ing socia! structure amidst rapid industria! growth. He also sees this segrega-tion as benefiting the long-term interests of capitalism and gives this as the reason for the suppon of white industrialists for the system. In other words, segregation was equally about the white sector's politics of domination as about the conditions needed by industrialists and capitalists for the making of money.
The book is divided into three. The first pan is an analysis of segregation changing in the interwar period from an abstract social theory to the political ideology of white domination. Dubow emphasizes the flexibiliry of the segregationist policies which had an appeal to all the interest groups among the dominant white classes: farmers for whom it meant a ready supply and even distribution of cheap labour, capitalists who were reassured that the system of migrant labour on which they had come to depend would remain undistUrbed, and white workers who were protected from competition in the labour market. Dubow also argues that the segregationist policies of Henzog were able to procure the consent of many Africans, firstly with the promise of more land, and secondly with the potential offered by the concept of trusteeship for the development of the rural areas and the restora-tion of tradirestora-tional authority.
The second pan of the book is concerned with the Native Affairs Depan-ment (NAD) and its relation to segregation. Dubow points out that in the interwar years the NAD was far from the all-powerful Bantu Affairs Department of the post-I948 era. He ponrays the NAD as an administrative-ly fragmented and politicaladministrative-ly we~ arm of the state which in crucial aspects was subordinate to the powerful Department of Justice. Funhermore the NAD was regarded in some government circles as benign, almost liberal, towards Africans. In fact the NAD often appeared to be reluctant to act in an ovenly repressive manner towards Africans. At times it tried to ame-liorate the harsh conditions associated with the industrialization that was raking place, and to protect Mricans from the more extreme forms of exploi-tation. For this reason an internal ideology within the NAD was generated in which the protective relationship with its African 'wards' waS espoused. The state's adoption of segregation as a national policy during the 1920s and 19305 forced the NAD to reconcile its protectionist with its coercive role.
In this section Dubow also refers specifically to the workings of the NAD in the Transkeian territories, an area which constitUted the strongest NAD administrative depanment and also served as the reference point for all developments in the other African reserves. Dubow has been able to trace how the groundwork was laid in the interwar period for the emergence of the NAD as a monolithic 'state within a state' in the apanheid era. The final section deals with the passage of Henzog's Native Bills in 1936. Dubow's analysis of these is not only from the perspectives of the major parliamentary parties, but also from the point of view of the white and black opposition groupings. He funhermore explores how segregation deve-loped in the 1920s and 1930s into a consensus ideology, while highlighting the role the fears of whites about the emergence of a politically-conscious African proletariat played in bringing about white political co-operation (coalition and fusion government).
RI1&iIZl segregation and ...apartheid in South Afiica has been well research-ed and is most informative concerning the origins and development of segre-gationist policies in South Africa. It is recommended as essential reading for all students of the history of South African politics. It is well written and although crammed with facts, it retains a flowing style with the informa-tion unfolding in a logical progression.
A. de ~ MINNAAR
Human Sciences
Research
Council
R.N. CURREY. Vinnicombe's trek: son ofNatlJ/,stepson ofuansvaIJ/, 1854-1932. University of Natal Press en Shuter & Shooter: Pietermaritz-burg, 1989. 232 pp. Gelli. R37,95 (eksklusief). ISBN 0 86980 655 6.
In hierdie hoek word die lewe en omswer-winge van Thomas F. Vinnicombe in Transvaal en Natal uitgebeeld. Dit is saamgestel en ge-sktyf deur 'n kleinseun, R.N. Currey, wat sy in-ligting verkty het uit nagelate gedigte deur sy oupa. Die inhoud daarvan is met his.toriese ge-gewe gekorreleer en aangevul met persoonlike mededelings van vriende en familie, en briewe en notas in besit van Thomas se nasate. Die leser kty insae in die bestaansttyd van die Engelse setlaars ten tyde van die Britse kolonisasie van Natal. Currey gee ook biografiese besonder-hede van sowel die Vinnicombe.familie wat na Natal gekom het, as die agtergeblewenes in Engeland. Die familie het 'n bekende lDndense musiek-winkel besit en George, Thomas se vader, was 'n orrelbouer. In Natal het hy ook musiek- en danslesse gegee en sang onderrig.
Ten spyte van terugslae in die primitiewe en ongerepte wereld het Thomas, sy broers en susters in 'n kultuurtyke milieu grootgeword. Sy agtergrond en die gevare in die ongetemde natuur het aan Thomas 'n besondere Ern waarnemingsvermoe gegee. Dit het hy kunssinnig vasgele in gediggies en ballades geskoei op die Victoriaanse patroon.
Na die dood van sy vader het Thomas se moeder getrou met William Petty, 'n onstandvastige petsoon met 'n sterk swerwersdrang. Reeds as jong seun het Thomas se swerwersjare dus al begin. Die gesin het na die omge-wing van Volksrust en Wakkerstroom verhuis waar Thomas se kennis van die natuur, jag, percle en veral die Mrikaner (Boere) se taal en leefwyse baie uitgebrei het. Nadat hy in Natal met Rachel Phipson getioud is, het hulle agtereenvolgens op Barbenon, Pelgrimsrus, Graskop, Pietersburg en Standenon gewoon. Hy het horn aanvanklik op prospekteerdety toegespits, maar sy bouvemuf het menenyd sy hoofinkomste geword. Hy was die argitek van verskeie kerke in Transvaal, soos die op Pietersburg, Standenon en Bethal. Na die dood van sy vrou in 1920 het Thomas sy laaste jare in Pon Elizabeth deurgebring.
Die hoofstroom van politieke gebeure het 'n invloed op Thomas en sy gesin gehad. Afgesien van die Anglo-Zoeloeoorlog (1879-1881) het veral die Tweede Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902) Thomas se lewe ingtypend beln-vloed. As burger van die ZAR moes hy kommandodiens vetrig. Hy het egter geweier omdat hy nie teen sy eie mense (Engelse) wou veg nie. Die leser kty insae in die gedagtewereld en persoonlike belewing van diegene wat nie aan die sttyd tussen Boer en Brit wou deelneem nie en vriende in albei groepe gehad het.
Sy noue samewerking met die Transvaalse burgers en hul kulrurele aktiwi-teite het meegebring dat sy ballades en verse tyk is aan kultuurhistoriese gegewens soos 'n nuwejaarsfees, hofinakety, plekname, boustyle, koffie- en teedrinkgewoontes van vrouens en die pioniersjare van Pelgrimsrus, Graskop, Pietersburg en Bethal. Interessante karakters uit die Wakkerstroom-omge-wing en die 'outlaws' van Pongola word oak besktyf. On Bylae van tradisionele volksliedere wat met die hulp van Pieter W. Grobbelaar hersien is, is ook in die hoek opgeneem. Cuney het Thomas Vinnicombe se gebruik van Mrikaanse woorde (sommige met On unieke spelwyse) nougeset gehandhaaf. Om die vreemde woorde vir die Engelse leser te verklaar, is 'n venaling daarnaas gegee.
Die hoek is netjies versorg en tyklik met afdrukke en foto's gelilustreer. Ten spyte van enkele redigeer- en feitefoute (pp. 2, 81 en 88) hied Vinni-combe's trek aangename leesstof veral vir diegene wat in die pionierstyd van Transvaal belangstel.
BERlliA BARNARD
Peace
and Conflict Studies, Pretoria
A.MABIN (ed.). Organisation and economIc change. Southern African Studies 5. Ravan Press: Johannesburg, 1989. 220 pp. Illus. R22,95 (exclusive).ISBN 0 869753827.
During the past fifteen years thematically col-lected seminar and workshop papers have been published in a number of series. This volume, the fifth in the series Southern Mrican Studies, represents papers selected under the very broad theme of organization and economic change. The aim was to focus on the neglected South African economic past. However, the introduc-tion to this volume lacks a suitable theoretical framework which could have enhanced thematic unity. This was probably caused by the large diversity of the essays which cover nearly 170 years.
It should also be kept in mind that the seminars of the Mrican Studies Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand (from which these papers originate), have not 'consciously been built around a topic, theme or theory' (p. vii). Obviously this has its own pitfalls. By collecting such divergent contributions which draw on the theories, methods and results of, for
S. DUBOW.
Racial segregation
and the origins
of apartheid in South Afiica, 1919-36.
Macmil-lan: Basingstoke,
1989. 250 pp. Price
unkoown.
ISBN 0 333 46461 3.
This publication, a condensed
version
of a
doc-toral thesis awarded by the Oxford University
in 1987,
deals broadly with the policies
of
segre-gation in South Mrica for the period 1919-1936,
which in many respectS
provided the framework
for the later policy of apartheid implemented
by the National Party government from 1948
onwards.
Dubow's starting premise
is that this
segrega-tion served as a means of preserving the
example, socially and politically-orientated work, and presenting them as economic history, could be a disregard of the distinctive approach, nature, methodology and substance of this branch-discipline.
That man and sociery occupy centre-stage in nearly all the essays deserves credit. It is in sharp contrast with some economic historians at a number of South African universities, who, to a large extent, continue to be tied up with economic theory, exchange rates, banking, business and company histories, monetary policy, balance of payments and currencies. Approaches of this nature tend to serve the other extreme: history becomes a mere tool in the hands of economists who easily evict man and sociery to the periphery of their field of study.
The following essays have been included in this volume: Margaret Kins-man deals with the transformation of the Griqua Town captaincy (1804-1822); Alan Mabin elaborates on the economic conditions in the Cape Colo-ny during the 1680s; Stephen Gelb traces the origins of the South African Reserve Bank (1914-1920); Bill Freund analyses the social character of secon-dary industry (1915-1945). These are followed by the contributions of Leslie Witz on the children of the Garment Workers' Union (1939-1948), the late Michael Crowder on the reaction to capitalist penetration in Botswana (1929-1959), and Chris Rogerson on the feeding of Johannesburg's Black workers (1945-1965). Finally Deborah Posel presents her essay on secondary industry, commerce and the state during the 1950s and early 1960s. With the excep-tion of one or two all the essays bear evidence of painfully thorough and time-consuming primary research. The fact that not one of the essays is excessively long, making for reasonably light reading, is a funher positive feature.
In the limited space of a review one could hardly elaborate on all the essays in depth. Attention will therefore only be focussed on two which deal with neglected regions of research, namely Botswana and the Nonhern Cape.
In his essay 'Resistance and accommodation to the penetration of the capitalist economy in South Mrica: Tshekedi Khama and mining in Botswa-na, 1929-1959', Michael Crowder depicts the role played by Khama, first in the resistance to capitalist expansion and later in the foundation ofBots-wana's mining industry. Accepting mining only if it could also benefit the Tswana people, Khama contributed to the eventual economic revival of Botswana after independence. Apart from a sometimes uncritical acceptance and vindication of Khama's actions and viewpoints, Crowder apparently did not consult Kathleen Mulligan's 1974 thesis on the political activities of the london Missionary Society in Bechuanaland which devotes more than 130 pages to the mining question. He nevenheless demonstrates the peculiar relation between politics and economics during this period in Bots-wana.
Margaret Kinsman's essay entitled 'Popularists and patriarchs: the transfor-mation of the captaincy at Griqua Town, 1804-1822', sheds new light on the rise of Andries Waterboer. According to the editor, Kinsman shows 'how the increasing adaption of cultivation in addition to pastoralistn contri-buted to the transfonnation of Griqua sociery'. Those unfamiliar with Griqua history would find this essay particularly fascinating -especially the classic way in which a shift in the economic basis and inevitably also in production relations changed the sttucture of Griqua sociery. However, closer examina-tion reveals numerous problems. Firstly, the author concedes that one can at best speculate about the poorer people's involvement in trade; yet in the next paragraph she accepts that profits from this trade became a powerful insttument in the hands of the poor to free themselves from the dominant pastoral sociery. The author also fails to prove beyond doubt that Waterboer was a 'rank and file' member of the poorer cultivators' class. The assumption that it was the poorer people who had turned to cultivation and emerged as small-scale farmers who opposed the old kapteyns, is debatable.
Particularly disturbing are some inaccuracies in Kinsman's source referen-ces. A case in point is the alleged reference by Roben Moffat to the 'families of over 700 former clients of Griqua aristocrats' (page 6), who supposedly reinforced the ranks of the cultivators -but this could not be verified in the British Parliamentary Paper which is given as the source of infonnation (footnote 40). The fact that the historian has to rely to such an extent on speculation (compare Kinsman's frequent use of 'seem to have', 'probably', 'can assert', 'can argue' and 'suggest'), is perhaps a reason why pre-colonial history -the so-called forgotten factor -remains a neglected field of research. In spite of the claim that adaption to cultivation contributed to the transformation of Griqua sociery, the author has to admit that it was only 'an incomplete revolution', because twenry years later the Griqua once again revened to pastoralism and eventually also to the patriarchal system. These few points of criticism are not aimed at discouraging the future publication of collections of this kind. On the contrary, all new published material and interpretations should be supponed since their publication is an imponant way of exposing each and every small piece of the big and sometimes mysterious jigsaw puzzle of the South African past.
J. NAIDOO. 1i-acking down historical myths. A.D. Donker: Johannesburg, 1989. 205 pp. R27,95 (eksklusief).
ISBN 0 868521590.
'n Buitengewone hoek 5005 hierdie word rue gewoonlik deur 'n historikus geskryf rue. Naidoo bet agt onderwerpe uit die Suid-Mri-kaanse geskiedenis gekies (onder meerJan van Riebeeck se beleid teenoor die Khoikhoi, die dood van die Xhosa-opperhoof Hintsa, Piet Retief se verdrag met Dingane en eersgenoemde se dood, en die gebeure by Makapan se grot in die Waterberg in 1854 toe meer as 2 000
I swanes omgekom bet) en die
venolkingsdaar-van ontleed as synde venolkingsdaar-van rigtinggewende belang in Suid-Mrikaners se ver-wringing van hul verlede.
Akademiese historici voel hulself dikwels verplig om binne die hoofsuoom van historiese ondersoek te bly en bulle gewoonlik by temas met 'n samebin-dende strekking te bepaaI. Hoewel Naidoo die M.A.-graad aan Unisa ver-wert bet, beklee hy nie 'n akademiese posisie nie en yael homself mindel gebind deur die prioriteite en oorweginge wat dikwels vir akademiese histori-ci van belang is. Dit bet sy voordele sowel as nadele: enersyds fokus Naidoo op 'n,onderhoudende en dikwels vars wyse op wetenswaardighede van die Suid-Afrikaanse geskied_enis wat sekerlik verdien om onder die oe van die algemene publiek te kom -en waaraan versigrige akademiese historici bulle waarskynlik nie sou waag nie. Andersyds word mitologisering in ge-skiedskrywing oorvereenvoudig en oonuig Naidoo die leser nie van die belangrikheid van die mites wat hy identifiseer nie. llouens, dit is 'n ope vraag of sommige hoegenaamd as mites kwalifiseer.
Mites behels immers veel meer as om bloat vas te stel of 'n sekere venolk-ing waar of vals is. Dit bevat gewoonlik elemente van ~arheid sowel as verdigsel, en dit is juis die elemente van demonstreerbare waarheid wat noodsaaklik is om 'n venolking tot geloofwaardigheid te verhef' Historiese mites ontstaan nie omdat mense willens en wetens valshede verkondig en gIG nie maar omdat bepaaIde venolkings onder bepaa!de omstandighede vir mense oonuigend voorkom. Historiese mites word tewens slegs aanvaar indien dit oak met 'n bepaalde werklikheid in die hede ooreenstem; dit is dus meer hede- as verlede-gerig en ondergaan aanpassings na gelang poli-tiese en sosia!e omstandighede verander. Oat Naidoo horn nie veel steur aan die funksie en betekenis van mites in 'n samelewing nie, is 'n emstige tekonkoming in die werk.
Ander aspekte doen oak afbreuk aan die publikasie: in hoofstuk 3 byvoor-beeld stem die voetnootnommers in die teks nie ooreen met die wat agter in die hoek aangegee word nie. Die aanbieding sou oar die algemeen oak by grater redaksionele sorg gebaat bet.
Vir die gewone leser sa! Naidoo se uiteensettings waarskynlik heelwat gewig dra. Tog is dit uit 'n akademiese oogpunt mindel geslaagd.
ALBERT GRUNDLINGH Universiteit flan Suz"d-Afrika
P.E. RAPER. Dictionary of Southern African place names (second edition). Jonathan Ball
Publishers:Johannesburg, 1989.608 pp. R44,95 (exclusive ).
ISBN 0 947464 04 2.
Peter Raper's first edition of Dictionary of Southern African place names (1987) generally received favourable comments. Some reviewers commended it as 'an excellent book from the point of view of content, coverage (and) style ...'; others saw it as 'a fascinating work ...', 'rich with evocative historical derail ...', and 'an essen-tial addition to any South African libraty.'
Those who would have expected the second edition to be an improvement on the first, will by no means be disappointed: with an extra 240 pages and the addition of some 2 000 new entries -virtually doubling the dictionaty section -this revised and enlarged book constitutes the most comprehensive collection of Southern Mrican place names ever published. And with only a RIO increase in price, it is indeed value for money.
On its dust jacket this second edition of the Dictionary is claimed to be an 'indispensable guide' for 'the motorist, adventurer and armchair traveller alike' who wishes to discover the origins of 'the names of the most important cities, towns, townships, villages, regions, mounrains, rivers, lakes, forests, and other features' (p. 5) of Southern Africa.
