWV 7VKM TQJMZI\ML NZWU \PM ZQOW]ZWN XWTMUQKWZWN QUXIZ\QVOI[XMKQÅKQLMI_Q\PI[QVOTMW]\KWUM\PMÅTU KIVM`XZM[[XWTQ\QKITQLMI[\PZW]OP\PMIUJQO]Q\aWN \PMOMVZMUI[S. The Specifics of Ambiguity <WKTIZQNaUa][MWN \PMIUJQO]Q\aWN \PMOMVZMUI[S1ZM\]ZV\W\PMTQVO]Q[\QK \MZU XWTa[MUa I[ UMV\QWVML Ja 2IUM[WV QV ZMTI\QWV \W Jaws <ISMV TQ\MZITTa XWTa[MUaZMNMZ[\WUIVaUMIVQVO[*]\QV\PMTQVO]Q[\QK[MV[MQ\ZMNMZ[\W_PMV\PM [IUM_WZLIXXMIZ[QV\_WLQNNMZMV\KWV\M`\[XPZI[M[WZ[MV\MVKM[WZQV\PM[IUM [MV\MVKM[J]\WV\_WLQNNMZMV\WKKI[QWV[1N IOQ^MV_WZLKIVPI^M\_WWZUWZM ][IOM[\PMVJW\P¹M`MUXTQNaI][IOM\aXMº_PQKPWKK]Z[_Q\PIVa[M\WN ][IOM[WN I_WZL¹_PMZMITT\PMUMUJMZ[PI^M[WUMI[XMK\WN UMIVQVOQVKWUUWV[W\PMZM Q[[WUMUW\Q^I\QWVNWZ[IaQVO\PMaITTUMIV\PM[IUM\PQVOº3QTOIZZQNN !! 8WTa[MUa[PW]TLVW\JMKWVN][ML_Q\P\MZU[\PI\QUXTaU]T\QXTMUMIVQVO QV ][IOM NWZ M`IUXTM PWUWVaU MTTQX[Q[ X]V UM\IXPWZ IVL [W WV 1V W\PMZ _WZL[¹8WTa[MUaCQ[VW\EIVaSQVLWN »VI\]ZITSQVL¼1\CLM[KZQJM[EIKZW[[ZWIL[º <PQ[ KZW[[ZWIL[ Z]V[ JM\_MMV [QVOTM UMIVQVO QV LQNNMZMV\ KWV\M`\[ IVL LQNNMZMV\UMIVQVO[QVI[QVOTMKWV\M`\1\Q[_Q\P\PM\MZU¹[QVOTMUMIVQVOº\PI\ WVMU][\WN KW]Z[MLQ^MZOMNZWU\PMTQVO]Q[\QK[MV[MWN XWTa[MUaJMKI][M[QVOTM UMIVQVOQVÅTUIVITa[Q[U][\ZMUIQVMT][Q^M+QVMUI\QKXWTa[MUa\PMVKW]TL ZMXZM[MV\\PMQV\MZ[MK\QWVJM\_MMV]VQÅMLUMIVQVO[QVNZIOUMV\MLKWV\M`\[IVL NZIOUMV\MLUMIVQVO[QVI]VQÅMLKWV\M`\ +Z]KQITTa XWTa[MUa ZM[]T\[ QV IUJQO]Q\a WN UMIVQVO 5a ][M WN \PM IUJQO]Q\a WN UMIVQVO ZMTI\M[ \W \PQ[ KWV[\Z]K\QWV SMa \W \PM IXXTQKI\QWV IVL reception of the genre mask. I am not proposing that different ideas in the [IUMKWV\M`\IÅTUVMMLVMKM[[IZQTaPI^MU]T\QXTMUMIVQVO[_Q\PQV\PM[IUM 18. 0.3 A man alone: does High NoonO*=NOD=H4EHH Kane represent a man łCDPEJCPDAL=N=JKE=KB McCarthyism or the singular might of the American hero against communist invaders?. \WLMNMVL_QTTVW\[]XXWZ\PQU3IVMU][\LMKQLM_PM\PMZ\WNIKMPQ[VMUM[Q[WZ \ISM\PMIL^QKMWN PQ[_QNM)Ua/ZIKM3MTTaIVLÆMM3IVMKPWW[M[\PMNWZUMZ WX\QWVIVLLMNMI\[5QTTMZIVLPQ[OIVOITUW[\MV\QZMTaITWVMÅO <PM ÅTU _I[ I KWUUMZKQIT []KKM[[ []OOM[\QVO I]LQMVKM[ ZM[XWVLML \W Q\[ OMVMZQK ?M[\MZV \ZMI\UMV\ IVL [][XMV[MN]T VIZZI\Q^M \PI\ ]VNWTL[ QV »ZMIT \QUM¼ AM\ \PM ÅTU PI[ IT[W XZW^WSML UIVa LQNNMZMV\ IKILMUQK QV\MZXZM\I\QWV[ WN _PQKP \_W IZM \PM UW[\ VW\IJTM <PM ÅZ[\ [\I\M[ \PI\ \PM ÅTU Q[ KZQ\QKIT WN 5K+IZ\PaQ[U1\[_ZQ\MZ+IZT.WZMUIVIVLLQZMK\WZ.ZMLBQVVMUIVVPILJMMV ]VLMZQV^M[\QOI\QWVJa\PM0W][M=V)UMZQKIV)K\Q^Q\QM[+WUUQ\\MMIVLHigh Noon PI[KWUM\WJM[MMVI[\PMU\ISQVO¹ZM^MVOMWV\PMZMXZM[[QWV\PMa[]NNMZML C][QVOE UM\IXPWZ[ \W ZMXZM[MV\ \PM NMIZ XZWL]KML Ja \PM 5K+IZ\Pa XMZQWLº +IXIZZ~[4MZIIVL)TMOZM!! <PMW\PMZ\ISM[\PMWXXW[QVO^QM_"\PI\ \PMÅTU[]XXWZ\[5K+IZ\PaQ[UJMKI][M¹\PMM^QTNWZKM[QV\PQ[KI[M\PMJIVLQ\[ [MMVI[IKWUU]VQ[\\PZMI\IZMLM[\ZWaMLJaI[QVOTMPMZW_PW[aUJWTQbM[\PM ^QZ\]M[ WN )UMZQKI C[QKE UQLLTM KTI[[º /Q^MV \PI\ MQ\PMZ IXXZWIKP [MMU[ MY]ITTa^ITQLPW_KW]TL\_W[MMUQVOTaQVKWUXI\QJTM^QM_[WN \PM[IUMXZWRMK\ KWUMIJW]\'3 )OIQV \PM JZQLOM Q[ \PM OMVZM ?M[\MZV IVL \PM UM\PWL Q[ IUJQO]Q\a U]T\QXTM QV\MZXZM\I\QWV ?PQTM \PM XWTQ\QK[ WN High Noon IZM IZO]IJTa UWZM 3 We might argue that the same applies to the character of John McClane (Bruce Willis) in Die Hard, as discussed in Chapter One.. 19.
(13) The Genre Mask. The Genre Mask. 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(14) 1. Genre as Rhetorical Style “Genre pleasures are familiar pleasures.” – George Lipsitz5 . *MNWZMLMÅVQVO\PM\MZUOMVZMUI[SQ\[MMU[KZ]KQIT\WLQ[K][[\PM\MZUOMVZM and hW_Q\KIVZMTI\M\WIUJQO]Q\aI[\PMLMTQJMZI\MIXXTQKI\QWVWN [\aTM1_QTTVW\ XZW^QLMIVITTMVKWUXI[[QVO^MZ[QWVWN \PMLMÅVQ\QWVWN \PM\MZUOMVZM#Q\Q[M^MV Y]M[\QWVIJTM_PM\PMZ\ZaQVO_W]TLJMIOWWLQLMI)[<b^M\IV<WLWZW^VW\M[¹C\E WXMZ[Q[\QVXIaQVOI\\MV\QWV\WOMVZM[UIa[MMU\WJMI^IQVQN VW\IVIKPZWVQ[\QK XI[\QUM\WLIaº!!<P][ILMÅVQ\QWVWN OMVZM\PI\Q[MXPMUMZITIVLÆWI\QVO JMKWUM[KPIZIK\MZQ[\QKWN I\MZU_Q\PIKPMY]MZMLPQ[\WZa¹[QOVITMLJaLQ[KW]Z[Mº \PI\MVKWUXI[[M[JW\P¹MUXQZQKITWJ[MZ^I\QWVIVLC°EIJ[\ZIK\IVITa[Q[º <PQ[I^WQLIVKMWN LMÅVQ\QWVQ[IVIKKMX\IVKMWN \PMWXIKQ\aWN \PM\MZU _PQKPNWZ\PMX]ZXW[M[WN \PQ[IZO]UMV\[MZ^M[\WQTT]UQVI\MZI\PMZ\PIVWJN][KI\M NWZQ\Q[XZMKQ[MTaJMKI][MWN \PQ[WXIKQ\a·M`XZM[[MLI[IUJQO]Q\a·\PI\OMVZMKIV JM][MLI[IUI[S1VLMML\PM^MZaVI\]ZMWN \PMUI[STQM[QV\PMQUXW[[QJQTQ\aWN XQVVQVOLW_VILMÅVQ\QWVWN Q\[OMVZMWZQVLMMLI[QVOTMUMIVQVOJMPQVL\PM][M WN \PI\OMVZM¼[\ZWXM[<PMZMZMUIQV[PW_M^MZIVMML\WM`IUQVMUa][IOMPMZM I[LQ[\QVK\NZWU\ZILQ\QWVITLMÅVQ\QWV[<W\PQ[MVLQV\PQ[KPIX\MZ1_QTTLMXTWa \PZMMIXXZWIKPM[VIUMTa[\Z]K\]ZITTQVO]Q[\QKK]T\]ZITIVLPQ[\WZQKIT\WW]\TQVM JW\POMVMZIT][IOMIVLUaW_V][MWN \PM\MZU 1NI[1TI\MZ[PW_KMZ\IQVÅTU[IZMUILM_Q\PIXWTQ\QKITUW\Q^M\PMV\PM XWTQ\QKITU][\JMM`XZM[[ML\PZW]OP\PMXZQ[UWN \PMZMXZM[MV\MLZMIT*MKI][M \PM XWTQ\QKIT ZMTI\M[ \W \PM Y]W\QLQIV XWTQ\QKIT \PW]OP\ XZM[]XXW[M[ XMZ[WVIT M`XZM[[QWV 1 Y]M[\QWV PMZM _PM\PMZ Q\ Q[ XW[[QJTM _Q\PW]\ \PM ÅTU WNNMZQVO I\ TMI[\IZMXZM[MV\I\QWVWN \PMZMITNWZ\PI\ÅTU\WPI^MMNNMK\Q^MXWTQ\QKITQUXIK\ +WV^MZ[MTa \PM IZO]UMV\ UIa JM \PI\ QN \Z]M ZMXZM[MV\I\QWV WN \PM ZMIT Q[ ]VI\\IQVIJTM \PMV \PM ÅTU U][\ IKPQM^M IKKM[[QJTM XWTQ\QKIT \PW]OP\ \PZW]OP UM\PWL[W\PMZ\PIV\PMNIK\]ITWZXTI][QJTM 1_QTTIZO]M\PI\IUJQO]Q\aINNWZL[IOZMI\MZXWTQ\QKITQUXIK\\PIVM`XTQKQ\ IZO]UMV\JMKI][MQ\[QZWVaJMKWUM[Q\[]T\QUI\MX]ZXW[M"IUJQO]Q\aKIVJM][ML NWZI[XMKQÅKITTaXWTQ\QKITUM[[IOM)UJQO]Q\aIVLPMVKM\PMOMVZMUI[SPI[NWZ JW\PÅTUUISMZIVL^QM_MZ\PMXW\MV\QIT\WJMILLQ\Q^M1\KIVJM][ML\W\]ZV _PI\_W]TLW\PMZ_Q[MJMITTMOWZaMQ\PMZx or y, or x standing in for y) into a more effective metaphor, the genre mask (xy). 5 . In Browne 1998, 208.. 23.
(15) The Genre Mask. The Genre Mask. 1V WZLMZ \W LMUWV[\ZI\M PW_ \PQ[ _WZS[ QV XZIK\QKM QV \PQ[ KPIX\MZ 1 propose the concept of the generic realIVLPW_Q\_WZSMLQVISMaXMZQWLQVÅTU ZMOIZLQVO ZMITQ[U" \PM QUUMLQI\M XW[\_IZ XMZQWL IVL \PM VMWZMITQ[\ ÅTU[ \PI\ KPIZIK\MZQ[MLQ\)[XW[\_IZKQVMUIJMOIV\WJMLMÅVMLJa_PI\_I[IÆW_MZQVO WN ÅTU[LMITQVO_Q\PM^MZaLIaTQNM·ZI\PMZ\PIV\PMM[KIXQ[UWN NIZÆ]VO\QUM XMZQWL[IVLTWKITM[·\PMLMÅVQ\QWVWN _PI\_I[ZMITQ[\QKWZVW\JMOIV\WKPIVOM 1 JMTQM^M \PM \MZU OMVMZQK ZMIT Q[ MNNMK\Q^M QV KWV^MaQVO I [MV[M WN \PM ZMITQ[U MUXTWaML QV ÅTU[ IVL PW_ \PQ[ INNMK\[ JW\P KQVMUI IVL \PM ZMXZM[MV\I\QWV WN M^MZaLIaTQNM1][MOMVMZQKZMITQVZMNMZMVKM\W\PM\MZUOMVZM<PMOMVMZQK ZMIT\P][JMKWUM[I_IaWN LM[KZQJQVOIOMVZM\PI\KWV\IQV[IM[\PM\QKMTMUMV\[ MI[QTaZMTI\IJTM\W\PMM^MZaLIaWZI\TMI[\WVM\PI\][M[\PM[MIM[\PM\QK\ZWXM[\W KWV[\Z]K\ILQMOM\QKZMIT 1\Q[_PMV\PMNIJZQKWN \PQ[ZMITQ\a_Q\PQ\[\ZWXM[IVL[\aTQ[I\QWV[Q[\WZV JaMTMUMV\[\PI\KTMIZTaPI^MVW\PQVO\WLW_Q\PKWV[\Z]K\QVOIZMITQ[\QK^MZ[QWV WN TQNMWZN]TTa[]XXWZ\QVO\PM\MVM\[WN \PI\OMVZM\PI\\PMOMVMZQKZMIT\ZIV[NWZU[ QV\W\PM^M[[MTNWZIVW\PMZ]VZMITM`XZM[[QWV?PQTMQVIOQ^MVOMVZM[]KPI[I PQ[\WZQKITLZIUI\PMZMIZM[XMKQÅKZ]TM[WN ZMITQ[\QKLMXQK\QWV\PM[MOMVMZQKZ]TM[ LWVW\KWVKMZVUMPMZM:I\PMZ1IUQV\MZM[\MLQV[PW_QVOPW_\PMZPM\WZQKIT [\aTM WN OMVMZQK ZMITQ[U Q[ I \WWT \W [PW_ JQI[ _Q\PW]\ \PI\ JQI[ JMQVO VW\QKML 1V\PQ[_Ia\PMOMVMZQKZMITKIVJM[IQL\WJMI\MV[QWVJM\_MMV\PMNIV\I[\QKIT LMXQK\QWVWN TQNMI[_MTTI[\PMLM[QZM\WLMXQK\TQNMI[Q\M`Q[\[W]\[QLM\PMIZ\QÅKM of cinema. <W UISM \PM LQ[K][[QWV M^MV UWZM [XMKQÅK 1 _QTT \PMV M`XTWZM \PM KWVVMK\QWVJM\_MMV\PMOMVMZQKZMITQ[\ÅTUIVLÅTU[QV\PMXWTQKMXZWKML]ZIT LM\MK\Q^MIVLRW]ZVITQ[\QKOMVZM[1OZW]X\PM[MÅTU[QV\WI\MZU·\PM1V^M[\QOI\QWV .QTU·\WLM[KZQJM\PW[MÅTU[\PI\LMITXZQVKQXITTa_Q\P\PMOI\PMZQVOWN KT]M[ QVNWZUI\QWVIVLM^QLMVKM\WÅVL\PMK]TXZQ\WN IUQ[LMMLWZKZQUM<PM[MUQOP\ [\IOMIXWTQKMUIVTWWSQVONWZ\PMSVQNM\PI\_I[QV^WT^MLQVIU]ZLMZIXZQ^I\M LM\MK\Q^MTWWSQVONWZIUQ[[QVOOQZTWZIRW]ZVITQ[\\ZaQVO\WTWKI\M\PM[W]ZKMWN I TMIS1V\PM[M\aXM[WN ÅTU[\PMKWUUWV\PZMILQ[IXZW\IOWVQ[\JMQVONIKML_Q\P [WT^QVOIKI[MLQ[KW^MZQVO\PM\Z]\PIVLZM[\WZQVOTI_IVLWZLMZ. (Un)defining Genre 5aQVQ\QITIXXZWIKP\WOMVZMKTI[[QÅKI\QWVIVL][IOMXZWXW[MLPMZMTWWS[I\PW_ OMVZMPI[JMMVKTI[[QÅML[\Z]K\]ZITTa"PW_OMVZMKIVJM[MMVI[JMQVOIV¹QUXTQKQ\ XZWUQ[Mº3QVO<PQ[ZMNMZ[\WILMTQVMI\QWVWN \PM[XMKQÅKMTMUMV\[ \PI\LMÅVM[]KPKTI[[QÅKI\QWVIVL\PMXZWJTMU[\PI\OW_Q\PQ\:WJMZ\;\IUPI[ LMÅVML \PM[M Ja KZQ\QKQ[QVO NW]Z \ZILQ\QWVIT UWLMT[ NWZ OMVZM KTI[[QÅKI\QWV 0M _ZQ\M[" /MVZMIVITa[Q[Q[XTIO]MLJaIV]UJMZWN XZWJTMU[.QZ[\\PMZMQ[ \PMY]M[\QWVWN extension. ;WUMOMVMZQKTIJMT[[]KPI[KWUMLaIZM \WWJZWIL\WJM][MN]T_PMZMI[W\PMZ[C°EIZM\WWVIZZW_;MKWVL there is the danger of normativism, of having a preconceived a priori QLMIWN _PI\IOMVZMÅTUshould LWC°E<PQZLOMVZMQ[[WUM\QUM[ imagined to be monolithic, I[ QN ÅTU[ JMTWVOML \W WVTa WVM OMVZM CIVLE XZM[]UIJTa NWZJQL[ UQ[KMOMVI\QWV JM\_MMV OMVZM[ C°E 24. .W]Z\POMVZMKZQ\QKQ[UQ[WN\MVXTIO]MLJa biologism, C°EISQVL WN M[[MV\QITQ[U C_PMZMQVE OMVZM[ PI^M I TQNM KaKTM MUXPI[M[QV\M`\ <PM[M[\]UJTQVOJTWKS[QTT][\ZI\M_Pa\PMZMQ[VWXWQV\PMZMQVKWV[\Z]K\QVOWZ ZMKWV[\Z]K\QVOILMÅVQ\QWVWN OMVZMM^MVQN 1UIa\ISM\PMTQJMZ\aWN ZMXMI\MLIVL ]VIT\MZML][IOM;\IU[]OOM[\[OMVZMKI\MOWZQ[I\QWVQ[I¹\PMWZM\QKITUQVMÅMTLº ;]KPKI\MOWZQ[I\QWVQ[ QVTQVM_Q\P\PMN]\QTQ\aWN \ZaQVO \WLMÅVMI\MZU _Q\PW]\ IVa MUXQZQKQ[\ ZMILQVO WZ I[ ;\MXPMV 6MITM IZO]M[ \PM TIKS WN IVa ¹KWVKMX\]ITIXXIZI\][VMKM[[IZaCNWZE[XMKQÅKI\QWVº! 1I^WQL[\MXXQVOQV \PM_ZWVOXTIKM[UMZMTaJaTQUQ\QVOUa][IOMWN \PM\MZUIVLIT[W\WLMÅVQVOIVL ZMLMÅVQVO\PQ[][IOM1N UaI[[MZ\QWV\PI\IOMVZMIVLQ\[KWV^MV\QWV[KIVJMKWUM \PM\WWTWN \PMÅTUUISMZ_MKIVZMKWV[QLMZOMVZMNZWUPQ[WZPMZXMZ[XMK\Q^M ;\IU¼[ NW]ZXIZ\ LMTQVMI\QWV WN \PM QVPMZMV\ NITTQJQTQ\a WN OMVZM LMÅVQ\QWV \P][ JMKWUM[\PM[\ZMVO\PWN \PQ[I[[MZ\QWV1\JMKWUM[IUIV]ITNWZ\PM_Ia[QV_PQKP ÅTUUISMZ[KIVJMOQV\W][MJW\P\PMXQ\NITT[WN KPIZIK\MZQ[I\QWVIVL\PMV]IVKM[ WN I]LQMVKMZMKMX\QWV\WJZQVOIKZW[[XWTQ\QKITUMIVQVO 1V ;\IU¼[ extension IZO]UMV\ \PM XZWJTMU Q[ LQUMV[QWVIT" R][\ PW_ NIZ IVL _QLM I OMVZM IVL \PM KWV\MV\[ \PI\ LMÅVM Q\ UQOP\ WZ KW]TL JM <PM[M LQUMV[QWV[ IZM XZWJTMUI\QK JMKI][M \PMa IZM VMKM[[IZQTa [MTNLMÅVML IVL \PMZMNWZM[MTNTQUQ\QVO2][\I[IXZWL]KMZUQOP\LMKQLM\WUIZSM\IÅTU]VLMZI OMVMZQKJIVVMZIVI]LQMVKMUQOP\LMKQLMW\PMZ_Q[M1VLMMLQ\Q[WN\MVIZW]VL \PQ[[WZ\WN KTI[P\PI\ÅTU[IZMMQ\PMZPQOPTa[]KKM[[N]TWZKWUXTM\MNIQT]ZM[*]\ ÅTUUISMZ[ QV \PM ZMITU WN \PM OMVZM UI[S KIV IXXTa \PM extension IZO]UMV\ TIZOMTaJMKI][MZI\PMZ\PIV_Q[PQVO\WWJ^QI\M\PMXQ\NITT[WN []KP¹JZMIL\PWZ VIZZW_VM[[º\PMaKIVMUXTWa\PQ[QUIOQVIZaLQ[\IVKM\W\PMQZIL^IV\IOM/Q^MV \PI\\PMQV\MZ[\Q\QIT[XIKMJM\_MMV_PMZMWVMOMVZMMVL[IVLIVW\PMZJMOQV[Q[ JW\PQUIOQVIZaIVLQUXW[ML\PMOMVZMUI[SKIV[\ZM\KP\PMLMÅVQ\QWVWN \PM OMVZMQVWZLMZ\W[]OOM[\WVM\PMUI\QK[\Z]K\]ZM·IVL[U]OOTMIVW\PMZQV.WZ M`IUXTM Ja UW[\ LM[KZQX\QWV[ 2001: A Space Odyssey ;\IVTMa 3]JZQKS ! Q[ KWV[QLMZML I [KQMVKM ÅK\QWV ÅTU 1\ PI[ NWZ \PM UIRWZQ\a WN Q\[ L]ZI\QWV Q\[ XZW\IOWVQ[\,Z,I^QL*W_UIV3MQZ,]TTMIWVI[XIKM[PQXIKKWUXIVQMLWVTa Ja\PM_WZZaQVOTaQV\MTTQOMV\WVJWIZLKWUX]\MZ0)4!AM\Q\[XZWTWO]MQ[ IVM`\MVLML[MY]MVKM[M\QVIV\MLQT]^QIV\QUM[[PW_QVO\PMUWUMV\I\_PQKP QV\MTTQOMVKMKWUM[\WIXM[)VLQ\[MXQTWO]MPI[*W_UIVXZWXMTTML\W\PMM^MV\ PWZQbWVIX[aKPMLMTQKRW]ZVMaQV[XQZQVOPQU\W]\\MZ¹5a/WLQ\¼[N]TTWN [\IZ[º <PM[M[MY]MVKM[IZMIXZWL]K\WN \PMLQZMK\WZ¼[XZMWKK]XI\QWV[VIUMTa \PMXZMXWVLMZIVKMWN P]UIVM`Q[\MVKMIVL\PMM^QLMVKMWZTIKS\PMZMWNWN \PM QLMIWN KQ^QTQ[MLUIV0MZM3]JZQKSIÅTUUISMZ M`XZM[[QVOXZMWKK]XI\QWV_Q\PQV OMVZMKIZZQM[\PMZMK]ZZQVO\PMUMWN PQ[_WZSQV\PM^M[[MTWN [KQMVKMÅK\QWV6 <PMZMPI[JMMVTQ\\TMIZO]UMV\_PM\PMZ\PMXZWTWO]MWZMXQTWO]MWN 2001: A Space Odyssey »JMTWVO¼QV\PMÅTUWZVW\IVLKMZ\IQVTaTQ\\TMLMJI\MI[\W_PM\PMZ\PMQZ QVKT][QWVUMIV[\PMÅTUKW]TL[\QTTJMKTI[[QÅMLI[[KQMVKMÅK\QWV*]\\PMÅTU LWM[KWVÅZU\PMXZWJTMUI\QKextension IZO]UMV\WN OMVZMKTI[[QÅKI\QWV (Q>NE?GI=@AłHIOSDKOABKNI?KQH@>A=PPNE>QPA@PKOARAN=H@EBBANAJPCAJNAOSDEHA dealing with recurrent themes. Each could thus be said to mask his preoccupations.. 25.
(16) The Genre Mask. The Genre Mask. ;\IU¼[ [MKWVL KWVKMZV ZMOIZLQVO normativism Q[ \PM XZWJTMU WN ¹PI^QVO a preconceived a priori QLMI WN _PI\ I OMVZM ÅTU should LWº /Q^MV \PI\ \PMQZ QVKT][QWV IXXMIZ[ MV\QZMTa []JRMK\Q^M _M \PM [XMK\I\WZ UQOP\ M`XMK\ \PM OMVZMUI[S\W[\Z]OOTM\W][MOMVMZQKKWV^MV\QWV[I[\WWT[-`IUXTM[LWVW\JMIZ \PQ[ W]\ 1N XZMKWVKMQ^ML QLMI[ KIV JM LM\MZUQVIV\[ NWZ OMVZM QVKT][QWV WVM _W]TLI[[]UM\PMV\PI\\PQ[QVKT][QWVQ[I]LQMVKMLZQ^MV)VI]LQMVKM\PI\PI[ XIQL\W_I\KPIÅTUUIZSM\MLI[I\PZQTTMZUIaZQOP\N]TTaWZVW\M`XMK\\W[MMI XZW\IOWVQ[\][]ITTaUITM]VLMZ\ISQVO[WUM[WZ\WN XPa[QKITUQ[[QWVIOIQV[\IV IV\IOWVQ[\IT[W][]ITTaUITM)TWVO\PM_Ia\PM[IUMI]LQMVKM_W]TLM`XMK\ \PQ[ XZW\IOWVQ[\ \W KWUM QV\W KWV\IK\ _Q\P I ][]ITTa NMUITM TW^M QV\MZM[\ NWZ _PW[M [INM\a IVL XMZPIX[ TW^M PM U][\ ÅOP\ <PMa UQOP\ M`XMK\ \W [MM PQU UMM\PMTXQVOKWUXIVQWV[IVLMVKW]V\MZWJ[\Z]K\QVOWXXWVMV\[ITTXIZ\WN PQ[ XZMXIZI\QWVNWZ\PMÅVITJI\\TM_Q\P\PM»JILLQM¼IN\MZ_PQKP\PM\MV]W][[IVK\Q\a WN TI_ IVL WZLMZ WZ I\ TMI[\ I KTMIZ LMÅVQ\QWV WN ZQOP\ IVL _ZWVO PI[ JMMV ZM[\WZMLWZZMVM_ML?Q\PQV\PQ[[\Z]K\]ZITKWUXWVMV\WN \PM\PZQTTMZ\PM[IUM I]LQMVKM_QTTM`XMK\IKMZ\IQVinventory WN \PMSQVLWN \PZQTTMZQ\MU[\W_PQKPÅTU [KPWTIZ ,W]OTI[ 8aM ZMNMZ[ []KP I[ QKWVWOZIXPa IVL [\Z]K\]ZIT NMI\]ZM[ <PM \PZQTTMZVMKM[[IZQTaKWV\IQV[O]V[IVLW\PMZ_MIXWV[KIZ[IVLW\PMZ\ZIV[XWZ\ XPa[QKITIK\Q^Q\aIVL^QWTMVKMPMZWQ[UIVLKW_IZLQKMXIQVIVL[]NNMZQVOXI\PW[ IVL P]UW]Z LIVOMZ IVL [INM\a ZQ[S IVL ZM_IZL 9]Q\M TQ\MZITTa \PM \PZQTTMZ I]LQMVKM_QTTM`XMK\\WJM\PZQTTMLJa\PM\PZMI\WN LIVOMZIVL\PMXZW[XMK\WN \PMLMNMI\WN OWWLI\\PMPIVL[WN M^QT<PMaIZM\PMTQ^QVOMUJWLQUMV\WN 8aM¼[ ¹JZWIL\MVLMVKQM[º 1N _M KWV[QLMZ \PM IJW^M \W JM \PM normativism WN \PM \PZQTTMZ OMVZM _M _W]TL M`XMK\ I ÅTU \W WJMa \PM[M QLMI[ QV WZLMZ \W X]TT WNN _PI\ _W]TL JM KWV[QLMZMLI[]KKM[[N]TM`IUXTMQVQ\[OMVZM<PQ[M`XMK\I\QWVQ[]VLMZ[\IVLIJTM JMKI][M\PI\ÅTUQ[Iproduct IVLQ[\PMZMNWZMQVI\ZIV[IK\QWVITZMTI\QWV[PQX_Q\P ^QM_MZ[5IZSM\QVOJMKWUM[ZMTM^IV\[WQN OMVZMKIV¹[\ZMIUTQVMPW_[XMK\I\WZ[ \PQVSº *IT \PM UIZSM\ [MMU[ \W JM ITTMZOQK WZ I\ TMI[\ ZM[Q[\IV\ \W \PMQLMIWN ][QVO\PMOMVZMI[IUI[S;W\PMQUXTQKI\QWVQ[\PI\\PMZMU][\JM [WUM\PQVO_Q\PQV\PM[MM`XMK\I\QWV[\PI\KIVJM[]J^MZ\ML<PQ[Q[XW[[QJTMM^MV QN \PQ[[]J^MZ[QWVQ[VW\W^MZ\I[QV\PM3]JZQKSKI[MITZMILaLM[KZQJML 4M\][][MDie Hard 2WPV5K<QMZVIV! I[IVM`IUXTMIÅTUWVM UQOP\LM[KZQJMI[IVIK\QWVUW^QM_Q\PLZIUI\QKMTMUMV\[QV\PM\ZILQ\QWVWN \PM ! [JTWKSJ][\MZ7 )[\PMÅTUJMOQV[_MIZMQV\ZWL]KML\WZW]OPPM_VKaVQKIT 6M_AWZS+Q\aXWTQKMUIV2WPV5K+TIVM*Z]KM?QTTQ[0MPI[TIVLMLQV4W[ )VOMTM[IVLQ[[PW_V\WJMIÅ[PW]\WN _I\MZ#PMÅVL[\PMSWWSQVM[[WN \PMXTIKM QUUMLQI\MTaWNNX]\\QVO*]\PMQ[\PMZM\W^Q[Q\PQ[M[\ZIVOML_QNMIZQ[QVO[\IZQV J][QVM[[_PWKIUM\W\PMKQ\a·\PMQZaW]VOKPQTLZMVQV\W_·[Q`UWV\P[MIZTQMZ PI^QVO JMMV XZWUW\ML \W >QKM 8ZM[QLMV\ WN I U]T\QVI\QWVIT KWZXWZI\QWV <PM KW]XTMIZMZM]VQ\MLI[5K+TIVM^Q[Q\[PMZQVPMZ_WZSXTIKML]ZQVOPMZKWUXIVa¼[ +PZQ[\UI[KMTMJZI\QWV[WV\PMthÆWWZWN \PMQZ]VÅVQ[PMLVM_PMILY]IZ\MZ[ VMIZ*M^MZTa0QTT[<PMQZZM]VQWVQ[_IZUJ]\JMNWZMTWVO\PMaPI^MJMO]V\W. 26. +KPA PD=P PDA łHIO ?EPA@ =NA IANAHU IK@ANJ AT=ILHAO J AT=ILHA KB = OQ??AOOBQH hybrid from an earlier date is Pursued (Raoul Walsh, 1947). Set in the 1880s and concerning a UKQJCN=J?DAND=QJPA@>UDEOPN=QI=PE??DEH@DKK@ PDAłHI?KI>EJAOPDA=AOPDAPE?PNKLAOKBPDA Western with the themes of the noir genre.. IZO]MIJW]\\PMNIK\\PI\5Z[5K+TIVMQ[][QVOPMZUIQLMVVIUMQVJ][QVM[[ 5K+TIVMKIVVW\IKKMX\\PI\PQ[_QNMPI[X]\PMZKIZMMZIPMILWN PQ[IVLPI[ ITTW_MLQ\\WZMVL\PMNIUQTaIXIZ\1V\PMUQL[\WN \PMQZLQ[X]\M\MZZWZQ[\[[MQbM \PMJ]QTLQVOIVLPWTLQ\[[\INN PW[\IOM5K+TIVMUIVIOM[\WM[KIXM]V[MMVIVL [PWMTM[[IVL]VIZUMLU][\VW_VI^QOI\MPQ[_Ia\PZW]OP\PMJ]QTLQVOITWVM0M PI[JMKWUM\PMTI[\TQVMWN LMNMVKMJM\_MMV\PM\MZZWZQ[\[IVL]\\MZLM^I[\I\QWV QVKT]LQVO\PMLMI\PWN PQ[_QNM *a\PMMVLWN \PMÅTU5K+TIVMPI[PIL\W[]Z^Q^MNITT[MVOIOMQVPIVL \WPIVL KWUJI\ M^ILM M`XTW[QWV[ MVL]ZM JMI\QVO[ IVL _ITS JIZMNWW\ IKZW[[ JZWSMVOTI[[0MPI[PIL\WKZI_T\PZW]OP^MV\QTI\QWV[PIN\[\PZW_IJWLaW]\WN I_QVLW_\WITMZ\\PMXWTQKMLWLOMIZ\QTTMZaÅZMIVLM^MVMI\ILIVOMZW][TaW]\ WNLI\M<_QVSQM)\\PMÅTU¼[KTQUI`5K+TIVMZMIKPM[PQ[VMUM[Q[\PM[UQZSQVO -I[\ /MZUIV IZKPKZQUQVIT 0IV[ /Z]JMZ )TIV :QKSUIV _PW PWTL[ I XQ[\WT \W5Z[5K+TIVM¼[\MUXTM*TWWLaM`PI][\MLIVLLW_V\WPQ[TI[\\_WJ]TTM\[ 5K+TIVMNIKM[PQ[ÅVITKWVNZWV\I\QWV<_WPW]Z[WN TQNM\PZMI\MVQVOMVKW]V\MZ[ PI^M\W\ITTa[I\Q[ÅML\PMXZMKWVKMQ^MLQLMI[WN \PMOMVZM ) KTW[MZ TWWS I\ \PM ÅTU JMaWVL Q\[ \PZQTTMZ \ZWXM[ PW_M^MZ ZM^MIT[ [WUM\PQVOMT[M"PW_Q\LMIT[_Q\PQ\[OMVZM+ZQ\QKQ[MLI\\PM\QUMNWZPI^QVO¹\WW UIVa VMMLTM[[Ta [\]XQL []XXWZ\QVO KPIZIK\MZ[º 5IT\QV ! Die Hard KW^MZ[ITW\WN \PMUI\QK\MZZQ\WZa5ILML]ZQVO\PM+WTL?IZ:MIOIVWUQK[IVL \PMJ]ZOMWVQVOXZM[MVKMWN \PMUI[[UMLQI\PMÅTU][M[5K+TIVM¼[Q[WTI\QWVI[ IXIMIV\W)UMZQKIVMVL]ZIVKMIVLQVLQ^QL]ITQ[U5K+TIVMQ[IUIVKWUQVO ]XIOIQV[\WNÅKQIT[_PW[MI]\PWZQ\aQ[Y]M[\QWVIJTMIVL_PW[MQVX]\XZW^QLM[I PQVLZIVKMZI\PMZ\PIVIPMTX\WPQ[[Q\]I\QWV)[[]KPPQ[XW[Q\QWVQ[IVWLM\W\PM ?M[\MZVUa\PM`MUXTQÅMLJaPQ[ZMNMZMVKM\WPQU[MTN I[:Wa:WOMZ[ITWVO_Q\PI Y]QX\PI\_W]TLKWUM\WJMZMXMI\MLQVMIKPWN \PMÅTU¼[NW]Z[MY]MT[·¹AQXXMM SQaIaUW\PMZN]KSMZº0W_M^MZ_PQTM\PMZMQ[]VLW]J\MLTaIXIZ\WN \PMÅTU \PI\[]XXWZ\[\PM^MZa)UMZQKIVQKWVWOZIXPa_PW[M[IVK\Q\aQ\Y]M[\QWV[Q\IT[W ITTW_[\PMIV\IOWVQ[\\WLMUa[\QNa\PM[QOVQÅKIVKMWN \PI\[aUJWTQ[U_Q\PQV\PM [IUMMV^QZWVUMV\:QKSUIV¼[^QTTIQVQ[SVW_QVOIVL_MTTML]KI\ML0MKTIQU[ I\WVMXWQV\\WPI^MZMIXML\PM¹JMVMÅ\[WN IKTI[[QKITML]KI\QWVºIVL\I]V\[ 5K+TIVM W^MZ +* ZILQW LM[KZQJQVO PQU I[ I ¹KW_JWaº _PW ¹_I\KPML \WW UIVaUW^QM[I[IKPQTLºIVL¹IVW\PMZWZXPIVWN IJIVSZ]X\K]T\]ZM_PW\PQVS[ PM¼[2WPV?IaVM:IUJW5IZ[PITT,QTTWVº<PQ[OQ^M[\PMÅTU[MTNI_IZMVM[[ JMKI][MI]LQMVKMZMKMX\QWVWN \PMUMKIVZ]VITWVO[QLMLQMOM\QKIK\QWV <PM ¹VMMLTM[[Ta [\]XQL []XXWZ\QVO KPIZIK\MZ[º \]ZV W]\ \W PI^M JMMV VMKM[[IZQTa[\]XQL?PMV\_WJMTTQKW[M.*1IOMV\[\]ZV]XIVL\ISMKPIZOM\PMQZ ZW]OP[PWL\IK\QK[PMTX\PMÅVIT[\IOMWN \PM^QTTIQV¼[XTIVIVLTMIL\W\PMQZLMI\P )[\PMa[_WWXQV\W_IZL[\PMJ]QTLQVOQVIPMI^QTaIZUMLPMTQKWX\MZIVIOMV\ [KZMIU[OTMMN]TTa"¹2][\TQSMN]KSQVO>QM\VIUPMa[TQKS'º<W_PQKPPQ[[]JWZLQVI\M ZMXTQM[[PWZ\TaJMNWZM\PMaXMZQ[PQVIÅZMJITT"¹1_I[QV2]VQWZ0QOPLQKSPMILº <PQ[ IK\QWV XZWKMML[ QV \PM XZM[MVKM WN LWbMV[ WN \MTM^Q[QWV ^MPQKTM[ _PW[M NWW\IOM·JZWILKI[\Q\QV\WPWUM[L]ZQVOXZQUM\QUM·QVKT]LM[IVQV\MZ^QM__Q\P 5K+TIVM¼[KPQTLZMV_I\KPMLJa/Z]JMZ<PMJZWILKI[\X]\[\PM5K+TIVMNIUQTa I\ZQ[SIVLI[[]KPQ[IKI[MWN LIVOMZW][UMLQIQV^I[Q^MVM[[5K+TIVMWN KW]Z[M U][\ LMNMI\ \PM ^QTTIQV NWZ JW\P PQ[ KZ]MT TI_TM[[ LMML[ IVL IT[W \PM XMZPIX[ greater crime that, as an East German, he is de facto IVMVMUaWN \PM)UMZQKIV. 27.
GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN
aspect of neoliberalism is clearly reflected in the role of ICAO, which ensures that ANS and local civil aviation operations and regulations conform to global norms;
A blind text like this gives you information about the selected font, how the letters are written and an impression of the look.. This text should contain all letters of the
At the same time the community is at the mercy of the weather, disease and pestilence, random events, competition for scarce resources, and (sometimes) hostile neighbors. To meet
Het Europees Parlement zou bijvoorbeeld de voor- zitter van de Europese Commissie moeten kun- nen kiezen, en de Europese besluitvorming ef- fectief moeten kunnen controleren.. Om
The hypothesis is that there are two organisational principles at work in the Mathnawi, the sequential ordering of verses and sections, and the synoptic organisation of
Om een bijdrage te leveren aan onderzoek naar verleden en toekomst van de landelijke wederopbouw- gebieden en daaruit aanbevelingen te destilleren voor het beleid, hebben het
Although each trading partner had d-ifferent results, the overall picture that emerged was that, as with model 2, the most significant factors that influence FDI inflows
An analysis in which attention is paid to both ‘foregrounded’ elements and not directly eye- catching linguistic means leads to a more complete picture of the factors which
