• No results found

31 moeten dus met enige voorzichtigheid worden geïnterpreteerd Daarentegen heeft ondanks de

lage betrouwbaarheid van de schaal een gedeeltelijke staving van hypothesen plaatsgevonden.

Deze studie is van praktisch belang gezien nog niet veel onderzoek is verricht naar het interpersoonlijk functioneren bij subtypen van psychopathie. Met name de interpersoonlijke problemen middels een circumplex model is zelden bij psychopathie onderzocht, ondanks het feit dat psychopathie een ernstig psychiatrische stoornis is die gekenmerkt wordt door interpersoonlijke problemen, waardoor de behandeling wordt bemoeilijkt. Indien de huidige resultaten gerepliceerd worden in een forensische populatie, zouden mogelijk betere therapeutische interventies kunnen worden ontwikkeld voor relatief psychopathische mensen die specifiek gericht zijn op de interpersoonlijke problematiek van ieder subtype. Zo zou bij de primaire psychopathie groep enerzijds de focus moeten liggen op agressie, narcistische trekken en dominante gedragsproblemen, terwijl anderzijds de secundaire psychopathie groep baat zou kunnen hebben bij sociale vaardigheidstraining, gezien dit type veel interpersoonlijke gedragsproblemen laat zien. Verder onderzoek is aangewezen om subtypen van psychopathie verder te definiëren en de mogelijkheid tot behandeling te onderzoeken, omdat tot nu toe psychopaten in beperkte mate van behandeling lijken te profiteren.

REFERENTIES

Blackburn, R. (1996). Replicated personality clusters among mentally disordered offenders and their relation to dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10, 67-81.

Blackburn, R. (1998). Psychopathy and personality disorder: Implications of interpersonal theory. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society (pp. 269–301). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.

Blackburn, R., & Coid, J. (1999). Empirical clusters of DSM–III personality disorders in violent

offenders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 18–34.

Blackburn, R., & Lee-Evans, J. M. (1985). Reactions of primary and secondary psychopaths to anger-evoking situations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 93–100.

Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Donnelly, J., & Renwick, S. J. D. (2008). Identifying psychopathic subtypes: Combining an empirical personality classification of offenders with the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 604–622. Cleckley, H. M. (1941). The mask of sanity. St Louis, MO: Mosby.

Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188.

Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 131-144.

32

Ekselius, L., Linström, E., Von Knorring, L., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994). SCID II

interviews and the SCID Screen questionnaire as diagnostic tools for personality disorders in DSM-III-R. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(2), 120-123.

Evers, A., Braak, M. S. L., Frima, R. M., & Van Vliet-Mulder, J. C. (2009-2011). COTAN Documentatie. Amsterdam: Boom test uitgevers.

Falkenbach, D., Poythress, N., & Creevy, C. (2008). The exploration of subclinical psychopathic subtypes and the relationship with types of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 821–832.

Falkenbach, D. M. Barese, T. H., Balash, J., Reinhard, E. E., Hughs, C. J. (2015). The exploration of subclinical psychopathic subtypes and their relationship with types of aggression in female college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 85,

117–122.

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191.

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. B. W., Davies, M., Borus, J., Howes, M. J., Kane, J., Pope, H. G., & Rounsaville, B. (1995). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Part II: Multi-site test-retest reliability study.

Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 92-104.

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Washington DC: American Press

Fossati, A., Raine, A., Borroni, S., Bizzozero, A., Volpi, E., Santalucia, I., & Maffei, C. (2009). A cross-cultural study of the psychometric properties of the Reactive-Proactive Agression Questionnaire among Italian nonclinical adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 131-

135.

Guay, J., & Knight, R. A. (2003). Assessing the underlying structure of psychopathy factors using taxometrics.

Madison, WI: Poster.

Guay, J., Ruscio, J., Knight, R. A., & Hare, R. D. (2007). A taxometric analysis of the latent structure of psychopathy: Evidence for dimensionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116,

701-716.

Gurtman, M.B., & Balakrishnan, J.D. (1998). Circular measurement redux: The analysis and interpretation of interpersonal circle profiles. Clinical Psychology: Scienceand Practice, 5, 344–

360.

Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist- Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.

Hare, R. D. (2006). Psychopathy: A clinical and forensic overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(3), 709-724.

33

Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2005). Structural models of psychopathy. Current Psychiatry Reports,

7, 57-64.

Harkins, L., Beech, A. R., & Thornton, D. (2012). The influence of risk and psychopathy on the therapeutic climate in sex offender treatment. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25(2), 103-122.

Hicks, B. M., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., & Newman, J. P. (2004). Identifying psychopathy subtypes on the basis of personality structure. Psychological Assessment, 16(3),

276-288.

Hildebrand, M. & Ruiter, C. de (2004). PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders in a sample of male forensic psychiatric patients in the Netherlands.

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27, 233-248.

Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2000). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S., Baer, B., Ureno, G.,& Villasenor, V. (1988). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 885–892.

Karpman, B. (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: The symptomatic and the idiopathic. Journal of Criminology and Psychopathology, 3, 112–137.

Karpman, B. (1948). The myth of the psychopathic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 104,

523–534.

Karpman, B. (1955). Criminal psychodynamics: a platform. Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics, 1,

3–100.

Kosson, D., & Newman, J. (1995). An evaluation of Mealey’s hypotheses based on Psychopathy Checklist-identified groups. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 562–563.

Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic

attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68,

151–158.

Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Marcus, D. K., John, S. L., & Edens, J. F. (2004). A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 626-635.

Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

Morrison, D., & Gilbert, P. (2001). Social rank, shame and anger in primary and secondary psychopaths. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12, 330–356.

Murphy, C., & Vess, J. (2003). Subtypes of psychopathy: proposed differences between narcissistic, borderline, sadistic, and antisocial psychopaths. Psychiatric Quarterly, 74, 11-29.

34

Nentjes, L., Bernstein, D.P., Arntz, A., van Breukelen, G., & Slaats, M. (2015). Examining the influence of psychopathy, hostility biases, and automatic processing on criminal offenders' Theory of Mind. Journal of International Law and Psychiatry, 38, 92-99.

Olver, M. E., Sewall, L. A., Sarty, G. E., Lewis, K., & Wong, S. C. P. (2015). A cluster analytic examination and external validation of psychopathic offender subtypes in a multisite sample of Canadian federal offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 10, 1-17.

Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002). Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 14, 150 –163.

Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer- Loeber, M., & Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Agression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Agressive Behavior, 32, 159-171.

Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., Miller, J. D., Martinez, M. A. (2007). Psychopathy and aggression: Examining the role of psychopathy factors in predicting laboratory aggression under hostile and instrumental conditions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1244-1251.

Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203−215.

Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: a multitrait–multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 576−585.

Skeem, J., Johansson, P., Andershed, H., Kerr, M., & Louden, J. E. (2007). Two subtypes of psychopathic violent offenders that parallel primary and secondary variants. Journal of abnormal psychology, 116(2), 395.

Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2003). Psychopatic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 513-546.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. D. (1970). STAI manual for the statetrait anxiety inventory (‘‘selfevaluation questionnaire’’). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Handleiding bij de Zelf-Beoordelings Vragenlijst. Een Nederlandstalige bewerking van de Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse.

Van der Ploeg, H., Defares, P. B., & Spielberger, C. D. (1979). Zelfbeoordelingsvragenslijst STAI, versie DY-1 en DY-2.

Walters, G. D. (2014). The latent structure of psychopathy in male adjudicated delinquents: A cross-domain taxometric analysis. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5,

35

Walters, G. D., Duncan, S. A., & Mitchell-Perez, K. (2007). The latent structure of psychopathy:

A taxometric investigation of the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised in a heterogenous sample of male prison inmates. Assessment, 14, 270-278.

Weertman, A., Arntz, A., & Kerkhofs, M. (2000). Gestructureerd klinisch interview voor DSM- IV persoonlijkheidsstoornissen. Lisse: Swets Test Publishers

Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2002). In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 436-445.

Wright, A. G., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009). Integrating methods to

optimize circumplex description and comparison of groups. Journal of Personality

Assessment, 91(4), 311-322.

Zimmermann, J., & Wright, A. G. (2015). Beyond Description in Interpersonal Construct Validation Methodological Advances in the Circumplex Structural Summary Approach.

Assessment, 1073191115621795.