Stoves for people
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Joseph, S. D., Krishna Prasad, K., & Benschopp-van der Zaan, H. (Eds.) (1987). Stoves for people: an assessment of impact. s.n.
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FOR PEOPLE
An Assessment of Impact
Edited
by
s.
Joseph
K. Krishna Prasad
H. Benschopp-van der Zaan
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, GUATEMALA,
DRA FT
STOVES FOR PEOPLE
AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT
Edited by
Stephen Joseph
Biomass Energy Se.rvices and
Technology, Ltd. Australia
K.Krishna Prasad
Eindhoven University of
Technology, The Netherlands
H.Benschopp-van der Zaan
Matrix Consultants in
Development Management
The Netherlands
Contents
Page
Preface 1
1. Introduetion 3
Part I: General by S. Joseph 6
2. FAO Guidelines of Monitoring and
Evaluation of Stove Pro~cts 7
3. Methodologies used int e study 11
Part TI: Surveys edited by K. Krishna Prasad and
Hanske Benschopp-van der Zaan 14
Editors' note 15
4. The Nada Chulha Programme
by M. Sarin 16
5. Domestic Firewood Consumption in the Guatemalan Rural Areas
by E. Caceres and A. Caceres 27 6. Evaluation of the As tra Stove Programme
by K.S. Jagadish and N.H. Ravindranath 39 7. The SAE Stove Programme of Yayasan Dian
Desa
by A. Sudjarwo 48
8. KENGO Ceramic Jiko
by Sylvester A. Namuye 58 9. The Mai Sauki
by A. M ounkaila 69
10. Improved Stoves in Burkina Faso
by A. Sawadogo 79
Part
m:
Synthesis by S. Joseph 9111. Synthesis of Survey Results 92
Preface
The work P.resented in this booklet arose out of an informal proposal circulated by one of us {SJ) at a small meeting in Arlington, Virgininia in December 1982. The meeting was hosted by VITA (Volunteers in International Technical Assistance) to consider the standardization of testing procedures for improved woodstoves. The proposal was about monitoring and evaluation of stove projects. The projects were ultra small at the time - the Chinese work probably was still on the drawing boards and the large programme of the Government of India was still to be formulated. Thus the proposal was talkingabout pilot projects.
After many perambulations around the world, but four out of ten from the Arlington meeting wound up at a massive meeting in Antigua, Guatemala in October 1987. Some 100 people were present at the meeting. One part of the meeting considered the evaluation reports af seven projects which for most parts had been identified at yet another meeting in Wolfheze, Bolland, in October/November 1983. These seven projects were no langer pilot ones, but fullfledged stove programmes that counted itoves in terms of six figures. It is not clear to us whether it happened by design or accident. Never mind. These seven projects present a such diversity of approaches to technical design and dissemination practice. We believe that this diversity is the principal strengthof an organization like Foundation for Woodstove Dissemination (FWO) under whose banner this work was undertaken and was written. This book is a summary of these seven evaluation efforts.
Paul Streeten*, in summing up the contrary views held by development economists, uses many catch phrases like formal versus informal intellectual sectors, fiat earthers versus round earthers, hedgehogs versus foxes, etc .. Be winds up a long discussion on the complexity of the development process with a few succinctly stated conclusions. Two of them are particulalry relevant to the work of this both.
n ••.. 1 (') The basic needs work has shown that institutional arrangements are
very impoprtant in meeting basic needs, and of the institutions -market, public sector, and household- the household, until recently, been neglected by economists.
(ü) LargtH;Ca.le and small-scale activities should not be regarded as alternatives, but should be mutually supporting or at least not mutually destructive .... "
We believe that this book demonstratea the complexity of one aspect of the household sector - cooking food. Bowever one may choose to rate the projects described in this book, it presents the complexity of interactions among the individually complex problems in a technical, economie and social sense. We would be satisfied, if nothing else, if it succeeds in attracting more physical, intellectual and financial resources to this general area of work.
* Paul P. Streeten "Development Dichotomies" in "Pioneers in Development ", edited by Gerald M. Meier and Dudley Seers, A World Bank Publication,
Finally, the time has come to say our thanks. Literally hundreds of people were involved in the survey work. Each of the authors and editors have personally received help from colleagues, secretaties and the near and dear ones. The fundgivers have provided money for the work, for meetings to discuss the work and finally to write and print this book. lt would take too long to list all these people, but we hope that they will see their contribution in the work and our sineere thanks to all of them. We would like to single out one group however who alas have no choice but to remain anonymous. They are the people from the title of this work. They have been quizzed in the name of needs analysis; they have been cajoled into using none-too-perfeet a technology; they have been quizzed again and again in the name of monitoring and evaluation; and they have tolerated gamely the severe inroads into the privacy of their homes and lives. To them we owe a special debt of ~atitude. We hope their efforts have not gone in vain and would be of help to theu friends and relatives, near and far.
Stephen Joseph K. Krishna Prasad
Hanske Benschopp-van der Zaan November 1988
1
Introduetion
In the past fifteen years or so it has been widely acknowledged that the household energy is the principal consumer of energy in developing countries. Most of this energy is biomass - wood and agriculture/animal residues. The ongoing deforestation in the developing countries has resulted in the scarcity of wood supply with the consequence of higher prices of wood and its principal derivative, charcoal, in urban areas and increased outlay of time for fuel coneetion in rural areas. The option of using agricultural/animal residues is being increaingly resorted to in rural areas. There is a limit to which this option can be stretched to if we note there are other vital uses, like animal fodder and agricultural manure, for these residues. Excessive use of them are not advisable if one were to contemplate viabie existence of agricultural and pastoral communities.
The unfavourable supply situation sketched above is compounded by the demand side of the energy use. The bulk of the energy in an average developing country household is used for cooking. The cooking is for most parts done on a traditional stove- no more than an open fire which has a rather poor efficiency. Added to this these stoves are uncomfortable to operate, physically hazardons to the operator and her family not tomention grievous health consequences a wood fire poses for people who spend long times in its environment.
This is the background against which the efforts of national governments in developing countries and the international aid system have concentrated on three types of interventions to mitigate the adverse consequences of fuel scarcity on the one hand and the poor performance quality of the traditional fire on the other hand. These are:
b fuel substitution; and
l
a~ planting of trees; c building better stoves.T e present work is concerned with the last aspect of the_ package of interventions. Much controversy has surrounded the introduetion of woodstoves. Many claims have been made about the impact; some have questioned the assumptions that stoves can both save fuel in domestic households and significantly reduce consumption at a national level, and thus, indirectly, deforestation (Foley 1983). There has also been heated debate on the most appropriate types of stoves to introduce and the most effective method of dissemination for a given type of stove (Manibog 1985).
An analysis of this debate shows that it has not been based on reliable, detailed information, but on heresay and impressions gained from an appraisal of the limited literature that has been publisbed and visits to a few households that participated in programmes. Along with the detractors stove programme managers have feit for some time now that they did not have sufficient feedback to determine
available for monitoring and evaluation.
These facts were recognized by many people in 1983. This recognition resulted in initiating two activities more or less simultaneously. The Forestry department of the United nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) organised a group of experts to develop guidelines for monitoring stove programmes. Four independent practitioners of stove technology got together and organized an International workshop on W oodstove Dissemination to take stock of the state-of-the art of stove business from a multi-disciplinary angle.These resulted in two publications (FAO 1985 and Clarke 1985). In the aftermath the International Workshop on Woodstove Dissemination got itself converted to the Foundation of Woodstove Disseminatioin (FWD).
In developing guidelines for the monitoring of stove programmes FAO used the experience of programmes directors in Asia as well as researchers from Australia and the United Kingdom. This group of people decided to present a procedure for programmes to develop their own monitoring programme. The guidelines were to
be distributed to selected programmes throughout Latin America, Asia and Africa for field testing. A revised set of guidelines were to be produced on the basis of the experiences gathered in using them.
Through the efforts of the FWD secretariat, funds were obtained to invite seven organisations to participate in an excercise that sought not only to determine the actual state of affairs of stoves on the ground but also provide inputs to sharpen the guidelines for the monitoring and evaluation. Theseseven organizations were:
l
i)
h) KEN GO, a non-government organisation from Kenya; Dian-Desa, a non-govemment organisation from Indonesia; iii) Association des Femmes du Niger ( AFN), from Niger;iv) Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) CILSS in Bukina Faso; v) NADA programmes (a coneetion of non-government organisation
programmes assisted by Madhu Sarin and her colleagues) in Northern India;
(vi) CEMAT, a non-government organisation in Guatemala; and ( vii) AST RA in Southern India.
N ada programmes and CEMAT had carried out earlier surveys and were provided with funds for further analysis and in depth studies in their area respectively. AST RA had received assistance from local sourees to carry out the surevey. The result were all funded completely by FWD.
These seven organisations had all completed pilot programmes and were llarticipants in larger dissemination efforts that were · using different strategies
l
commercial and extension) with stoves being constructed either of mud, ceramic clay, or ceramic clay and metal. The Kenyan programme was introducing charcoal stoves into urban areas; the remainder were introducing wood stoves into rural areas.In Marchof 1986 five of theseven programmes met in Eindhoven to agree on the objectives of the survey and the methodologies to be used.
The objectives of this evaluation were to:
(a) provide resources to specific projects to determine the impact and effectiveness of their programme in meeting specific objectives;
(b) re:fine further the methodologies for evaluating stove programmes, originally laid down in an FAO publication (1985);
(c) define more clearly the costs and benefits of stove programmes to enable policy makers, donors and planners to have the necessary information to determine whether or not they should embark on stove programmes; and
( d) detail more clearly the strategies that they could use to successfully implement bath pilot projects and larger scale dissemination programmes. The studies in the Sahel cammeneed 3 months after those in the other countries. Theresa Steverlinck assisted in the development of their research strategy.
Part I
General
by
2
FA 0 Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation of Stove
Programmes
2.1 FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING SURVEYS AND ANALYSING THE
RESULTS
To develop a series of guidelines it was necessary to firstly develop an analytical framework (FA0/1986). The framework developed by the FAO expert group was based on the results
of
previous evaluations. These had concluded that the most successful ,~>rogrammes involved users, producers, retailersfextension agents and manager'sfplanner's/donor's in the design, implementation and evaluation of pilot programmes. Thus monitoring and evaluation must take into account the perspective of these different actars when tryin~ to determine, why people have adopted the stove, why they are using or not usmg the stove after adoption, why producers/retailers are willing to producefsell the stove and why extension workers are willing to effectively carry out promotion, training, maintenance and monitoring activities. Once the framework was developed it was then a simple matter to determine what type of informatîon was to be collected and how it was to be collected.The following framework was developed. Users Perspective
Users can generally be expected to desire some or all of the following characteristics for their stove.
(i) It can perfarm existing cooking and heating fuctions; fit into the available space and/or be poJ,"table; burn the range of available fuels and use the (ii)
(v)
(viii)
existing pots.
It reduces the timespent in cleaning the pots and cleaning the walls and reduces fuel collection time if this is considered ·a burden.
It is more fuel-efficient than existing models.
It eliminates accidental burning of children and cooks and reduces the incidence of eye and lung disease.
It requires less maintenance than the old stove and that the matenals or the stove repairers are locally available.
lt has a langer lifetime than that of the old stove.
It leads to a greater confidence in women imptementing development programmes that directly benefit themselves and their children.
It is aesthetically pleasing and enhances the prestige of the family, without causing resentment amongst other families.
Reasans for adoptionfnon-adoption, acceptance and impact on the family can be ascertained from this information. It is also necessary todetermine the reasans why
The Producer's Perspective
There are likely to be three types of stove producers: the trained village person; the existing artisan who already produces domestic utensils; an engineering or ceramics enterprise. At the village level there will be people who are either trained to build the complete stove, or to assembie the stove. These people will not have produced stoves previously, or are not artisans w ho regularly produce metal or ceramic wares. Their interests in a general sense are listed below.
(i) They can earn more money by producing the stoves than by either farming or doing other non-skilied Iabour.
(ii) They can build the stoves, if necessary, outside the planting and harvesting seasons. (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
They are supported in their efforts to make their enterprise viable. This may involve either an assured number of customers or a stipend to cover the initial costs.
They receive continued support from the designers of the stove or the extension agenc1 promoting the stove.
The majority o households wil1 have the money to pay for the stove or will have access to credit.
They can enter the households where people are from a different ethnic, religious or economie group.
Their gender or religiousfeconomic status prevents them from travelling to other villages.
The skilis taught and the confidence gained has lead to an increase in their status in the community and the possibility of other work.
The village artisans or artisans working in the informal urban industrial sector have their own set of needs.
(i) They require an initiallarge order to ensure their survival.
(ii) Credit is needed to buy equipment, and the return on the investment is assured.
(iii) Continuous training and backup is adequate to ensure efficient production of a high quality product.
(iv) They require assistance with marketing or in planning and management of their business.
( v) They require assistance in developing other new products to ensure the viability of the new enterprise.
(vi) The adoption of a new product leads to tension withother artisans in the village or surrounds and they wil1 need time to cope up with these.
The large-scale manuf'a.cturer of stoves will require assurance that some of this demands are met before embarking on the venture of producing a new product. (i) They require assured orders for at least one year and assured performance
guarantees before they establish production.
(ii) They require new capita! investment to start production. Of course they can use existing plant provided spare capcity is available.
(iii) The internat rate of return and payback period of any investment has to be acceptable.
(iv) Certain amount of marketing research wil1 be demanded so that the embarking on a new product line is viable.
This information helps to determine why producers have/have not decided to produce stoves, and the returns from this new activity.
The Retailer's Perspective
Before retailers will undertake to sell a stove, they will evaluate the customer appeal of the product and the terms that the distributor or producer is offering.
This will involve the following aspects of marketing.
(i) The specific needs in a particular market segment have been assessed. (ii) The product has to be aesthetically pleasing and can fulfil the promised
savings and/or benefits.
(iii) In order to give a guarantee to the customer they will need a guarantee from the producer.
(iv) The producer can meet any increase in market demand and can make changes to the product to meet the user's changing needs and demands. The perspeelive of extension workers
The extension worker on the average is a generalistand has usually many demands :placed on her /his time. Thus she/he will have the following considerations.
ti) They feel that they have sufficient time to carry out all the necessary extension work.
(ii) They feel that they have sufficient training to carry out all their tasks adequately.
(iii) Caste, class or gender factors prevent them from undertaking their work in all the households that need stoves and feel that they should be absolved of such responsibilities.
(iv) The interaction with the user is usually an overriding concern of an extension worker. Thus she/he will need assurance that the results of these interactions gettotheears of the producer/designer.
The Manager's, Planner's and Donor's Perspective
For managers and donors, it is necessary to determine if the objectives are being met and if other objectives are being achieved (or exceeded) within the specified time and within the budget. There arealso broader development objectives, such as an increase in the confidence of the users and project staff in their ability to undertake local development programmes, and an increase in village cohesion. It is necessary to determine whether production and distribution can become self-sustaining. If so, the resources necessary to ensure the achlevement of this goal need to be identified.
Planners will want to know if the objectives of a pro~ramme also meet specific national and sectoral objectives and if the programme 1s more cost-effective than all other altematives. Thus, if the programme was in the energy sector, planners may want to see a net decrease in the rate of wood extraction for fuel and also to see that the cost of the stove programme was lower than the cost of either planting an equivalent number of trees, briquetting residues, or substituting an alternative fuel such as kerosene. If the programme was under the direction of the Department of Health, introduetion of improved stoves to prevent eye and lung disease and bad bums would need to be evidently more cost-effective than treating the patients with drugs or undertaking some type of public education programme. They will also want to determine if stoves should be part of a multi-sectoral programme.
2.2 PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
The guidelines stressed the need to carefully define the objectives and the scope of any monitoring programme; to then determine if sufficent resources were available to meet these objectives and then choose data coneetion methods that efficiently use the available resources. lt was recommended that this procedure be used in each phase of the programme. Training was feit to be one of the key ingredients to the successful implementation programme. Field workers and researchers should
monitoring programme so that they feel committed to the monitoring activities, input solutions to problems to the project management and then actively carry out any remedial action.
2.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The FAO guidelines stressed the need to use a range of techniques to coneet and analyse data. The type of data conected and method used showd depend on the type of stoves being introduced and the stage of the programme development (eg initial field test phase, extended field test stage, large scale dissemination). In particwar it was suggested that programmes not rely on surveys alone to coneet data to make important management decisions.
The worlang group recommended that, before startinga monitoring and evaluation programme, base line data needed to be conected using rapid rural appraisal techniques. In the initial stages of a pilot programme most of the information showd be conected by designers and senior extension personnet using observation measurements and unstructured interviews. As the programme expands use of surveys, carried out by either local people and/or local extension workers, will be necessary. Experience had shown that many programmes, that had underdaken large surveys, had taken well over a year to analyse the data manually. The situation of these programmes had changed in the mean time and the conclusions drawn from the survey were not applicable any more. It was feit that most surveys showd ask a limited number of closed ended questions and that participant observation techniques be used to coneet more indepth data. It was also recommended that local womens' and community development groups showd be used to coneet and analyse data.
Data on impact especially related to change in kitchen management, health and fuel consumption cowd be obtained from detailed observations over a long period of time using a case study technique. If this information was needed in a hurry then it was recommended that indepth interviews be conducted with a representative sample of the stove and non stove popwation. The non stove users cowd provide information on the reasons why they had not adopted the stove and cowd provide the necessary data to determine if there was a significant difference in fuel consumption between users and non users. Within the stove popwation people who had stopped using the stove as well as users showd be interviewed to determine the reasons why the stove was not acceptable and to see if the new stove ( that was not acceptable had a different impact on the household than in households where the stove had proven acceptable ).
Most programmes felt that data showd be analysed manually although a sman number of stove programmes had set up a computer based monitoring programme. These programmes appeared to be able to more quickly analyse the monitoring data, although it had taken a year to actually set up the system. Some of the working party felt that emphasis showd be placed on graphical presentation of the data, others preferred tabular data presentation. All memhers felt that data showd be analysedas soon as it comes in from the field.
3
Methodologies used in the study
In carrying out any evaluation study there is a oompromise between the depth of the survey, the time frame, and the financlal and human resources available. Ideally, each pa.rticipant would have had eighteen months to complete the work; they would have been able to hire social scientists with many years of experience and have had many months to train surveyors; as well, careful selection of the samples would have taken place based on a detailed knowledge of the total population; and of course enough money to do all this. Further, all participants would have collected the same information so that cross analysis could be quickly carried out. Due to constraints in time and finding different organisations had different resource levels, this was not possible. To help readers to develop their own surveys we will try to outline the major problems encountered. The specific details of the methodologies used are given in the individual case study section and a summary of the sample size and method of collecting data is given in table 3.1. One of the major problems encountered by some of the survey groups was that of sampling. It was hoped that some type of random sampling procedure could have been followed. However random sampling is difficult if a detailed list of the owners of the stoves is not available, users of the new stoves are only a small percentage of the total population, the population is widely dispersed and travelling to these different communities is difficult and dangerous. For example the Kenyan team found it extremely difficult to find any users of the new stoves in the very crowded low income areas of Nairobi. Thus they interviewed those people who were found. However in the middle class suburbs, where there are defined streets, where there is a relatively large number of improved stoves and where many of the women don't have to work, they were able to use a random sampling procedure. Thus it is very difficult to draw conclusions on both rates of andreasons foradoption and levels of acceptance amongst the lower socioeconomie groups. In Guatemala carrying out any survey in the country side is difficult due to political and communications problems. CEMAT decided to interview the first 100 households that they found throughout the area where they had carried out the dissemination programme. To check if these household were representative of the population as a whole the socioeconomie and fuel consumption data from this survey was checked with that from other larger surveys to determine if the distri bution was similar ( which was the case). Since the distribution of household size, income, fuel consumption and occupation types for the surveyed group is similar to the population as a whole then it was possible to draw some tentative conclusions from this survey for the popwation of Lorena users. In the study carried out by ASTRA, the surveyors, who were local teachers actually chose the people, whom they felt were representative of the stove population, to be interviewed. Since a random sampling procedure was not used it is difficult to generalise the results of the survey to the entire population of ASTRA stove users.
for the N ADA programme to carry out a further questionnaire with non users. Data on reasons why people had not adopted the stove was obtained from discussions with the local extension workers.
Table 3.1. Sample type and size
ORGANISATION Users Non-users Producers Total stoves Retailers introduced NADA 966 5 3,000 CEMAT 100 8,000 AS TRA 280 120 150,000 Dian-Desa 602 418 5 25,000 KEN GO 156 835 15 150,000 AFN 256 765 10 20,000 Bu.kina 150 150 10 46.000
It had been recommended that the interviewers and interviewees should be women. All the respondents were women ,except in Guatemala where 70% were men and, except in the case of ASTRA and CEMAT, most of the interviewers were women. In Guatemala it was found difficult for women to go to the remote regions alone, and men were the principal respondent& because many women do not speak Spanish; also, insome places it is improper for women to speak to astrange man and could not, by themselves, answer all the questions such as their busband's wage. In the ASTRA survey the most suitable enumerators were found to be teachers who are mainly men.
Some of the research teams had difficulty in analysing data related to the reasons for adoption of a stove. This was due to poor questionnaire design. A distinction between why people purchased or accepted (without payment) a stove and what they now like and d.islike about a stove was not made. It appears from discussions with the teams that this problem arose because they did not structure their survey around the objectives of the survey and sufficient time was not allocated to pretesting the questionnaire sheet.
Considerable thought went into measuring changes in fuel consumption. In lndonesia and Guatemala, each household used wood from a given area for cooking on the new stove one day and on the traditional stove the next. A similar technique was used by ASTRA. In Northem India, the user was asked to lay out two piles of fuel. The first was an estimation of the amount of fuel used in the old stove per day and the second the amount used in the new stove. Each pile was then measured. In Kenya, the surveyorB were given permission by the household to spend two and a half days measuring the amount of charcoal being used to cook food on both a traditional and a new stove, and one day in households that had only a traditional stove. To back up these tests, users were asked their estimate of fuel savings/increases. All of the teams feit that tests over a Jonger period of time were necessary to more accurately determine the changes in fuel consumption over the lifetime of the stove.
Most of the researchers had difficulty in collecting and analysing data from the stove producers. There are a number of reasons for this difficulty. None of the teams had an economist with experience in smal! business development and were unfamiliar with the type of analysis that economists use todetermine the viability
of small business. Most stove producers also manufacture other products and do not keep records of the costs and outputs of these different products. Many artisans are operating illegally and are reluctant to divulge information to outsiders; they fear that this information may be used for taxation or legal purposes.
At the start of the project research teams from Kenya, Indonesia, Guatemala and India decided to use computers to analyse the data. A great deal of difficulty was experienced, by three of the survey groups in acquiring, setting up and using the statisitcal packages on the computer. This process took 3 to 6 months and many person hours. Problems were encountered with poor voltage regulation and with power blackouts. At the time the researchers feit that they would have been better to analyse the results manually. However 2 of the groups are now using their computers to analyse other ongoing survey work.
The research teams recognise the limitations of the survey and have tried to draw conclusions taking these limitations into consideration. It was feit by the participants that this work was a Iearning experience which had not only increased their knowledge of the impact of their programmes but also increased their ability to carry out other evaluations.
Part 11
Surveys
Edited by
K. Krishna Prasad
&
Editorlal Note
These are abridged versions of the original papers presented at the Second International Workshop held on October 4- 10, 1987 at Antigue, Guatemala. The abridged versions have made an at tempt topreserve the spirit of the originals. But we realize that they are at best a substitute. Those who are desirous of seeing the originals, they will be available from FWD secretariat.
4
The Nada Chulha Programme
by
Madhu Sarin
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The N ada Chulha was developed in October 1980 by a poor woman of N ada village. It was a simple modification of her traditional 2-pot chulha to which a chimney was attached. The design was further refined in close cooperation with village women. Demand for the chulha increased quickly, and it became clear that an organisational structure for training, and follow-up of trainees and chulha owners needed to be developed. In 1983 SIDA provided funds for this purpose. Local women were to be trained as chulha builders ( chulha mistris) as they were the best suited to transfer a new technology to other women. The main objective of the programme was to improve the living conditions of women in rural India.
By the middle of 1985 the number of chulhas built by trainees had increased so much, that the informal feedback from the mistris to the organisations was no longer adequate. The need for a survey was feit. This case study deals only with four NGO's which had a continuous relationship with the programme in Nada village, and which foliowed the same dissemination strategy.
SUTRA - Social Uplift Through Rural Action- Jagjitnagar, Himachal Pradesh. SWRC - Social Work & Research Centre- Mada, Rajastan.
HSWRC- Haryana Social Work & Research Centre- Khori, Haryana.
SARTHI- Social Action in Rural and Tribal Inhabitants of India - Godhar, Gujarat.
Figure 4.1 shows the regions in which each of the above organizations work on a
map of India. .
Some characteristics of each organisation as well as of its area of work are summarised in Table 4.1. From 1984 onwards _the four organisations shared the following programme components.
(a) Training of local village women as chulha mistris. This includes selection, training, and post-training support and supervision.
(b) Each mistri is paid a wage for building chulhas and a monthly honorarium for follow-up. User education is part of the job.
( c) All users pay a subsidized price for the chulha.
( d) All mistris and supervisors have to attend monthly meetings where problems and progress are discussed.
(e) Supply and delivery of materialsis the responsibility of the organisation. The cookstove design and dissemination data pertaining to these organizations are shown in table 4.2.
Table 4.1. Characteristics of each organization
SU TRA HSWRC SWRC, SARTHI
1. Objectives of Development of local Economie, technical Upliftment of tribal Economie and technical Organization. organizations especially services; women's people through economie services;slrill development
of women; awareness and development & awareness activities leadership development
...
""'
2. Population non-tribal non-tribal 80.5% tribal 60% tri bal in one blockbut backward
3. Climate tempera te, dry and hot, dry and hot dry and hot cold winters short cool winters desert like
4.
Women's statuslow but reasonable oppressive, very low but good mobility low with limited mobility mobility restricted mobilityTable 4.2. Coobtove Design and Dissemination Data
SU TRA HSWRC SWRC SARTHI
1. Coolring fuel mainly fuelwood with fuelwood and dung in 2 fuelwood increasingly acute scarcity for minimal dung in hills; blocks; weeds, roots, by dung and erop residues landless families; dung dung and erop residues dung and residues in due to deforestation erop residues as
in plains other two blocks available
2. Typical rotis of wheat & maize rotis of wheat & bajra rotlas & vegetable or similar to SWRC me als with lentils or with lentils, vegetables Khichadi & karhi. Hot
vegetables; rotis or just buttermilk. water for bathing
... roasted in chulha Rotis roasted in chulha even in summer
00 mouth mouth
3. Other uses of heating water, warming hot water & warmth hot water all through hot water all round chulah in winter, keeping during short winter year. warming during the year; warming
food warm winter; also lighting in winter
4.
Cooking place mainly inside outside inside inside5. Objectives of To develop women to to reduce women 's to reduce women's to reduce hardship of Chulha programme women technology coolring related work. burden of fuel landless women in search
transfer; qualitative Improve quality of collection. Income & for fuel; improve quality improverneut in life; generate skill development; oflife
Figure 4.2 shows the standard version of the Nada Chulah .
·•
, _ _ I
---1
..
..
Figure 4.1. Regions in which the four organizations operate
The Naoua Chulha •san '""PIOY!'d ve•s•on of
the rrad1t•onar c"ulha lstover 11 1\Bs an
encrosed hrebo~~: conneered ro a eh•rT""nev by a
tunne• One OI' r~o adO!t•onal cootung ho•es
are DI'CMded above the tunnet A ser of two dC!m~rs one ar the front ol !he f•rebo~~: and theether before the eJnt ro the ct"ltrT""nev he re ro regura~e lH suppiV' 10 rhe flfe Ballies under
the add•r•onal cook•ng holes W"'Cfease the
transle• oll'eatro DOIS Diaeed on them As smoke QOE'S our or the btche•lttuough rhe
c+"l•mnev. the c+"lulha becornes smoketess
The •nrernar consrruchon olrhe chulha makes the luer ourn better Because 1115 possfble ro C:><Jk rwo ar llree •ems ar the same t•meo Wtll1
or•rv one lue 111e house~Mie can save coot.•ng
t•me and luer ·
4.2 SURVEY OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
The survey was designed to answer the following questions.
(a) Is the Nada Chulha design responding to the needs and priorities of women in different areas?
(b) Is the training methodology efiecti ve in providing them with the skilis to adapt chulhas to varying needs?
( c) Is the dissemination system efiective in teaching users to use the new technology to maximum a.dvantage?
Methodology
The survey wa.s conducted with a pre-tested questionnaire. Ea.ch organisation
pr~pa.red a chronologicallist of all built chulhas. The sample size (min. 25%, max.
50%) was decided in consultation with the organisation, dependant u pon their financial and manpower resources. The sample wa.s taken according to the sampling interval. Table 4.3 provides a.n overall picture of the survey efiort.
Ta.ble 4.3. The surveyed sample Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 Organization SUTRA SWRC HSWRC SARTHI TOT AL Chulahs built 1224 582 739 474 3019 Chulahs Number of surve5ed
(%
surveyars 299 6 (24) 269 6 (46) 217 4 (29) 181 8 (38) 966 (32)25 persons from these orga.nisations were trained a.s surveyors. Preferenee wa.s given to local women who were fa.miliar with the technology. They were given 3-4 days training. The questionnaires were fitled by a team of two people.
4.3 SURVEY RESULTS
Acceptance
84% of the chulhas of a. mean age of 11.9 months were found in use and 5% of owners had demolisbed their chulha., but wantedit rebuilt. 56% of the demolisbed chulhas were constructed, installed, or maintained incorrectly. 67% of the chulha.s had no broken or deteriorating pa.rts, and 17% ha.d only one pa.rt cra.cked or broken. This indicates tha.t mud stoves do not necessarily have a short life, andjor that users ha.ve lea.rnt to repair and maintain the stove.
The extent of usa.ge wa.s a.ssessed by looking a.t whether the fa.mily still owned another stove beside the Na.da chulha., and if so, by finding out wha.t the second stove was used for. Ta.ble 4.4 summarizes the results. We find tha.t 44.6% of the families use the Na.da Chulha. exclusively. Nea.rly 20% need another stove for
specific uses. 6.2% have retained another chulha as a standby for special needs and occasions.
The reason foradoption was measured by two questions: the owners' expectations before buying the Nada Chulha, and the most liked property after using it forsome time. It appears that before adoption people hear mostly about the benefits of the stove as regards smoke removal and fuel savings. After using the stove, smoke removal (and associated benefits) becomes the most liked characteristic. Fuel saving is mentioned less often, while time saving and personal comfort are mentioned more frequently. The much lower rating for fuel savings is due to the low priority women give to this issue. 78.8% of users do not buy their fuelwood at all, and other non-bought fuels for which there is no alternative use, like dung, and erop residues, are used as fuel. Thirdly, women's work has low status, evenintheir
Table 4.4. What is the second stove used for? Response
1. Do not own any other chulha 2. Not at all
3. Only occasionally (on festivals, when repairing Nada chulha, for making tea for servants, for men's hookah, for warming during winter,etc.)
4. Only for specific uses (heating water ,making tea, animal feed. etc.)
5. For cooking outside for 2-3 months 6. When roof leaks during the monsoons 7. For cooking half the time
8. For cooking most of the time TOT AL Frequencey 356 17 52 163 131 30 38 48 835 Percent 42.6 2.0 6.2 19.5 15.7 3.6 4.5 5.7 100
own eyes, so that it is not deemed important to reduce their workload. This changes however, when there are possibilities for women to spend the saved time
more productively. ·
7 4% of users do not experience any problem in using and maintaining the chulha. The two major problems, rain leakage around the chimney and the need to repair the stove frequently, are confined to certain areas, and have been taken care of since the completion of the survey. The vast majority of users do not have any problem with the design of the chulha. In Haryana and Himachal people had increased the height of the firebox, because of local custom. They agreed to reduce it again after it was explained that this increased the fuel consumption. The majority of users use the second and third hole daily and find it useful for cooking a second item. They would not prefer a single-pot chulha.
90% of chulhas had their chimney dampers in place, and 81% of users said they used them either for regulating heat in the chulha, or for keeping the chulha warm
them completely, and 37% said they did not use them at all. Though 51% reported no difficulties in using them, 38% complained of various problems.
Finally the user satisfaction can be gauged by the foolowing.
(a) 85% of users were willing to pay for reconstruction of the chulha after one year.
(b) 79% of users were satisfied or very satisfied with the chulha; only 8% were dissatisfied.
Impact
Change in fuel consumption was measured by asking the users to compare fuel consumption of the Nada Chulha to that of the traditional chulha, and by weighing the quantities that were laid out as estimates by the cook for both. The results are shown in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5. User's views about changes different organisations
in fuel consumption for the four
Organisation More Same Less Tot al (%) 1. SU TRA 21 50 216 287 2. SWRC 21 44 (75) 191 256 3. HSWRC (75) 14 57 94 165 4. SARTRI 7 24 (57) 136 167 TOT AL 63 175 (81) 637 875 (73)
There is a significant variation in the performance of different organisations, due mainly to cultural differences, and organisational functioning. HSWRC's chulhas need a large firebox opening, because of local practices; this reduces the fuel efficiency. Heat in the second hole is often not used during peak periods of agricultural activity. Cooking in different locations red u ces the time the chulha is used. Fuel used is of poor quality, which reduces the motivation tosave it. Lastly, HSWRC experienced organisational problems. SU TRA's users increased the height of the firebox according to local custom. Some of the users in SWRC area do not allow mistris to examine their chulha during follow-up visits, because of religious reasons. SAR THPs good performance is probably due to the fact that users did not have to alter their chulhas, which were built by excellent mistris.
The combined results of the four organisations indicate that 73% of the users report savings, and 7% an increase in fuel consumption.
Comparison between the per capita fuel consumption of the traditional and Nada chulha shows a si~nificantly lower level for the Nada chulha (see Fig. 4.3). Variation between mdividual cases is less than for the traditional chulha, whose sizes and shapes tend to vary very much. Although the N ada chulha's design system permits considerable adaptations, critical construction parameters are more uniform. A weak relation was found between users' opinions on fuel consumption,
metbod of fuel procurement, and usage of a second chulha. A significant relationship was found between fuel consumption and the age of the chulha. This is presented in table 4.6. As expected, performance of the new chulhas is the best. However, chulhas in the oldest age group have a better performance than stoves of the two middle groups. The early adopters were probably very motivated; they agreed toadopt when there werenoother chulha-<>wners around yet. At the time of the survey, they had been using their chulha for over 18 months, and learnt to use and maintain it properly. Thus age need not reduce the performance of mud chulhas provided certain criteria are met.
> u c Q) '""'\
e
Q)u:
200,---~ 100 Old New 0 2 3 4 5 • 6 7f=uel Consumpt1on kg/cap1ta/day
Figuxe 4.3. Fuel Consumption Patterns
Table 4.6. Change in Fuel Consumption vs. Age of Chulha
Age in months More Same
1.5 ~ 6 1 11
>
6 ~ 12 9 21>
12 ~ 18 11 27>
18 ~ 30 5 19Total Sample 7 20
Notes: Basedon users' opinions; all numbers are percentages. Less 88 70 62 76 73
The amount of fuel saved was found to depend on the height of the baffie and the height of the firebox, and on the number of times the household was visited'by the chulha mistri/supervisor. This last factor highlights the importance of educational
needs to he adjusted accorcting to the ra te of usage ), while 25% reported that coolring time was the same. The questionnaire ctid not permit measuring of time savings other than cooking time. The saved time is used by 64% for productive activities. 94% of the users experience a cleaner cooking environment. Smoke removal is instrumental in reducing eye and lung deseases, in increasing the overall sanitation of the house, and personal comfort. Use of retained heat is reported by part of the users.
Since 1985, each of the four organisations had an average of 20 women workingas chulha mistris, and developed small teams of mainly women supervisors and/or coorctinators. Most women experienced an increase in income, skilis and self-ronsciousness. Through them new programmes could he introduced. In the sociallife they became examples fortheir friends and neighbours.
Effectiveness of the Dissemination Programme
The main strategy for ctissemination was the training of local village women, who built the stove and provided educational and follow-up support to users. A promotional poster was also used, but this generated demand from areas, which were too far away. Informal communciation was found an e:ffective strategy for introducing the stove. 33% of the users learnt about the stove from the mistri, 49% through the meeting of village women, 16% through neighbours, relatives and others, and 2% through the poster.
The Nada chulha design system enables minor adaptations to make the chulhas responsive to the inctividual user's needs. This makes it necessary for mistris to have a good understancting of the ctifference between critical and non-critical construction parameters. Thus a heavy demand is placed on training. To get feedback on the extent to which the training has been e:ffective, 5 critical construction parameters were observed in every stove household (See table 4. 7). It is clear that except for the height of the baffie, the mistris have built over 80% of the chulhas correctly. Their inability to make the baffie correctly was due to an inadequacy in the training. This has been corrected since the survey.
Teaching users how to use, maintain and repair the stoves is primarily the responsibility of the mistri who has built the stoves. In the beginning she gives the user an educational poster which is explained. She visits the user regularly and the number of times the households were visited was found to he related to the age of the chulha. Feedback on the usefulness of the mistris' visits, and thereby on the
Table 4. 7. Some indicators of construction quality Indicator
1. Overall chulha size in relation to sizes of family's utensils.
2. Height of firebox between 6 to 8 inches. 3. Diameter of cooking holes in relation
to commonly used pot sizes. 4. Distance between cooking holes. 5. Height of baffie
Percentage of chulhas found correctly built
87 92
80 84 66
relationship between some aspects of chulha performance, its construction and the number of visits. The number of visits appeared to be related to fuel savings, smoke removal, savings in cooking time and correct construction of the baffie. It can thus be concluded that the mistris are regularly visiting users, and that they are effective in teaching them how to use and maintain their chulhas effectively. 84% of the stoves did nat have reduced diameters of the cooking holes and an increased height normally caused by the local custom of mudwashing. It can thus be concluded that mistris succeed ·in making users understand the importance of periadie maintenance by seraping off the accumulated layers. How effective was the educational poster'! One foruth of the households did nat receive it, because it was nat deemed necessary or because it was not yet developed. Although fuel saving is related to whether the user found the poster useful, there is nat much difference with the fuel savings of those without poster. Probably the high motivation of the early adapters (who didn't receive the poster) compensates for its absence.
4.4 SOME OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
At the outset, the survey seems to establish acceptability of the chulha and effectiveness of the dissemination methodology. Flexibility of the design system, which increases the chulha's response to user needs, is a key factor influencing acceptability. This flexibility can be maintained only through ongoing interaction with users. This is assured by the dissemination system. As soon as sarnething starts going wrong, the built in feedback and monitoring system starts signalling the need for remedial action.
What is more important is that the main impetus for the programme is nat to push a technology but respond to women's felt needs out of concern for their advancement. This includes nat only the wamen users but also the wamen disseminators. As such, no single parameter of stove performance was defined as the key measure of the programme's success. Where fuel saving was a prime need, the stove was expected to help in saving fuel. Where time saving was the outstanding priority, it needed to save time for the woman cook. Where she was mainly concerned with a qualitative impravement of her life, be it due to smoke removal, cleaner environment or increased personal comfort, the stove had to offer her something. Otherwise, it would nat be acceptable. The dissemination methodology gives greater emphasis to increasing the efficiency of the human being using the technology than the efficiency of the technology itself according to some pre-determined parameter.
Two* years have elapsed since the survey was completed. Since then, the number of stoves built by SUTRA has almast doubled, by HSWRC it has trebled and by SWRC and SARTHI, it has beoome over four times. Preliminary analysis of survey results was immediately fed back into each programme to deal with evident problems. Ongoing monitoring and informal feedba.ck suggests that SARTHI and SWRC programmes are progressing well. There is good demand despite bath areas suffering from acute problems caused by drought during the last three years. HSWRC's programme has suffered somewhat due to lack of timely runding and due to cantinning instability among its wamen mistris and supervisors. The latter problem is a direct consequence of the social problems faced by wamen of the area. SUTRA terminated its formal chulha programme in April1987. Mistris no langer
receive stipends for follow up work and all of them have started new work- either as para-vetennarlans or as change agents in SUTRA's main programme for women's development. However, some demand continues to be there and the trained women are reaponding to it. SUTRA's programme has reached a stage where the real test of the technology's long term acceptance has begun. Without a formal chulha programme, will people get their old chulhas replaced when necessary? Will newly formed families adopt the chulha on their own initiative? This will need to be monitored during the coming year.
Another change which has taken place during the last two years is that for all the 4 organisations, although the chulha programme initially functioned as the dominant programme for women, this is no longer so. Today, the chulha programme of each has become only one of the programmes for women - a routine one. But each chulha programme became instrumental in defining larger women's programmes. The nature of each chulha mistri's work-of interacting continuously with a large network of clients - made her an ideal person for identifying other more pressing needs and priorities. It is this work which enabled some of the mistris to become change agents or develop leadership qualities. And given that each organisation is primarily committed to advancement of the people in its area, commitment to promotion of a single technology cannot remain its over-riding concern. Today people of SARTHI and SWRC areas are under acute distress due to 3 years of continuous drought. Their basic life supporting systems are breaking down. It is, therefore, desirabie that the two organisations shift their primary focus to building up a new basis for creating sustainable livelihoods for the people. This they plan to do. There is no doubt that the chulha programmes of both have helped build up good rapport with local communities. This is helping them in mobilising community support for action in the more important areas. SUTRA has already movedon to new priorities and HSWRC needs to do something similar.
Here, it also needs to be stressed that the four programmes surveyed repreaent only a tiny fraction of work done in the improved chulha field in India since the DNES launched the National Programme for Demonstration of lmproved Chulhas (NPDIC)* in late 1983. Even our survey of selected chulhas built under NPDIC (not discussed in this report) covered only a small number built under the government programme. While NPDIC adopted our approach of training local women as chulha mist ris, it dispensed with crucial components of follow up of users and ensuring good training quality. Even so, several government, semi-government and non-government organisations have participated in the programme and should have accumulated considerable experience over the last 3 to 4 years. There is a need to carry out similar surveys of these programmes to draw more general conclusions.
*
The ti tle of the programme has since been changed toN
ationäl Programme on Cookstoves.5
Dornestic Firewood Consumption in the Guatemalan Rural
Are as
by
E. Caceres and A. Caceres
5.1 BACKGROUND
Guatemala is a country of slightly over 130,000 km2. lt is divided into 22 administrative Departments, each further divided in 326 Municipalities for the whole Republic. Population is estimated around 8 million for the mid 80s and is expected to grow to 12 million by the year 2000. Close to two thirds make their living in rural environments. At least half of the people live in mountainous lands working a system of subsistenee agriculture in small to minimal plots, while the coastal plains are exploited in large estates to produce cash crops for export or local mark ets.
The studies conducted by the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), divided the republic into five regions: Western Highlands; Eastern and Central Dry Lands; Department of Guatemala; Southern Coast; Caribbean Coast and Peten. Figure 5.1 shows these five regions on a map of Guatemala and Table 5.1 lists the num.her of households with different types of stoves in each region.
Table 5.1. Househeld distribution with different cooking devices
*
Zone Three Stone Enclosed Fossil fuel
fire fire stove
I 350,282 59,097 53,603 II 201,250 29,484 49,896 lil 145,833 ,5,677 38,564
**
IV-Urban 9,362 4,681 185,577 IV-Rural 69,214 7,022 37,511 V 137,104 25,030 47,959 Tot al 913,045 175,991 425,110*
Fossil fuels include LPG, kerosene and electricityI .
I
Figure 5.1. The zonal di vision of Guatemala
- The Guatemalan Home
The majority of heads of households work independently (51.2%), some are unskilled workers (22.6%), a few are technicians or professionals (15.8%), and 10.4% are owners-enterpreneurs. The standard of living d.iffers markedly between rural and urban areas. In terms of water and sanitation, Guatemala lags bebind its neighbours, especially in the rural areas. 52.1% of households depend partially on self-produced goods; this dependenee is of course greater in the rural areas.
Firewood accounts for 65.5% of the total energy consumption, and the percentage is even higher for the energy consumption in the residential sector (94%). Of the total final energy consu~ption in the residential and commercial sector, 91.7% is used for cooking, and 5.9% for heating. 11.9% of the households use wood as a fuel, the second most common fuel is propane being used by 24% of the households. Corn, beans and vegetables are the most important foods. Corn and beans require long and repeated cooking which is done in different-sized pans. The traditional d.ish, the corn tortilla, is a flat cake of corn dough roasted by 73% of the households on a hot and lime-washed surface, heated with wood. Trad.itionally, the cooking fire is a three stone fire, with the main pot on the fire, and secondary ones adjacent to it.
Table 5.2 gives metbod of firewood procurement while table 5.3 shows the cookstove type accord.ing to income category.
Table 5.2. Metbod of procurement according to income category
Type of lncome variations, Q/month/home
Praeurement 1-150 151 - 300 301 - 600 >600 Tot al Do not use 51,330 132,150 90,756 22,149 296,391 Only tather 344,369 163,723 53,356 4,506 565,954. Only uy 247,296 208,988 67,970 16,060 540,314 Both methods 37,386 17,403 4,245 3,529 62,563 Tot al 680,381 522,270 216,327 46,244 1,465,222
Table 5.3. Type of coobtove according to income level
Type of Income variations, Q/month/home
Cookstove 1-150 151-300 301-600 >600 Tot al Three stone 546,472 275,810 65,590 9,251 897,123 Enclosed fire 68,204 69,837 29,394 6,197 173,632 Electtic 1,598 4,347 6,280 4,273 16,498 LPG 52,107 153,558 109,599 25,306 340,570 Kerosene 11,668 17,836 5,130 1,217 35,851 Elect tic/ LPG 334 334 Other 1,217 595 1,812 Tot al 680,049 522,605 216,922 46,244 1,465,820
The importance of firewood stoves diminishes with rising income, and with nearness to the urban areas, where substitute fuels are available. More open fires can be found at the lower income levels.
Deforestation
Firewood accounts for about two thirds of the total final energy expenditure of Guatemala. The current figure for residential consumption is 6. 72 million mettic tons. Though the percentage of firewood cooking familiesis decreasing, the absolute number of end users is increasing. On average deforestation has been taking place at the rate of about 1% of the territory per year. The main culprit, however, is not domestic firewood consumption, but e:x:pansion of the agricultural frontier. A bout a quarter of total deforestation can be attributed to firewood consumption. Figure 5.2 presents the enduses of forest products in Guatemala.
The national sustainable biomass potentialis at least 65% greater than the present domestic firewood consumption. Thus, deforestation will be reduced only by halting useless felling and reforestation. Providing everyone with efficient fuelwood stoves will at best have have a 10% impact on deforestation.
,
26.0% 56.0% 3.3% 2.6% 8.8%D
Fires and pests
Oornestic F1rewood~Useless felling Bakenes
• ;awmill wood miàKIIns & small indust
Figure 5.2. Forest enduse in Guatemala (FAO data from 1972)
Sustainable yields of woody biomass in Guatemala are shown in Table 5.4 ( Caceres 1987 )
Table 5.4. Sustainable biomass potential in Guatemala.
Plant formation Available Yearly
& soil usage area poten ti al
1000 hectares 1000 tons Crops 1,802 267 Pastures 1,285 77 Open forest 96 185 Latifoliate forest 3,252 7,032 Conifer forest 546 1,149 Shrubs 1,145 2,428 Others 2,069 TOT AL 10,801 11,139 5.2 STOVE DISSEMINATION
OrigiDB and InspiratioDB ·
After the earthquake of 1976 ICADA-Choqui, an NGO that sought to improve the primitive conditions in rural areas, designed a fuel e:fficient stove. This technology was then transferred to other govemmental and non-governmental organisations, that could disseminate it further. The first course, given on January 20, 1977, was attended by 15 people, of whom 6 were Guatemalans.
