TENDUM documentation no. 2: user manual for the TENDUM system

TENDUM documentation no. 2

Linden, van der, J. A. (1986). TENDUM documentation no. 2: user manual for the TENDUM system. (IPO rapport; Vol. 532). Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek (IPO).

Document status and date: Published: 22/04/1986 Document Version:

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Jnstituut vaar Perceptie Onderzaek Pastbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven

TENDUM Documentation no. 2

User manual for the TENDUM system

J.A.

The address e,lf the author is:

Institute for Perception Research/IP □ PO Box 513

5600

MB

Jvdl/jvdl 86/07 22.04.1986

User manual_for_the_TENDUM_System

Docwnentation version 1.3, TENDUM version 2.0, jan.1986

1.0 INTRODUCTION.

The old version of the TENDUM system, that is version 1.0 or lower had a rather unfriendly user interface. It took quit some time to let the system do what you wanted it to do. More or less influenced by the Apple Macintosh menus, the idea developed to make TENDUM more accessible for the user.

This version of TENDUM control over the input complicated commands.

(now called 2.0) gives and output without

the user having to

complete remember The system embodies both a so called 'demo' version and a 'work' version. In the demo version only the input sentence and the default output (for the time being the output of the planner module) are displayed. In the work version, when selected by the user, other intermediate results or input forms can be used. Also all output on the screen can be saved in a file for later reading.

2.0 MODES OF TENDUM

There are three possible modes of the TENDUM program: Edit mode.

Analysis mode. Menu mode.

The first two modes are always present, the last mode must be explicitly activated by the user.

Edit mode: The user always enters this mode when the system needs new input, that is a (Dutch) sentence or a logical expression. On the screen a window is displayed with a title indicating the kind of desired input. Also a 'VAX-VMS-EDT like' editor is activated allowing the user to edit his input. (See [Linden 86a])

An~lysis screen computer seconds.

mode: The system is any progress made.

and the complexity

Menu mode: At every stage of menu mode. In this mode

system in a number of ways.

analysing the input, and reports on the Depending on the number of users on your of your input this can take several

the program the user can switch to the the user can change the behaviour of the

3 .0 A SAMPLE RUN.

After logging in and switching to the correct (sub-) directory TENDUM is started with:

R <return>

After a few seconds the system identifies itself, reads some files, and presents the user with the edit window. Suppose we type the sentence:

WELKE VLIEGTUIGEN KOMEN UIT AMERIKA? <ctrl-z>

(We can exit the edit mode by typing the control key and the at the same time.) The system notifies us of the progress, and while PLANNER outputs the set of planes coming from America, CP207 .. NW391}. 'z' -key after a i.e. { Type a key to followed by down>-key and

continue the program. the 'D'-key, <cursor finally <return>. Now we

Next, type the <enter>-key, down>-key, again the <cursor leave the TENDUM system.

4. 0 THE MENU MODE

The previous sample run shows the system in its default demo-state. Now we are going to see how we can change this into a work version for testing and debugging, or in a more sophisticated demo version. You can switch to menu mode by typing the <enter>-key on the numeric keypad. After typing this key, a part of the bottom line is flashing, to indicate that you must choose one of the flashing items.

ENTER· O(ielogue supervisor K(ind of input Hntermediete results E(Htn1s figure 1. The menu bar.

The i terns are:

D(ialogue supervisor: type top-level of the TENDUM start a new dialogue, stop

'D' or 'd', this controls the system, you can stop the program, the running analysis etc.

K(ind of input: type 'K' or 'k', this controls what kind of input you want to give, like a sentence, an expression etc. I(ntermediate result: type 'I' or ' i ' , this controls what the system displays during the analysis of the input.

E(xtras: type 'E' or 'e', this controls some usefull debug options, like output to a file, type analysis etc.

Choose an item by typing the appropriate key, any other key then 'D', 'K', 'I', 'E' leaves the menu mode.

4.1 Dialogue supervisor

When activated, the flashing menu item can be selected by typing the <return>-key. Another item can be selected by using the <cursor up>-key and the <cursor down>-key. You can only choose one item, they are mutually exclusive. Once you have choosen an item with <return>, the menu disappears, and you return to the analysis mode, the edit mode or the operating system.

ENTER- i<:Uod of input Untermediete results [(Htrq!C

cancel running anolysis

stop dialogue

figure 2. The dialogue supervisor menu.

4.1.1 start new dialogue

Normally all results from a previous input sentence are saved, and used to determine the context for the next input. This works like a real dialogue where you remember what was said. When this item is choosen the system 'forgets' all information about the user collected so far. (i.e. empties the usennodel.) This will happen after the running analysis is done, not during the analysis.

4.1.2 continue dialogue

This item has no effect other than to continue running before the menu mode was choosen. This you decide not to change the dialogue flow with items.

4.1.3 cancel running a~alysis

the mode that was can be used whenever one of the other

Stops the returns to useful when

analysis mode immediately, empties the usennodel, and the edit mode asking for new input. This item is only we are in the analysis mode.

4.1.4 stop dialogue

Stops the TENDUM program immediately, and gives you back to the operating system. This command can be used in edit mode and in analysis mode. This is the only proper way to stop the TENDUM session. (Don't use the <ctrl-y>-key or <ctrl-c>-key.) To restart the program type 'R' <return>.

4.2 Kind of input

When activated, the flashing menu item can be selected by typing the <return>-key. Another item can be selected by using the <cursor up>-key and the <cursor down>-key. These items are mutually exclusive. Once you have choosen an item with <return>, the menu disappeares, and you return to the analysis mode or the edit mode. The small 'v' before an item indicates the currently activated input kind.

I ENTER- O(ielogue superuisor ___ Tn ~C!.Til'!Jll!

r

✓ teHt

El/F formula El/R formula s-changes plan

(ntermedlate results E{:dres

figure 3. The kind of input menu.

4.2.1 text

This is the normal default input. The system asks for a sentence.

4.2.2 EL/F formula

With this item you can give an EL/F formula as input to the system, and skip the whole parsing of a sentence, and the EL/F beta-reduction. The formula is entered into TENDUM after the EL/F beta-reduction. The syntax of the EL/F expression is described in [deVet 86] appendix B.

4.2.3 EL/R formula

With this item you can give an EL/R formula as input to the system, and skip the parsing of a sentence, and the EL/F to EL/R translation, and the EL/R beta-reduction. The input is entered into TENDUM just before the epistemic analysis. The syntax of the EL/R expression is described in [deVet 86) appendix B.

4.2.4 S changes

This item has not been implemented in the current version of TENDUM.

4.3 Intermediate Results

This menu allows you to choose none, one or more items. (accumulating) You choose an item by moving the white bar up and down with the cursor keys, and then select thac item by typing any letter-key or digit-key. An 'x' before an item indicates that that item was selected. You leave the menu mode by typing the <return>-key.

ENTER· DUalogue super-visor K(lnd or Input

H/f eHpr-ession

reduced H/F eHpres:sion El/R eHpression

reduced EL/R eHpression epistemic eHpressions usermodel

x pion structure teHt output figure 4. The intermediate result menu.

4.3.l ~tactic str~<:.':_~~~

After parsing the input sentence this item gives you the

syntactic tree that was build during the parse. The tree is often too big to fit on the screen, so wrap around occurs after 80 characters per line, and the screen scrolls upwards after reaching the bottom line. With the <ctrl-s>, <ctrl-q> or <hold-screen> or <no-scroll> key the output can be stopped. This item is only useful when the text item

was choosen from the kind of input menu.

4.3.2 EL/F expression

When this item is selected, the system will show all correct EL/F expressions that are the result from parsing an input sentence. The various EL/ F express ions are numbered from l upwards. This numbering is also used with the EL/R expressions. The shown EL/F expressions are the expressions before beta-reduction was done.

4.3.3 reduced EL/F expression This item· causes

beta-reduction is

the EL/F expressions to be showed after

done. The same variant numbering as with the EL/F expression item is used.

4.3.4 EL/R expression

The EL/R expressions that are the result from the

EL/F to EL/R translations are showed when this item was selected. Only the correct EL/R expressions are shown. The numbering indicates the EL/F variant (first number) and the translated EL/R interpretation. So 2-2 indicates the second EL/F variant and the second EL/R interpretation from that variant. (The number does not have to be continuous, because the EL/R interpretations that lead to a so called type-conflict are rejected, see also the Extras menu.)

4.3.5 reduced EL/R expression Identical to

EL/R expressions same as with the

the EL/R expressions item, only now the

after beta-reduction are shown. The numbering is the EL/R expression item.

4.3.6 epistemic expres~ions

This item shows the epistemic expressions that the system builds from the input sentence. This item is most useful! when a sentence was used as input. The current version of the system calls these expressions S-changes.

4.3.7 usermodel

When this item is selected the model of the user the system has build up from all the input sentences so far is displayed. The epistemic expressions from the last sentence are included in the usermodel, but the expectations of the system, concluded from the answer that was given, are not. (See also the extras menu.)

4.3.8 plan structure

This item is the default item that is always active. It shows the output from the planner. For the time being this is an answer in a formula form, there is no natural language answer yet.

4.3.9 text output

The last item from the menu list is intended to give an answer in a natural language. Because there is no output formulator yet, this item can not be selected.

4.4 Extras

This menu is usefull for testing and debugging of the TENDUM program. Some items' behaviour depend on other items from other menus. It should only be used by experienced TENDUM users. The menu allows you to choose none, one or more items. (accumulating) You choose an item by moving the white bar up and down with the cursor keys, and then select that item by typing any key. An 'x' before an item indicates that that item was selected. You leave the menu mode by typing the <return>-key.

ENTER- Q(ittlogue superuisor K(ind of input l(ntermediate results

figure S. The extras menu.

4.4.1 Results to journal file

original input eHpression 811 EL/R Interpretations type of EL/R eHpression EHtro eualuation

eHpectattons

timing

Selecting this item causes all output, shown on the screen from this moment on, to be send to a journal-file for later reading. The file is called JOURNAL.TXT in the current directory. Each time the TENDUM program is started, and this item is selected a new version of JOURNAL.TXT is created, so any old version of this file is never overwritten. (Unless you give the VMS-command 'purge')

4.4.2 original input expression

The original input expression is printed in the header above each intermediate result. The expression can be anything from the kind of input menu.

4.4.3 All EL/R interpretations

Forces the system to show all EL/R expressions, even those that lead to a type-conflict. This item is only usefull when in de intermediate results menu one of the EL/R items was choosen, because otherwise only the type-conflict messages are printed, but not the expression leading to this conflict.

4.4.4 type of EL/R expressions Usefull whenever a

type-calculation. Use intermediate results menu

type-conflict it along and/or the this menu. 4.4.5 Extra evaluatian arises with the All EL/R to print EL/R items out from interpretations the the from

Perform an extra call to the PLANNER calls the evaluator be able to call the evaluator

EVAL function before calling PLANNER. indirectly, for testing it is usefull to directly with an expression.

4.4.6 expectations

Shows the expectations model from the system after the PLANNER, before an answer' is given.

4.4.7 timing

This menu item reports in the journal file the amount of time spend in parts of the TENDUM program. It is used to find out where optimalisations should be done to speed up the total analysis time. Further information can be found in [Linden 86b].

5.0 SOME USEFULL HINTS

Whenever you want to see an analysis again (perhaps with other items from the menus) wait until you are in the edit mode, and use the <paste>-key (see [Linden 86a] to restore the old input, type <ctrl-z> and the analysis is repeated.

For debuggers and programmers the 'extra' menu is often not enough, they want more output from the piece of program they are testing. The best thing to do is: make a copy of the module you are working in, and change this module for your own need. (by example add writelns in the module.) Then compile your module, and link it with the original part of TENDUM. This gives you your own TENDUM version.

Sometimes you want to do a long serie of tests with the same menu items. If you leave the TENDUM program all menu settings are forgotten the next time you start TENDUM. It is possible to put some default menu settings in a text file that is automatically read by the system. The text file must have the logical name 'MenuDefaults'. You must place the logical assignment into your own R.COM file. The text file has an optional first line with the default kind of input menu

Textin for text

ElfFormula for EL/F fonnula ElrFormula for EL/R fonnula SchangesList for S-changes PlanStructure for plan

The next lines can contain Intarrn.edi~t~ results items, ~nd ~xtra's items in any desired sequence. Use:

SyntacticRepr for syntactic structure

ElfRepr for EL/F expression

Red El Re pr for reduced EL/F expression

ElrRepr for EL/R expression

RedElrRepr for reduced EL/R expression SchangesRepr for epistemic expressions UserModelRepr for usermodel

PlanRepr for plan structure

TextOutrepr for text output

BackupResults for Results to journal file Originalinput for original input expression AllElrVariant for All EL/R interpretations ElrTypeResult for type of EL/R expression ExtraEval for Extra evaluation

ExpectRepr for expectations

There is no syntactic check on the MenuDefault file, errors are simply ignored, so it is up to the experienced user to supply a correct file. Finally we ask any user of TENDUM to tell us the problems they had with the program or its manual(s).

[Linden 86a] J.A. van der Linden, "User manual for the TENDUM editor", TENDUM report no. 2.

[Linden 86b] J.A. van der Linden,

"A note on timing in the TENDUM system", TENDUM memo no. 2.

[deVet 86] J. de vet ana J . vau der Linden, "The implementation of TENDUM 2.0"

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 5.0 INTRODUCTION. MODES OF TENDUM A SAMPLE RUN.

THE MENU MODE

Dialogue supervisor start new dialogue continue dialogue

cancel running analysis stop dialogue Kind of input text . . . . EL/F formula EL/R formula S changes plan . . . . Intermediate Results syntactic structure EL/F expression

reduced EL/F expression EL/R expression . . . . reduced EL/R expression epistemic expressions usermodel

pl an s true t ure text output Extras . . .

Results to journal file original input expression All EL/R interpretations type of EL/R expressions Extra evaluation

expectations . timing .

SOME USEFULL HINTS

1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8