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Systematic assessment of factors affecting the delivery, access and use of
interventions to control malaria in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa
Hill, J.A.
Publication date
2014
Document Version
Final published version
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Hill, J. A. (2014). Systematic assessment of factors affecting the delivery, access and use of
interventions to control malaria in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. Dutch University Press.
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Chapter 4:
Supplementary Appendix
Table S1. Search terms and databases used in the review.
Global Health Search MiP Library Search†
Malaria
AND
----pregnant wom* OR provider* OR ANC service* OR antenatal service* OR ANC OR health provider OR health work* OR health servic* provider OR gestation*
AND
----intermittent preventive treatment* OR intermittent presumptive therap* OR intermittent protective treatment* OR ipt OR iptp OR LLIN OR long lasting insecticid* treated net* OR insecticid* treated net* OR itn OR bed net* OR bed-net* OR bednet* OR mosquito net* OR mosquito-net* OR sulphadoxine pyrimethamine OR sulfadoxine pyrimethamine OR sp OR
chemoprophyla* OR chemoprevent*
AND
intermittent preventive treatment* OR intermittent presumptive therap* OR intermittent protective treatment* OR ipt OR iptp OR LLIN OR long lasting insecticid* treated net* OR insecticid* treated net* OR itn OR bed net* OR bed-net* OR bednet* OR mosquito net* OR mosquito-net* OR sulphadoxine pyrimethamine OR sulfadoxine pyrimethamine OR sp OR
chemoprophyla* OR chemoprevent*
AND
utilisation OR utilization OR coverage OR barrier* OR attendance OR compliance OR adherence OR attitude* OR knowledge OR practic* OR belie* OR delivery effectiv* OR determinant* OR distribut* OR evaluat* OR delivery system* OR predictor OR DOT* OR directly observed OR uptake OR behaviour* OR behavior* OR perception* OR acceptance OR availability OR awareness
utilisation OR utilization OR coverage OR barrier* OR attendance OR compliance OR adherence OR attitude* OR knowledge OR practic* OR belie* OR delivery effectiv* OR determinant* OR distribut* OR evaluat* OR delivery system* OR predictor* OR gestation* OR DOT* OR directly observed OR uptake OR behaviour* OR behavior* OR perception* OR acceptance OR availability OR awareness
†All material in the Malaria in Pregnancy library contain the words malaria and pregnant woman
Tables S2: Study c h ar ac ter isti cs. Ta ble S2 .1 . Cha ra cteristics o f studies o n deter m in a n ts, b a rriers a n d fa cilita to rs . Autho r/ Ye a r R egi on C o u n try S cal e U rb an / Rur a l T ra n sm issi o n se tti ng Study pe rio d/ Ye a r Ta rg et g rou p (ty pe a nd nu m be r) Sa m pl e N D a ta Typ e Study de sig n IP T p/ IT N Prim ary ou tc om e( s) IPTp A m o ra n , 20 12 a [1] Wes t Af ric a Ni geri a 1 d is tri ct R u ra l P eren n ia l 2 008 R D AN C b as ed 25 5 Q ua nt C ro ss-se ct io n al IP T p IP T p u se A rulo gun, 20 12 [2 ] W es t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial N R P W /HW A N C bas ed 4 08 Mix ed Cr os s-se ctio nal IP T p IP T p u se Di ala , 20 12 [3] W es t Af ric a N ig er ia > 1 d is tri ct U rban /r u ra l P er en nial 20 09 P W A N C bas ed 3 0 Q ual Cr os s-se ctio nal IP T p IP T p u se Ili ya su , 20 12 [4 ] W es t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial 20 11 P W A N C bas ed 2 39 Q u an t Cr os s-se ctio nal IP T p IP T p u se Mu by az i, 2 012 [5 ] E as t A frica T anz ani a >1 di str ict Rur al P er ennial 20 05 -2 00 6 H W A N C bas ed 7 8 Mix ed Cr os s-se ctio nal IP Tp IP Tp a cc ept ab ilit y Mu tag on da , 20 12 [6 ] E as t A fri ca T anz ani a 1 dis tr ic t U rban /ru ra l P er en nial 20 10 -2 01 1 P W A N C bas ed 4 70 Mix ed C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p IPT p us e N am u so ke , 2 012 [7 ] E as t A fri ca U gand a 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial 20 08 -2 00 9 P W H os pit al ba se d 2 04 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p IPT p us e On ok a, 2 012 a [8] Wes t Af ric a N ig er ia > 1 dis tr ict U rban /ru ra l P er en nial 20 10 P W /RD H os pit al ba se d 1 30 7 Mix ed C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p IPT p us e On ok a, 2 012 b [9] Wes t Af ric a Ni geri a > 1 di stric t Urb an/ ru ra l P eren n ia l 2 010 HP A N C b as ed 3 4 M ixed C ros s-se ct ion al IP T p IP T p gu id eli n es O n w u je kw e, 201 2 [1 0] W es t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial 20 10 H W H os p it al ba se d 5 2 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p kno w le d ge /us e An sa h -O fe i, 2 01 1 [1 1] W es t Af ric a Gh an a 1 d is tri ct R u ra l Pe re n n ia l N R P W /RD P op ul at io n bas ed 10 0 M ix ed Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p us e D’Alme id a, 201 1[12 ] West Af ric a Be ni n > 1 dis tr ict U rban / r u ra l P er ennial 20 05 -2 00 9 P W H os pit al ba se d 2 42 0 Q u an t L on gitu di nal IP T p IP T p us e Don k or, 2 011 [13] Wes t Af ric a G h ana 1 dis tr ic t U rban / r u ra l P er en nial 20 09 P W /HW A N C bas ed 8 8 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p kno w le d ge F aye, 2 011 [1 4] Wes t Af ric a Sen ega l N at io n al U rb an / r u ra l NR 2 006 1 5 -4 9 y rs P op u la tio n bas ed 1 906 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p IP T p 2 Nd uk a, 2 011 [15] Wes t Af ric a N ig er ia > 1 dis tr ict U rban /ru ra l P er en nial N R P W H os p it al ba se d 8 44 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p IPT p us e Tu tu , 20 1 1 [1 6] W es t Af ric a G h ana 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 05 -2 00 7 R D /H W H os p it al ba se d 2 58 3 / 3 7 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p IPT p kno w le d ge S m it h P ain ta in , 20 11 [1 7] We st Af ric a G hana > 1 di str ict N R P er ennial 20 09 H W A N C bas ed 13 4 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p IPT p kno w le dge G ro ss , 20 11 [1 8] E as t A frica T anz ani a >1 dis tr ict Rur al P er ennial 20 07 -2 00 8 P W /HW A N C bas ed 4 40 /1 8 M ix ed S u rv ey /inte rv ie w IPT p IPT p us e/ IP T p de liv ery N d yo m u g ye n yi , 2 01 0 [1 9] Eas t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t N R P er ennial 20 07 -2 00 8 R D 1 Co m m uni ty bas ed 45 3 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p A N C v is its /I PT p 2 S ang ar e, 20 10 a [20 ] E as t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t U rban S ea so nal 2 00 8 -2 00 9 R D 12 C om m uni ty bas ed 50 0 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p 2 Mbo n ye , 201 0 [2 1] E as t A fri ca U gand a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 09 15-49y rs Co m m uni ty 97 58 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p IPT p us e 243
bas ed S an d e, 2 010 [2 2] Eas t A frica K eny a 1 dis tri ct U rban / r u ra l P er en nial 20 07 P W /RD /H W H os p it al ba se d 3 25 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w /F G D IPT p A N C v is its /I PT p us e Gr ie te n s, 2 01 0 [2 3] W es t Af ric a Bur ki na F as o 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial /S P 2 00 3 -2 00 6 P W C om m uni ty bas ed 22 40 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w /F G D IPT p A N C atte nd an ce /I PT p 2 A n tw i, 2 010 [24] Wes t Af ric a G h an a 1 d is tri ct R u ra l Peren n ia l/ SP 2 009 PW /R D3 /H W A NC b as ed 1 68 / 420 / 30 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p A N C acce ss /I P T p 2 Sm ith , 20 10 [2 5] Wes t Af ric a G h ana > 1 di str ict Rur al P er ennial /S P 20 09 P W A N C bas ed N R Q ual F G D IP T p IP T p acce pta nce A k in le ye , 2 0 09 [2 6] Wes t Af ric a Ni ge ri a > 1 di st ri ct R u ral Pe re n n ial 2 007 PW A N C b ase d 2 09 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p IP T p 1 T ake m , 2 009 [2 7] W es t Af ric a Cam er oo n 1 dis tr ic t N R P er ennial 20 06 -2 00 7 P W A N C bas ed 5 27 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p IPT p 2 A cq u ah , 20 09 [2 8] Wes t Af ric a G h ana 1 dis tr ic t Rur al N R 20 08 P W /RD 3 Co m m uni ty bas ed 64 1 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p 3 K le b i, 2 009 [2 9] W es t A fri ca G h an a 1 d is tri ct R u ral P er en n ial NR PW /R D7 /H W A NC b ase d 9 00 Qu an t C ro ss-se ct io n al IP T p IP T p u se G ie s, 200 9 [3 0 ] W es t Af ric a Bur ki na F as o 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 03 -2 00 6 P W C om m uni ty bas ed 2 766 Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al IP T p A NC vi si ts /IP T p 2 A d je i, 2 009 [3 1] W es t Af ric a G h ana 1 dis tr ic t N R N R N R RD 3/H W H os p it al ba se d 3 20 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p A N C acce ss /I P T p 1/ 2 B ra bin , 20 09 [3 2] Wes t Af ric a G am b ia 1 dis tr ic t Rur al N R 20 07 P W Co m m uni ty bas ed N R Q ual F G D /inte rv iew IPT p IPT p kno w le dge M arch ant , 20 08 [3 3] E as t A fri ca T an za n ia Na tio n al U rb an/ r u ra l P eren n ia l 2 005 -20 07 R D12 Pop u la ti on bas ed 1 171 /1 22 9 / 12 14 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p IP T p 1 /2 A n d ers , 2 008 [3 4] E as t A fri ca T an za n ia > 1 di stric ts U rb an/ r u ra l P eren n ia l/S P 2 006 PW /H W A NC b as ed 1 13 /12 M ixed In te rvi ew / ob se rva tion IP T p A N C tim in g/ IP T p 2 Mu by az i, 2 008 [3 5] E as t A fri ca T anz ani a N atio nal N R N R 2 00 6 -2 00 7 H W H os pit al ba se d 1 1 Q ual Inte rv iew s IPT p IPT p us e/ IP T p de liv ery O u m a, 2 007 [3 6] E as t A frica K eny a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 05 RD 1-4 C om m uni ty bas ed 72 6 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p 1/ 2 L au n ia la , 20 07 [37 ] E as t A fri ca M ala w i 1 d is tri ct R u ra l N R 2 002 PW /H W A NC b as ed 2 82 M ixed S u rve y/ in te rvi ew / F G D /o bs erv atio n IP Tp A N C a cc es s/I P Tp de liv ery Mbo n ye , 200 6a [3 8] Eas t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 02 -2 00 3 P W C om m uni ty bas ed 90 Q u al In te rv iew /F G D IP T p A N C acce ss /I P T p us e Ga te s M ala ria Pa rt n ers hi p, 2 005 [3 9] We st Af ric a G am b ia >1 dis tr ict N R N R 20 02 -2 00 4 P W /HW A N C bas ed 1 11 Mix ed Inte rv iew /F G D IP T p A N C acce ss /I P T p us e Mu by az i, 2 005 [4 0] Eas t A frica T anz ani a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al N R 20 04 P W /HW H os pit al ba se d 8 9 Q ual Inte rv iew /F G D IP T p A N C acce ss /I P T p us e H ol tz , 20 04 [4 1] Eas t A frica Mal aw i 1 dis tr ic t U rban N R 2 00 0 RD 24 Co m m uni ty bas ed 39 1 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p IPT p 2 A sh w oo d-S m ith, 2 002 [4 2] E as t A fri ca Mal aw i 1 dis tr ic t U rban N R 2 00 1 P W /HW A N C bas ed 2 87 /4 1 M ix ed S u rv ey /inte rv ie w IPT p IPT p 1 / 2 ti m ing IT N A luko , 20 12 [4 3] W es t Af ric a Ni geri a 1 dis tri ct U rban /r u ra l P er en nial 20 08 RD AN C b as ed 33 5 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal ITN IT N us e/ ow ne rs hip A m o ra n , 20 12b [44] Wes t Af ric a Ni geri a 1 dis tri ct U rban /r u ra l P er en nial 20 07 PW A N C b ase d 30 0 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal ITN IT N us e/ ow ne rs hip A nko m ah, 2 012 [4 5] W es t Af ric a Ni geri a > 1 di stric t Urb an/ ru ra l P eren n ia l 2 008 PW Pop u la ti on bas ed 2 348 Qu an t Cr os s-se ctio nal ITN IT N us e/ ow ne rs hip A u ta , 2 012 [4 6] Wes t Af ric a N ig er ia N atio nal U rb an /r ur al P er ennial 20 08 15-49 y rs P op ul at io n bas ed 34 070 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal ITN IT N us e/ ow ne rs hip 244
A m br os e, 201 1 [47 ] E as t A frica T anz ani a 1 dis tr ic t N R N R 20 09 P W A N C bas ed 2 22 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal ITN IT N us e/ow ne rs hip Ok on ta , 20 11 [48 ] Wes t Af ric a Ni ge ri a 1 d is tri ct Urb an/ Ru ra l P eren n ia l 2 009 R D Hosp ita l b ase d 5 37 Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al IT N IT N u se Ola jid e, 20 11 [49 ] Wes t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial 20 10 P W A N C bas ed 3 20 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal ITN IT N us e O ’Me ar a, 20 11 [5 0] Eas t A frica K eny a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 09 -2 01 0 P W C om m uni ty bas ed 29 88 Q u an t C ro ss -s ec tio nal ITN I T N ow ne rs hip K ar unam oo rth i, 2 0 10 [5 1] East A fri ca Et hi opi a 1 d is tri ct Urb an Se ason al 2 008 PW A N C b ase d 2 25 Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al ITN IT N u se W agb at so m a, 201 0 [5 2] We st Af ric a Ni ge ri a > 1 di st ri ct R u ral Pe re n n ial NR PW A N C b ase d 3 85 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IT N ITN u se S ang ar e, 20 10 b [5 3] E as t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t U rban S ea so nal 2 00 8 -2 00 9 R D 12 C om m uni ty bas ed 50 0 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IT N IT N us e/ ow ne rs hip B ei ers m ann , 20 10 [5 4] Wes t Af ric a Bur ki na F as o 1 dis tr ic t U rban / r u ra l P er en nial /S P 2 00 6 H W Co m m uni ty bas ed 4/ 11 Q u al In te rv iew /F G D IT N IT N de live ry Mus a, 2 009 [5 5] W es t Af ric a Ni ge ri a > 1 di st ric t Urb an/ r u ra l N R 2 006 PW A N C b ase d 4 55 Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al IT N IT N u se Nj oroge, 2 0 09 [5 6] E as t A fri ca Ken ya 1 d is tri ct NR Peren n ia l 2 007 PW A N C b as ed 2 20 M ixed S u rve y/ in te rvi ew / FG D IT N IT N u se Pet tifor, 200 8 [57] C en tra l Af ric a D R C 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial /S P 2 00 5 P W A N C bas ed 3 51 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal ITN IT N us e/ow ne rs hip B ela y, 2 008 [5 8] E as t A fri ca E thi opi a 1 d is tri ct Urb an/ r u ra l S ea son al 2 006 PW C om m un ity bas ed 81 5 Mix ed S u rv ey /F G D IT N ITN us e Ha ssa n, 2 008 [5 9] E ast A fri ca Su da n 1 d is tri ct NR NR NR PW C ommun ity bas ed 19 Mix ed S ur ve y/ F G D IT N IT N us e M n yi ka , 20 07 [6 0] East A fri ca T an za n ia 1 d is tri ct Urb an N R N R PW A NC b ase d 7 29 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IT N ITN u se Kwek u , 2 007 [6 1] Wes t Af ric a G h ana > 1 dis tr ict U rban / r u ra l N R 2 00 4 -2 00 5 P W /HW A N C bas ed 9 57 Mix ed F acil ity dat a/I nte rv iew IT N ITN de live ry PS I, 2 0 06 Z [62] Sou th ern Af ric a Z am b ia N atio nal U rb an / r u ra l N R 2 00 5 P W P opul at io n bas ed 26 8 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IT N IT N us e P S I, 200 6 B [63 ] C en tr al Af ric a Bur un di N atio nal U rb an / r u ra l N R 2 00 5 P W P opul at io n bas ed 72 1 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IT N IT N us e P S I, 200 6 R [64 ] C en tr al Af ric a Rw and a N atio nal U rb an / r u ra l N R 2 00 5 P W P opul at io n bas ed NR Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al ITN IT N u se V an G ee rtr u yde n, 2 005 [65] Ce ntr al Af ric a R w an da >1 di st ri ct NR Pe re n n ia l/SP 2 002 PW A N C b ase d 1 432 Qu an t C ross-se ct io n al ITN IT N u se Mbo n ye , 200 6b [66 ] Eas t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 02 -2 00 3 P W Co m m uni ty bas ed 90 Q u al In te rv iew /F G D IT N ITN us e M arch ant , 20 02 [6 7] E as t A fri ca T an za n ia 1 d is tri ct R u ra l P eren n ia l 1 998 -19 99 PW C om m un ity bas ed 67 1 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IT N IT N us e IPTp & ITN Ak ab a, 2 01 3 [ 68 ] W es t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tr ic t U rban /r u ra l P er en nial 20 10 P W AN C b as ed 40 3 Q ua nt C ro ss-se ct io n al IP T p / IT N IP T p us e/ I T N us e De A lle gri , 20 13 [69 ] West Af ric a Bur ki na F as o >1 dis tr ict Rur al P er ennial 20 06 -2 00 8 P W P op ul at io n bas ed 1 106 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p /I TN IT N /IP T p c ov er ag e Hi ll, 2 013 [70] E as t A fri ca Ken ya 1 d is tri ct R u ra l P eren n ia l 2 010 PW /R D P op u la tion bas ed 33 9 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT P / IT N IP T p us e/ I T N us e Bo uy ou -A ko te t, 20 12 [7 1] We st Af ric a G abo n > 1 dis tr ict U rban P er en nial 20 11 15-49 y rs A N C bas ed 1 03 0 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal IPT p/ I TN IP T p us e/ IT N us e Z ere , 2 01 2 [72 ] We st Af ric a G h ana > 1 d is tr ict U rban /r u ra l P er en nial 20 08 15-49 y rs P op ul at io n bas ed 4 916 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p /I TN DHS Su rve y C ove ra ge 245
M an iraki za , 2 011 [7 3] Wes t Af ric a Ce ntr al Af ric an Re pu bl ic 1 dis tr ic t U rban P er en nial 20 09 P W H os p it al ba se d 3 28 Q u an t Cr os s-se ctio nal IP T p /I TN IP T p a cc ep ta b ili ty/ IT N us ag e Na p oleon , 20 11 [74 ] E as t A fri ca Su da n 1 d is tri ct Urb an N R 2 009 PW /R D A NC b as ed 3 34 Qu an t C ros s-se ct ion al IP T p / IT N IP T p us e/ IT N us e Mu by az i, 2 010 [7 5] Eas t A frica T anz ani a >1 dis tr ict Rur al P er ennial 20 05 -2 00 6 P W /RD A N C bas ed 2 40 Q u al F G D /inte rv iew IPT p/ IT N A N C acce ss /I P T p us e & de liv ery / IT N us e G ikan d i, 20 08 [7 6] Eas t A frica K eny a > 1 d is tr ict Rur al P er ennial /S P 20 06 -2 00 7 P W /RD P opul at io n bas ed 97 6 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p/ IT N IP T p 1 /IT N u se K iw u w a, 20 08 [7 7] Eas t A frica U gand a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial /S P 20 05 RD 5 C om m uni ty bas ed 76 9 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p/ IT N AN C a tte nd an ce /IP T p us e/ IT N us e On ye as o, 2 0 07 [7 8] Wes t Af ric a N ig er ia 1 dis tri ct U rban N R 2 00 6 H W A N C bas ed 4 97 Q u an t C ro ss -s ectio nal IP T p / IT N IP Tp k n ow led g e/ ITN de liv ery Br en tl ing er , 20 07 [7 9] E as t A frica Mo za m b iq ue >1 dis tr ict U rban / r u ra l P er en nial 20 03 -2 00 4 P W /HW A N C bas ed 7 91 1 Mix ed S ur ve y/inte rv ie w IPT p/ IT N A N C acce ss /I P T p us e/ IP T p de liv ery V an E ij k , 2 005 [8 0] E as t A frica K eny a 1 dis tr ic t Rur al P er ennial 20 02 RD 12 Co m m uni ty bas ed 63 5 Q ua nt Cr os s-se ctio nal IPT p/ IT N AN C a tte nd an ce / tim ing /IP T p us e/I T N us e G u ya tt, 2 0 04 [8 1] Eas t A frica K eny a > 1 d is tri cts U rb an / ru ra l P er en nial /S P 2 00 1 P W /RD 1 2 C om m uni ty bas ed 1 814 Qu an t C ross-se ct ion al IP T p / IT N A N C tim in g/v is its /IP T p us e/ IT N us e Nga n da , 20 04 [8 2] E as t A fri ca T an za n ia 1 d is tri ct R u ra l P eren n ia l 2 003 R D Hos p ita l b as ed 2 93 Qu an t C ros s-se ct ion al IP T p / IT N IP T p 1 /IT N u se A b b rev iatio ns : NR: No t rep o rted Scale: 1 dis
trict, >1 district, Nation
al S am p le : Popu la tio n bas ed = N at io na l or >1 di stri ct , C o m m u ni ty ba se d = 1 di stri ct or com m un ity su rv ey T ran sm is sio n se ttin g: P eren ni al (en d em ic), P eren ni al/ SP ( w ith Seaso nal P eak s) T ar ge t p op ul at io n: P W = p re gna nt w o me n, 1 5 -4 9 y rs, RD = re ce nt ly d el ive re d ( nu m b er d eno te s m o nt hs s inc e d el ive ry ), H W = he al th wo rk er s P rim ar y o utco m e: IP T p u se ( m eans dos e is uns pecif ied) 246
T a b le S 2 .2. Ch aracteris tics of in terven tion s tu d ies . A u th or Y ear C o u n try O b ject iv e S cal e Tim e Fram e Ta rg et Gr o u p NI P T p &/ or IT N s In terv en tion Lev el of Subsi dy Vo uc he r or N et Study De sig n T y p e o f Co ntr ol Prim ary Outc o m e IP T p -C o m m uni ty ba se d distr ibutio n Ms ya m b oz a [8 3] 2 009 M ala w i A ss es s t h e i m p ac t of co m m un ity bas ed dis tr ibu tio n o f I P T p o n up ta ke 1 dis tr ic t 2 002 -20 04 PW 1 752 IP T p C om m un ity Bas ed D is tri bu tio n Qu as i-ex pe rim ental Co ntr ol s ite A N C atte nd an ce /IPT p 2 do se s N d yo m u g ye n yi [8 4] 2 009 Uga n da E va lu at e t h e im pa ct of co m m un ity -dir ecte d dr ug d is trib ut ors (C DDs) d eli veri n g I P T p on up ta ke >1 dis tr ic t 2 007 -20 08 PW 9 26 IP T p C om m un ity Bas ed D is tri bu tio n Qu as i-ex pe rim ental Co ntr ol s ite A N C atte nd an ce /IPT p 1 do se /IPT p 2 do se s M b on ye [8 5] 2 007 Uga n da A ss es s t h e i m p ac t of co m m un ity bas ed dis tr ibu tio n o f I P T p o n up ta ke 1 dis tr ic t 2 003 -20 05 PW 2 785 IP T p C om m un ity Bas ed D is tri bu tio n Qu as i-ex pe rim ental Co ntr ol s ite A N C atte nd an ce /IPT p 2 do se s/I T N us e IP Tp -E d u cat ion al & p rom ot ion a l cam p aign s G ies [3 0] 2 009 B u rk in a Fa so Ev al uate the e ffe ct o f a p rom ot io na l c am p ai gn for w ome n on A N C u se an d I P T p co ve ra ge 1 dis tr ic t 2 003 -20 06 PW 2 766 IP T p E du cat io n al & Prom ot ion al Cam p ai gn s Qu as i-ex pe rim ental Co ntr ol s ite A N C atte nd an ce /IPT p 2 do se s Ou m a [36 ] 2 007 Ken ya E va lu at e th e im pa ct of HW t ra ini n g o n d eli ver y & u se o f IP Tp 1 dis tr ic t 2 005 R D 1 -4 7 26 IP T p E du cat io n al & Prom ot ion al Cam p ai gn s Qu as i-ex pe rim ental B efore /A ft er IP T p 2 d ose s IP T p/ IT N -C o m m u ni ty ba se d di st ri buti o n /Ca m pa ig n di str ibutio n O k eib u no r [86 ] 2 01 1 N ig er ia Incr eas e acce ss to ma la ri a p re ve n tion (IP T /IT N) a m on g pr eg nan t w om en >1 dis tr ic t 2 007 -20 10 PW 2 652 IP T p /IT N Cam p ai gn D is tri bu tio n/ Co m m un ity bas ed dis tr ibu tio n Fr ee N et Q u as i-ex pe rim ental Co ntr ol s ite A N C atte nd an ce /IP T p 2 do se s/I T N us e IT N -C a m pa ig n di st ri butio n T h w in g [87] 2 011 Sen ega l E va lu at e t h e p rogres s of th e Nat iona l di str ibu ti on cam pa ig n to w ar d s un iv er sa l co ve ra ge N atio nal 2 00 9 -2 01 0 P W N R ITN Cam p ai gn D is tri bu tio n F re e Ne t C ross-se ct io n al B ef ore /A fte r ITN u se K h ati b [8 8] 20 08 T anz ani a E val uate im pa ct of de liv ery chan ne ls o n IT N covera g e a n d us e 1 dis tr ic t 2 006 In fa n ts 4 84 IT N C am p ai gn D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed /F re e N et/V ou ch er C ro ss-se ct io n al C omp ar iso n ITN u se /So u rce o f IT N A h m ed [8 9] 2 010 Uga n da E va lu at ed th e effec t of su b sid is ed I T N dis tr ibu tio n o n us e am on g th e p oores t wo m en 1 dis tr ic t 2 009 PW NR IT N C am p ai gn D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed N et C ro ss -s ectio nal C om par is on ITN us e IT N -ANC di stri butio n Mar cha nt [9 0] 20 10 T anz ani a E val uate the i m pa ct o f the N atio nal V ouc he r S che m e o n e qui ty N atio nal 2 00 7 P W /RD 12 2 034 IT N A NC D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed V ouche r C ro ss -s ectio nal N /A Eq ui ty o f I T N us e 247
Be ie rs m an n [5 4] 2 010 B u rk in a Fa so Q u al it at iv e e xpl or atio n o f pr ov ide r pe rc ep tio n s a n d acce pta bil ity I T N de liv ery m echa n is m s 1 dis tr ic t 2 007 HW 6 0 IT N A NC D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed /F re e Net F G D /in tervi ew s N /A IT N d eli v er y H ans on [9 1] 20 09 T anz ani a Ev al uate the i m pa ct o f the N atio nal V ouc he r Sc h em e on c overa ge t o pr eg nan t w om en Na tio n al 2 004 -20 06 PW 2 070 IT N A NC D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed V ouche r C ro ss -s ectio nal T im e co m p ar iso n IT N u se/ Vou ch er us e Pet tifor [9 2] 2 009 DR C E va lu at e th e im pa ct of IT N s de live re d f re e at AN C o n IT N u se 1 dis tr ic t 2 005 PW 3 62 IT N A NC D is tri bu tio n Fr ee N et C oh or t B as eline / 6m ths ITN us e M u ller [93] 2 008 B u rk in a Fa so E va lu at e ef fe ct of f ree IT N d is tri bu tion a t AN C w ith o r w /o u t s oc ial m ark et in g on IT N u se 1 dis tr ic t 2 006 -20 07 PW 3 84 IT N A N C D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed /F re e Ne t C ross-se ct io n al B as eli n e/1 yr ITN u se Kwek u [61] 2 007 G h an a E xa m in e pi lot IT N vo uche r s che m e de liv ere d at A N C an d de te rm ine b ar rie rs to acce ss >1 dis tr ic t 2 004 -20 05 PW 5 165 8 IT N A N C D is tri bu tio n S ubs id is ed V ouche r C ro ss -s ectio nal N /A V ouche r u se G u ya tt [9 4] 2 003 Ken ya A ss es s t h e i m p ac t of free IT N d is tri bu tion a t AN C on I T N u se >1 dis tr ic t 2 002 PW 2 94 IT N A NC D is tri bu tio n F re e Ne t C ross-se ct io n al B as eli n e/1 yr ITN u se IT N – C o m m uni ty ba se d di str ibution Non aka , 20 12 [9 5] We st Af ric a Ni ger E va lu at e th e im pa ct of co m m un ity -bas ed ne t dis tri bu tio n s tra te gy on th e c overa ge a n d u se of I T N 1 dis tr ic t 2 010 PW 1 34 IT N C ommun ity bas ed dis tr ibu tio n S ubs id is ed N et C ro ss -s ectio nal C om par is on ITN us e IT N -S oc ia l m a rk et in g & s u b sid ies P S I K eny a [96 ] 2 00 8 K eny a A ss es s the im pa ct o f so cial m ar k et in g cam p aig n an d su bs id iz ed IT N s o n co ve ra ge and us e Na tio n al 2 003 -20 07 PW 3 20 IT N Soc ia l Mar k et in g & S ubs id ie s Su b sid is ed Ne t C ross-se ct io n al B as eli n e/2 yr/ 4 y r IT N u se PS I Ma dag as car [9 7] 2 009 M ad aga sc a r A ss es s the im pa ct o f so cial m ar k et in g cam p aig n an d su bs id iz ed IT N s o n co ve ra ge and us e N atio nal 2 00 4 -2 00 6 1 5-49y rs 2 920 IT N S oc ia l Mar k et in g & S ubs id ie s S ubs id is ed N et C ro ss -s ectio nal B as eline /2y r ITN us e PS I B u ru nd i [9 8] 2 007 B u ru nd i A ss es s t h e i m p ac t of so cial m ar k et in g cam p aig n an d su bs id iz ed IT Ns on c overa g e a n d us e Na tio n al 2 006 -20 07 PW 1 332 IT N S oc ia l Mar k et in g & S ubs id ie s S ubs id is ed N et C ro ss -s ectio nal B as eline /1y r ITN us e A b b rev iatio ns : Scale: 1 dis
trict, >1 district, Nation
al T arg et P opu lation : PW=preg na nt w o m en , 15-49 yr s, R D =rec en tly deli ve red (n um ber den o te s m onths s in ce deliv er y)
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86. Okeibunor JC, Orji BC, Brieger W, Ishola G, Otolorin E, et al. (2011) Preventing malaria in pregnancy through community-directed interventions: evidence from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Malaria Journal 10: 227. 87. Thwing JI, Perry RT, Townes DA, Diouf MB, Ndiaye S, et al. (2011) Success of Senegal's first nationwide
distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to children under five - contribution toward universal coverage. Malaria Journal 10: (13 A-(13 A.
88. Khatib RA, Killeen GF, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, McElroy PD, et al. (2008) Markets, voucher subsidies and free nets combine to achieve high bed net coverage in rural Tanzania. Malaria Journal 7: 98.
89. Ahmed SM, Zerihun A (2010) Possession and usage of insecticidal bed nets among the people of Uganda: is BRAC Uganda Health Programme pursuing a pro-poor path? PLoS ONE 5.
90. Marchant T, Schellenberg D, Nathan R, Armstrong-Schellenberg J, Mponda H, et al. (2010) Assessment of a national voucher scheme to deliver insecticide-treated mosquito nets to pregnant women. Canadian Medical Association Journal 182: 152-156.
91. Hanson K, Marchant T, Nathan R, Mponda H, Jones C, et al. (2009) Household ownership and use of insecticide treated nets among target groups after implementation of a national voucher programme in the United Republic of Tanzania: plausibility study using three annual cross sectional household surveys. British Medical Journal 339: b2434.
92. Pettifor A, Taylor E, Nku D, Duvall S, Tabala M, et al. (2009) Free distribution of insecticide treated bed nets to pregnant women in Kinshasa: an effective way to achieve 80% use by women and their newborns. Tropical Medicine and International Health 14: 20-28.
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98. Population Services International (2007) Burundi (2007): Malaria TRaC Study evaluating bed net use among pregnant women and children under 5 years. First Round. Bujumbura, Burundi.
253
Tables S3: Check list for quality of reporting.
Table S3.1. Check list for quality of reporting: Quantitative Studies.
Author/Year N Study Population Randomization used in selection Multivariate Analysis used Recall bias minimized Social desirability bias minimized Measurement bias minimized Total (5) Akaba, 2013 [1] 403 ANC based X X X X 1 Bouyou-Akotet, 2013 [2] 1030 ANC based X 4 De Allegri, 2013 [3] 1106 Population based 5 Hill, 2013 [4] 339 Population based 5 Aluko, 2012 [5] 335 ANC based X X X 2 Amoran, 2012a [6] 255 ANC based X X X 2 Amoran, 2012b [7] 300 ANC based X X X 2 Ankomah, 2012 [8] 2348 Population based X X 3 Auta, 2012 [9] 34070 Population based X X X 2 Iliyasu, 2012 [10] 239 ANC based X 4 Namusoke, 2012 [11] 204 Hospital based X X 3 Onwujekwe, 2012 [12] 52 Hospital based X X 3 Zere, 2012 [13] 4916 Population based X X X X 1 D’Almeida, 2011 [14] 2420 Hospital based X 4 Donkor, 2011 [15] 88 ANC based X X X X X 0 Ambrose, 2011 [16] 222 ANC based X X X X 1 Faye, 2011 [17] 1906 Population based X X 3 Manirakiza, 2011 [18] 78 ANC based X X X 2 Napoleon, 2011 [19] 334 ANC based X X X 2 Nduka, 2011 [20] 844 Hospital based X X X X 1 Okonta, 2011 [21] 537 Hospital based X X X X X 0 Olajide, 2011 [22] 320 ANC based X X X X X 0 O’Meara, 2011 [23] 2988 Community based X X 3 Karunamoorthi, 2010 [24] 225 ANC based X X X X 1 Ndyomugyenyi, 2010 [25] 453 Community based X X X X 1 Sangare, 2010a [26] 500 Community based 5 Wagbatsoma, 2010 [27] 385 ANC based X X X X 1 Sangare, 2010b [28] 500 Community based X 4 Akinleye, 2009 [29] 209 ANC based X X X 2 Musa, 2009 [30] 455 ANC based X X X X 1 Takem, 2009 [31] 527 ANC based X X X 2 Acquah, 2009 [32] 641 Community based X 4 Klebi, 2009 900 ANC based X X X 2
[33] Gikandi, 2008 [34] 976 Population based X X X 2 Kiwuwa, 2008 [35] 769 Community based X 4 Marchant, 2008 [36] 1171/1229/ 1214 Population based X 4 Pettifor, 2008 [37] 351 ANC based X X X 2 Mnyika, 2007 [38] 729 ANC based X X X X 1 Onyeaso, 2007 [39] 497 ANC based X X X 2 PSI Zambia, 2006 [40] 268 Population based X X 3 PSI Burundi, 2006 [41] 721 Population based X X 3 PSI Rwanda, 2006 [42] NR Population based X X 3 Van Eijk, 2005 [43] 635 Community based X X X 2 Van Geertruyden, 2005 [44] 1432 ANC based X X X 2 Guyatt, 2004 [45] 1814 Population based X X X 2 Holtz, 2004 [46] 391 Community based 5 Nganda, 2004 [47] 293 Hospital based X X X X 1 Marchant, 2002 [48] 671 Community based X X X 2 Key:
- indicates that the methodological item was reported
X – indicates that the methodological item was not reported or was not done
Description of categories:
Randomization – authors report sampling technique and use of random sampling of participants
Multivariate analysis – authors report and use multivariate analysis of determinants to control for possible confounding factors
Recall bias – authors report using methods to minimize recall bias (i.e. Checking ANC cards for IPTp use, verifying ITN present, having to recall events far in the past)
Social desirability bias – authors report using methods to minimize social desirability bias (i.e. Checking ANC cards for IPTp use, verifying ITN present)
Measurement bias – authors report using study design or methods to minimize measurement bias (i.e. Standardized instruments for data collection, appropriate training for data collectors, presumptive SP vs. treatment SP, measuring gestational age)
Abbreviations: IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment; ITN, insecticide treated nets; ANC, antenatal clinic; SP, sulphadoxine pyrimethamine
255
Ta ble S3 .2 . Chec k list fo r qu a lity o f repo rting : Q u a lita tiv e Studies. Autho r/ Yea r N S a m p lin g s tr a te gy is jus tif ie d D a ta co ll ect io n is cl ea rly e xp la in ed S a tu rat ion is m enti o ne d A n al ys is is cl ea rl y ex p la in ed R ef lex iv it y i s d o cu m en ted R eli ab ilit y & V a lid it y is di sc usse d Use of fi ndi n g s is di sc usse d T o ta l (7 ) D ial a, 2 0 12 [ 4 9] 30 X X 5 Mu by az i, 2 010 [5 0] 24 0 X X 5 Smi th , 20 10 [5 1] NR X 6 B ra bin , 20 09 [5 2] 4 1/ 16 F G D s X XX 4 Mu by az i, 2 008 [5 3] 11 X 6 M b on ye , 2 0 06 a [5 4] 9 0 XX X 4 Mu by az i, 2 005 [5 5] 17 /6F G D s XX X 4 Mbo n ye , 200 6b [5 6] 90 XX X 4 Ke y: – in d icates it w as rep o rted o r d iscu ssed i n th e article X – in d icates it w as no t rep o rte d in th e article A bbrev iat io ns : F GD, f o cu s g rou p di sc us sion Des crip tion of categories : S am p li ng s trategy – th e a ut hor m en tion s w ho w as s am p led, ho w t he y w ere s am p led an d w h eth er or n o t it is j us tif ied Data C o llectio n – t he m et
hods are described su
ffi cie ntl y i n t he article an d it m en tio ns i f f o cu s gr o up f acili tato rs/i nt erv ie w er s w er e tr ai ne d S atu ratio n – th e au th or dis cus ses s at uration of data An al ys is – th e m eth ods fo r anal ys is des cribed an d j us tif ied Ref le xi vit y – th e a uth o r d isc us ses t he eff ect o f t he research er /trial o n th e d ata/o b serv atio ns Reliab ilit y & Valid it y – tria ng ul atio n w ith o th er d ata o r m et ho d s u sed to co n fir m /ch ec k th e resu lts, o r v alid atio n o f t he t rans cripts w ith t he participan ts to en su re accu rac y o f data F in d in gs – th e fin d in gs dis cu ss ed f o r th eir i m plica tions on fu rth er res earch , polic y or prog ra m m ing 256
Ta ble S3 .3 . C hec k list f o r qu a lit y o f repo rt ing : M ixed M et h o d s St udie s. Autho r/ Yea r N Ju st ifi cat ion fo r u sin g mi xe d me th o d s S a m p lin g s tr a te gy rep ort ed Me tho ds fo r qu a lit a tiv e com p on en t rep ort ed Ana ly si s str a te gy rep ort ed M u lt iv ar ia te A n al ys is u sed Mi ni m iz a tio n of b ias rep o rt ed In te gr at ion o f Qua n t/ Qu a l com p on en ts T o ta l (9 ) Qua l Qua n t Qua l Qua n t A ru logu n , 2 012 [5 7] 4 08 X XX 6 Mu by az i, 2 012 [ 58 ] 78 XX 7 M ut agond a, 2 012 [ 59] 4 70 XX 7 On ok a, 2 012 a [6 0] 1 307 XX 7 On ok a, 2 012 b [61 ] 3 4 XX 7 An sa h -O fe i, 2 01 1 [ 62 ] 1 00 X X 7 G ro ss , 20 11 [63 ] 44 0/ 18 X X 7 S m it h P ain ta in , 20 11 [6 4] 13 4 X X 7 T u tu , 201 1 [65] 2 583 /3 7 X X XX X4 Mbo n ye , 201 0 [6 6] 97 58 X XX X 5 S an de , 2 010 [6 7] 32 5 X X X X X4 G rie te n s, 201 0 [68] 2 240 X 8 A ntw i, 20 10 [6 9] 58 8/ 30 X XX X 5 Nj oroge, 2 0 09 [7 0] 2 20 X X XX XX 3 A d je i, 2 009 [7 1] 32 0 X XX X 5 Be la y, 20 08 [7 2] 81 5 X 8 Ha ss an , 2 008 [7 3] 1 9 X XX 6 A n de rs , 20 08 [7 4] 11 9/ 12 X XX 6 L aunial a, 2 0 07 [ 75] 28 2 X 8 B ren tli n ger, 2 007 [76] 7 911 X X XX X 4 G at es M ala ri a Pa rtn ersh ip , 200 5 [7 7] 11 1 X XX X 5 A sh w oo d-S m ith, 2 002 [7 8] 28 7/ 41 X X X 6 Ke y: - in d icates t hat t he m eth o d o lo gi cal ite m w as rep o rted X – in dicates th at th e m et hodolog ical ite m w as not reported or w as n o t don e A b brev iatio ns : Q ual, qu ali tati ve res earch m et hods ; Qu an t, qu an titati ve res earch m et hods Des cription of categories : Ju sti ficat io n – aut hors off er j us tifi cat ion fo r t he us e of m ix ed m et hods i n t he st ud y Sa m p li ng – au th o rs rep o rt o n th e sa m p lin g tec hn iq ues fo r b oth th e q ualitati ve a nd q uan ti tat iv e p articip an t selec tio n Meth o d s – au th o rs rep o rt th e m et ho d o lo gical tech ni q ue s in d ata co llectio n f o r th e q uali tati ve co m p o ne nts An al ys is – au th ors report th e an al ys is strategy u sed f o r both t he qu alitat iv e a nd qu an titati ve com p on en ts B ias – au th o rs rep o rt th e step s tak en to m in im ize b ias eith er th ro u gh stu d y d esig n o r in t he an al ys is In teg ratio n – au th o rs i nte gr ate th e q ualitat iv e a nd q uan titati v e co m p o ne nt s in t he an al ys is a nd f in d in gs 257
Ta ble S3 .4 . Chec k list fo r qu a lity o f reporting: I n terventi on Studies. Autho r/ Yea r N Study de sig n T y p e o f co n tro l Co nfo undi n g fa ct or s d isc usse d Ste ps to r educ e bia s rep ort ed L o st t o fo ll ow u p /m is sin g d a ta rep ort ed Ex tern al V a lid ity di sc usse d T o ta l (4 ) Non aka , 20 12 [7 9] 1 34 P W C om m un ity b as ed c lu ste r su rve y Co m p ar is on o f 2 s ite s X XX 1 /4 O ke ib uno r, 2 011 [8 0] 26 52 PW P re -po st par all el g ro u p Co ntr ol s ite X3 /4 T h w in g, 20 11 [8 1] 3 315 Hou seh old s Co m m uni ty bas ed cl us te r su rve y B efore /a ft er X3 /4 A h m ed , 20 10 [82 ] 1 023 4 Hou seh old s P os t-te st cr os s-se ctio nal s u rv ey Co m p ar is on o f 2 s ite s X n /a X 1 /3 M arch ant , 20 10 [8 3] 1 327 R D 12/ 70 7 P W C lu ste r s u rvey s n /a n /a X n /a X 0 /2 B ei ersma nn , 20 10 [8 4] 6 0 HP FG D a n d I n te rvi ew s n /a n /a n/ a X 1/ 2 G ies , 2 0 09 [85 ] 2 766 PW C lu ste r-ra nd om ized ef fec tiv en es s t ria l Co ntr ol s ite X3 /4 M ys am b oza , 200 9 [86] 1 752 PW Qu as i-exp eri m en ta l in te rv en tio n Co ntr ol s ite XX 2 /4 Nd yom g yen yi , 20 09 [8 7] 9 26 PW Qu as i-exp eri m en ta l in te rv en tio n Co ntr ol s ite X 3/ 4 Ha n son, 2 009 [88] 2 070 PW Pla u sib ilit y c ros s-s ec tion al da ta C om p ar is on a t 3 p oint s in ti m e X 3/ 4 P ettif or , 2 009 [8 9] 36 2 P W Co ho rt s tu d y B as eline /6m on th co m p ar iso n 4/ 4 M u ller, 20 08 [9 0] 3 84 PW C lu ste r-ra nd omi zed c on trolled tr ial B as eli n e/1 ye ar co m p ar iso n XX 2 /4 K h at ib , 20 08 [9 1] 4 84 I n fa n ts C ros s-se ct ion al s u rvey C om p ar is on n/ a X 2/ 3 P S I K eny a, 20 08 [9 2] 32 0 P W Cr os s-se ctio nal B as eline /2y r/4y r X 3/ 4 O u m a, 2 007 [9 3] 72 6 RD Cr os s-se ctio nal s u rv ey Be fo re /af te r X3 /4 Mbo n ye , 200 7 [9 4] 27 85 P W Q u as i-ex pe rim ent al in te rv en tio n Co ntr ol s ite XX 2 /4 Kwek u , 2 007 [9 5] 5 165 8 PW C ros s-se ct io n al n /a X n/ a X 1/ 3 P S I Madag as car , 2 009 [9 6] 29 20 15-49 y rs C ro ss-se ct io n al B ase lin e/2 y ears XX 2/ 4 PS I B u ru nd i, 2 007 [9 7] 1 332 PW C ros s-se ct ion al B as eli n e/1 y ea r XX 2/ 4 G u ya tt, 20 03 [9 8] 2 94 PW C ros s-se ct ion al B as eli n e/1 y ea r X3 /4 A b b rev iatio ns : - in d icates t hat t he m eth o d o lo gi cal ite m w as rep o rted X – in dicates th at th e m et hodolog ical ite m w as n o t reported or w as n o t don e n/ a – m ea ns n o t ap p licab le A bbrev iatio ns : P W, preg na nt w o m an ; R D , recen tly deli ve red; HP , h ealth care prov ider; F GD, f o cus g rou p dis cu ssion Des cription of categories : T ype of Con trol – th e a uth ors report th e ty pe of control u sed i. e. con trol s ite (g eog raph ical con
trol area), bef
o re an d af ter da ta, com p arison at di ffere nt p o in ts i n ti m e
C onf oun ding F actors – th e a ut hors dis cus s m in im izi ng conf o un d in g f actors t hroug h approp riate s election of participants ( i.e. ra nd o m sa m p li n g o f p articip an ts) o r th ro u gh m u lti va riate an al ys is o f p o ssi b le c o nfo und in g va ria b le s B ias – th e au th o rs d iscu ss p o ten tial so ur ces o f b ias i n m eas u rin g t he i nterv en tio n a nd th e o utco m e; w ere atte m p ts to m in im ized th e bias reported L o st to f o llo w u p – th e au th o rs rep o rt o n th e n u m b er o f p articip an ts w ho are lo st to f o llo w u p Ex tern al Val id ity – th e a ut ho rs d iscu ss t he g en eralisab ili ty o f th e fin d in gs to o th er se tti ng s an d p o p ulatio ns 259
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