Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

Renewable Energy in The Netherlands

Dr. Martien Visser

Professor Energy Transition & Network Integration

Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen

Partner of the Energy Academy Europe

E-mail: b.m.visser@pl.hanze.nl

This analyses contains information of various sources and own analyses, including various estimates. Readers are encouraged to add, to improve the quality of the information provided.

 The fraction of renewable energy was 6.8%; this was the highest fraction ever recorded in The Netherlands

 Electricity production by Wind doubled compared to July 2014 due to high wind availability

 Average utilization of wind capacity was 25% and for solar-PV 17%  Coal usage in Dutch power generation increased by 37% y-o-y.

 Simultaneously, gas used to generate power decreased by 50% y-o-y.  Dutch CO2 emissions were on par with July 2014.

 The fraction renewable power increased from 9.2% (July 2014) to 12.0%.  The fraction of renewable energy was 6.8%, compared to 6.5% in July 2014

July 2015

In a Nutshell

• July 2015 data

• Monthly profiles

• Monthly data

• Hourly data

• Miscellaneous

Content

Final Energy Demand

July 2015

Energy is used for many different purposes. In July 2015, the most important applications were heating/gas (15 TWh) and Transport (27 TWh). Renewables

are given by comparison.

July-15 Page 6 15.3 12.5 _11.0 9.0 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.9 2.7 0 5 10 15 20

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping* Power Feedstock* Industry* Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

July 2015 TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, etc.., own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

Final Energy Demand

July 2015 (vs 2014)

In July 2015, gas consumption was higher than last year, mainly due to lower temperatures. Based on CBS data, energy used for feedstock is estimated to be

significantly lower than in 2014. Due to higher wind and solar-PV, renewable

1.6 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -1.5 -0.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Gas** Road Transport* Shipping* Power Feedstock* Industry* Aviation* Coal** Ren-Energy*

July 2015 versus July 2014 TWh

Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, own analyses

*estimated **excl. gas&coal-to-power

CO2 Emissions

July 2015

The national CO2 emissions for June 2015, excluding power imports, feedstock and international shipping & aviation, have been estimated at 11.9 Mton. This was slightly higher than in June 2014. The

main CO2 contributions came from the power sector and road transport.

July-15 Page 8 2.7 3.5 3.1 3.5 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.5 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

Mton CO2 July 2015

*do not contribute to the national CO2 target ** excl. gas & coal to power Sources: CBS, TenneT, GTS, RIVM,

This summer, the second 800 MW unit of the RWE coal-fired power station at Eemshaven came online. The growth of wind and solar-PV has continued.

Power Generation

Capacity July 2015

Gas Coal Wind Biomass* Solar Nuclear

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, Windstats, own analyses

Power Supplies

July 2015

In July 2015, power consumption was 9 TWh, the same as last year. Most power has been generated by coal-fired power stations. The usage of coal for power generation increased by

37% y-o-y. In July 2015, the average contribution from renewables to the power system was 12.0%, compared to 9.2% in July 2014, due to much more wind this month.

July-15 Page 10 2.36 3.71 0.59 0.15 0.36 0.37 1.18 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

NatGas Coal Wind Solar-PV Biomass Nuclear Net imports

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

CO2 from Power

Generation

July 2015

The CO2 emissions from imports are given for comparison, as these emissions do not contribute to the National Dutch CO2 emission level. In July 2015, 85% of the CO2 emissions

from the power sector came from the coal-fired power stations.

0.5 2.7 0 0 0 0 0.9 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

natgas coal wind solar biomass nuclear imports

Sources: TenneT, GTS, CBS, KNMI, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, own analyses

Mton CO2

SELECTED MONTHLY PROFILES

(using daily data)

Daily power demand shows a week-weekend pattern. Daily gas demand (excluding gas demand for power) from industry has a similar pattern. In summer, not much gas is used for the heating market, which is mainly

Gas and Power Demand

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul Power Gas*

July 2015

GWh

Coal-fired power stations showed a week-weekend pattern. Gas-fired generation used, is typically must-run capacity (e.g. cogeneration) or necessary to balance the system.

On July 6 and 7th_{, and In the week 20-24 July, The Netherlands was a net exporter of}

power and significant gas-fired power was used to balance the system.

Conventional Power

Production

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul Coal Gas Nuclear

July 2015

GWh

July was not so sunny, but rather windy. Hence, combined with a significant increase in installed capacity, wind energy production increased by 94% compared to July 2014.

1 GWh is sufficient to provide power for a year to 300 households.

Wind and Solar

Power Production

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul Wind Solar-PV

July 2015

GWh

Renewable energy as a fraction of final energy consumption peaked at 7.7% on July 29th_{, while the fraction of renewable power peaked to 19% that day.}

Contribution of

Renewable Energy

July2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul Ren%Power Ren%Final

July 2015

Each month in 2015, gas demand, excluding gas-to-power, has been higher than in in the same month in 2014, due to lower temperatures in 2015 compared to 2014,

and also higher usage in industry.

Gas Demand

(excluding gas-to-power)

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

Due to lower production from the Groningen gas field and declining gas production from the North Sea, Dutch gas production in 2015 is considerable lower than in 2014.

10 TWh gas is sufficient to supply heat to all houses in Amsterdam for two years

Gas Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, own analyses

2015 (2014)

Power demand in July was the same as last year. In 2015, power demand between January and July have been 1% higher than in 2014.

Power Demand

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: TenneT, CBS, own analyses

2015 (2014)

Wind power production is very volatile. Wind production in July 2015 was 94%, mainly much more wind availability. In July 2015, the average utilization of wind

capacity was 25%.

Wind Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: CertiQ, KNMI, own analyses

2015 (2014)

In July 2015, electricity production by Solar PV in The Netherlands was slightly less than the record level in June. In July 2015, the average utilization rate of solar-PV

capacity was 17%.

Solar PV Production

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: PolderPV.nl, CertiQ, Klimaatmonitor, KNMI, own analyses

2015 (2014)

Coal utilization for power generation is structurally about 35% higher in 2015 compared to 2014. In July, the average utilization rate of coal-fired power stations in the Netherlands

has been calculated at 70%. This percentage includes the effects of maintenance.

Coal-to-Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

In July 2015, power production by gas-fired power stations and cogeneration was less increased slightly compared to June 2015., due to a reduction in net power imports. In July, the average utilization rate of gas-fired capacity was 24%. This percentage includes

maintenance and mothballed installations.

Gas to Power

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

In July 2015, little LNG was imported via LNG terminal. On average, LNG imports in 2015 increased by 200% compared to 2014.

LNG imports

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

Renewable Energy

All Sources

2015 (and 2014)

In June, the Dutch National Statistical Office (CBS) released a report stating that the utilization of biomass (‘wood’) by households was significantly underestimated. Moreover, new (higher) data for the usage of bio-oil became available for 2014. The

data for 2014 (and 2015) have been adjusted using this new information.

July-15 Page 26 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

The calculation of the percentage of renewable energy for The Netherlands, as fraction of final energy demand (EU definition), has been adjusted this month, taking into account the estimates of the Dutch Statistical Office

about the usage of gas, coal and electricity for non-energy purposes. The effect is a 10% (relative) higher estimate for the percentage of renewable energy.

Renewable Energy

Percentage

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

In July 2015, Dutch national CO2 emissions were at the same level as last year. The effect of larger amounts of renewables has been compensated by a higher utilization of coal to generate power less

power imports.

CO2 Emissions

2015 (and 2014)

Sources: GTS, TenneT, CBS, CE-Delft, Windstats, PolderPV, KNMI, etc., own analyses

2015 (2014)

In July 2015, substantial gas volumes were used to fill gas storages, depicted as negative values in the figure.

Gas Supply

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Natural Gas Supply July 2015

Storages Gas import LNG Terminals Production

MWh

In July, gas demand in The Netherlands peaked to 36000 MW

Gas Demand

Including Gas-to-Power

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Gas Demand July 2015

Industry LDC points

MWh

Gas Imports & Exports

July 2015

In July 2015, Dutch gas imports were 6 TWh higher than Dutch gas exports. After May 2015, this was the second time it occurred that the Netherlands was a net importing gas

country (on a montlhy basis)

July-15 Page 32 -60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

July 2015

Gas export Gas import

MWh

Power Imports &

Exports

July 2015

In July 2015, power imports were generally much higher than power exports. The exception have been around the 22nd _{of July, where power exports exceeded power imports. Typically,}

the Netherlands imports about 4000 MW of power, while it exports about 1000 MW.

-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

July 2015

Power import Power export

MWh

In The Netherlands, summers are characterized by a low availability of wind. July 2015 has been an exception to this rule, with a lot of wind, resulting in a

utilization rate of the available wind capacity of 25%.

Wind Power

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Wind Power July 2015

MWh

In June PV reached a new Dutch record level of 161 GWh. The amount of Solar-PV in July was slightly less: 155 GWh. In July, the average utilization rate of the solar

PV installed was 17%.

Solar PV Power

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Solar Power July 2015

MWh

The following set of slides presents for each month

in 2015 the hourly contributions of various energy

sources to total power consumption in The

Netherlands.

Power Generation

January 2015

In the week of 20-24 January, power generation peaked, due to the net exports that occurred. The majority of the additional power generation has been generated by

gas-fired installations. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jan 8-Jan 15-Jan 22-Jan 29-Jan Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW January 2015

Power Generation

February 2015

Like in January, low wind availability coincided with net exports of power.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Feb 8-Feb 15-Feb 22-Feb

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW February 2015

sources: CBS, TenneT, KNMI, GTS, CertiQ, etc. & own analyses Data are added

Power Generation

March 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in March. On several Saturdays, some net exports were recorded.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Mar 8-Mar 15-Mar 22-Mar 29-Mar

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW March 2015

Power Generation

April 2015

Relatively low imports of power occurred in April. On several occasions, mainly on Saturdays, net exports were recorded. April showed several days with high coal-fired generation, while gas-fired generation was low.

July-15 Page 40 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Apr 8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW April 2015

Power Generation

May 2015

In May, high net imports and high coal utilization squeezed gas-fired power generation. -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-May 8-May 15-May 22-May 29-May

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW May 2015

Power Generation

June 2015

In June, high net imports and high coal utilization squeezed out gas-fired power generation. July-15 Page 42 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jun 8-Jun 15-Jun 22-Jun 29-Jun

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW June 2015

Power Generation

July2015

In July, imports were more moderate than in June; consequently, although coal utilization remained high, more gas-fired power generation was

registered than in June.

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

Net import Nuclear Other Renewable Coal NatGas

MW July 2015

The following set of slides presents for each week in

2015 the hourly contributions of wind and solar-PV

to the total power consumption in The Netherlands.

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan 8-Jan 9-Jan 10-Jan 11-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

12-Jan 13-Jan 14-Jan 15-Jan 16-Jan 17-Jan 18-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc.., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

19-Jan 20-Jan 21-Jan 22-Jan 23-Jan 24-Jan 25-Jan

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

26-Jan 27-Jan 28-Jan 29-Jan 30-Jan 31-Jan 1-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Feb 3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb 6-Feb 7-Feb 8-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Feb 10-Feb 11-Feb 12-Feb 13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, KNMI, PolderPV.nl, etc., own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Feb 17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb 20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Feb 24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb 27-Feb 28-Feb 1-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, etc., own analyses

MWh 201

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar 26-Mar 27-Mar 28-Mar 29-Mar

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

30-Mar 31-Mar 1-Apr 2-Apr 3-Apr 4-Apr 5-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

6-Apr 7-Apr 8-Apr 9-Apr 10-Apr 11-Apr 12-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

13-Apr 14-Apr 15-Apr 16-Apr 17-Apr 18-Apr 19-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

20-Apr 21-Apr 22-Apr 23-Apr 24-Apr 25-Apr 26-Apr

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Sources: TenneT, CertiQ, Windstats, Klimaatmonitor, PolderPV.nl, KNMI, own analyses

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

27-Apr 28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr 1-May 2-May 3-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

4-May 5-May 6-May 7-May 8-May 9-May 10-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

11-May 12-May 13-May 14-May 15-May 16-May 17-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

25-May 26-May 27-May 28-May 29-May 30-May 31-May

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

1-Jun 2-Jun 3-Jun 4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

8-Jun 9-Jun 10-Jun 11-Jun 12-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

15-Jun 16-Jun 17-Jun 18-Jun 19-Jun 20-Jun 21-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

22-Jun 23-Jun 24-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun 27-Jun 28-Jun

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

29-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 2-Jul 3-Jul 4-Jul 5-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

6-Jul 7-Jul 8-Jul 9-Jul 10-Jul 11-Jul 12-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

13-Jul 14-Jul 15-Jul 16-Jul 17-Jul 18-Jul 19-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

Hourly Solar-PV and

Wind Generation 2015

27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug 2-Aug

Rest Wind solar-PV

MWh 2015

The effective temperature (temperature including wind shield factor). For comparison, effective daily temperatures of July 2014 are presented at the background.

Effective Temperature

July 2015

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul

July 2015 (2014)

Sources: KNMI, own analyses

Characteristic CO2 emissions used in this presentation.

Fuel Specific CO2

Emissions

Sources: CE-Delft, own analyses Power Generation

This presentation is based on numerous sources which present data on energy

demand and supply in The Netherlands. These data, however, do not cover the

entire energy system. Some approximations and scaling factors were thus

needed. The author would like to thank students from Hanze University of

Applied Science in Groningen and various energy experts in The Netherlands

which gave suggestions for improvements of the methods used. Currently, the

aggregated results of this work are in good agreement with data supplied by the

Dutch National Office of Statistics (CBS). It is believed by the author that the

detailed results in this presentation give a fair presentation of the complex

reality of the Dutch energy system.

Nevertheless, the author invites readers to comment on the data provided with

the objective to further improve this work. After all, good and reliable data are

at the heart of any successful policy to make our world more sustainable.

Epilogue

b.m.visser@pl.hanze.nl