11. Interventies 1 Direct contact
11.6 Verminderen van angstgevoelens
Een mogelijk alternatief is het verminderen van angst voor de dood, zodat deze positievere benadering van de dood ook leidt tot een positievere benadering van ouderen in lijn met de TMT. Uit onderzoek van Hegedus e.a. (2008) in Hongarije blijkt dat een cursus over palliatieve zorg en de dood leidt tot minder angst voor het stervensproces en de dood van naasten.
Het blootstellen aan realistische, positieve beelden over ouder worden en ouderen zorgt bij Chinese ouderen ook voor een positievere waardering van hun eigen veroudering en zorgt voor minder stressgevoelens (Fung et al., 2011).
11.7 Suggesties
Naast de bestudeerde interventies zijn er heel veel suggesties voor mogelijke wijzen waarop beeldvorming over ouderen kan worden veranderd. Er is nog geen direct bewijs of dit werkt. Allereerst zijn er de suggesties die zich richten op een algemeen niveau. Enkele voorbeelden zijn, hoewel hier beperkt bewijs voor is, het verminderen van en diversifiëren van leeftijdsstereotypen op televisie (Bodner, 2009; Kotter- Grühn, 2015). Naar aanleiding van het zesde ouderenbericht dat uitgegeven wordt in Duitsland onderscheiden Berner e.a. (2011) vier boodschappen die kunnen
38
bijdragen aan een positievere beeldvorming over ouderen. Als eerste boodschap raden zij aan de veelzijdigheid van ouder worden te erkennen en benadrukken. In de tweede boodschap moet de cultuur rondom veroudering zich minder richten op hulpbehoevendheid en zorg en meer op individuele zelf- en medeverantwoordelijkheid. Ouderdom moet losgekoppeld worden van aftakeling. Een derde boodschap moet zijn dat ouderen zichzelf ontwikkelen. Dit alles zodat veroudering minder zwart-wit neergezet wordt. Wellicht is het belangrijk om inlevingsvermogen te bevorderen, zodat we kunnen invoelen hoe het moet zijn om oud te zijn (Biggs, Haapala, & Lowenstein, 2011).
Wellicht is het belangrijk om inlevingsvermogen te bevorderen, zodat we kunnen invoelen hoe het moet zijn om oud te zijn (Biggs, Haapala, & Lowenstein, 2011).
Ten tweede zijn er suggesties die zich richten op ouderen of jonge ouderen zelf. Het is juist dit deel van de beeldvorming, het veranderen van de zelfperceptie van veroudering, waar weinig over bekend is. Desalniettemin stelt Bodner (2009) dat de zelfwaardering van ouderen omhoog moet worden gebracht, onder meer door sociaal contact waarin de oudere bijdraagt aan de behoeften van jongeren. Met name oudere vrouwen zouden moeten worden geholpen veroudering anders te zien. Sommige auteurs stellen voor dit aan de hand van therapeuten te doen (Dougherty, Dorr, & Pulice, 2016). Middelbare of jonge ouderen zouden daarnaast moeten worden voorbereid op ouder worden door kennis over een gezonde levensstijl zodat negatieve ideeën over aftakeling en ouder worden, worden verminderd (Bodner, 2009).
Dan zijn er, ten derde, nog de suggesties die zich concentreren op jongeren. Zo stellen een aantal auteurs dat jongeren van jongs af aan moeten worden blootgesteld aan ouderen (Bodner, 2009; Kotter-Grühn, 2015). Daarnaast zou oud worden meer losgekoppeld moeten worden van de dood, of de dood zou bespreekbaar moeten worden gemaakt als integraal onderdeel van het leven (Bodner, 2009).
Vele studies stellen dat er meer kennis moet komen over ouderen en veroudering, en dan met name over positieve beelden rondom veroudering, zoals succesvol oud worden (Kotter-Grühn, 2015), maar het is onduidelijk wat kennis precies doet en of het wel wat doet (Bensadon et al., 2013).
12. Methoden
De literatuurstudie is uitgevoerd aan de hand van een zoekstrategie met twee kernwoorden ‘oudere’ (elderly) en ‘beeld’ (image). Voor beide zoektermen zijn ook de gebruikelijke synoniemen meegenomen. Aangezien de interesse vooral uitging naar beelden is ook gezocht naar het kernwoord stereotypes. Vanwege de breedte van het onderwerp werd de studie uitgevoerd in de database Web of Knowledge.
Zoekstrategie:
TS=(elderly* AND image*) TS=(elderly* AND stereotypes*)
39 De inclusiecriteria waren dat:
• de studies origineel onderzoek of een review betroffen; • relevant waren voor de onderzoeksvragen (zie introductie); • studies online beschikbaar waren.
Naar aanleiding van de specifieke vraag van de opdrachtgevers is er aanvullend gezocht naar Zweedse studies.
Figuur 1: Overzicht van het zoekresultaat
↓ →
↓ →
↓ →
↓ →
Uiteindelijk werd het volgende aantal studies per land gevonden:
Tabel 1: Resultaten literatuurstudie Land Aantal Notities
VS 46 1 studie vergelijkt Thailand en VS, 7 interventies Algemeen 20 1 interventie, 3 reviews met interventies
Duitsland 11
VK 7 1 studie vergelijkt Italië en VK. 1 interventie Nederland 6 2 interventies
China 5 1 interventie
Canada 5
Spanje 4 1 interventie
Japan 4 1 studie over Australië and Japan
Australië 4 1 interventie, 1 studie over Australië en Japan
Israel 4 2736 784 174 122 Limiteren categorieën Screening titels en samenvattingen 16 na zoeken in referenties en Zweedse studies 33 geen fulltext 19 dubbel
40
Ierland 4
Zweden 4 1 studie vergelijkt Finland en Zweden Italië 3 1 studie vergelijkt Italië and VK Frankrijk 3
België 2
Brazilië 2
Finland 2 1 studie vergelijkt Finland en Zweden Thailand 1 1 studie vergelijkt Thailand en de VS Hongarije 1 1 interventie Oostenrijk 1 Chili 1 Nieuw- Zeeland 1 Nigeria 1 Portugal 1 Serbia 1 Zuid-Korea 1 Turkije 1
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