• No results found

General characterization of the Volkskrant headlines discourse

NRC 06-01-2016 Terrorisme Dalend bezoek aan musea in Parijs 01-02-2016 Jagen op terroristen? Met de fanfare

4.2.4. General characterization of the Volkskrant headlines discourse

Table 4.1. Date Headlines relating to ‘terrorism’ in Volkskrant

Source 2014 Headlines/Captions

Volkskrant 16-01-2014 Haags jihadmeisje niet naar Syrië door ingrijpen politie

01-02-2014 Radicale moslims vechten mee in Syrië 04-03-2014 Arrestaties Syrië-ronselaars België 24-04-2014 Fransen bezorgd over jihadi’s 02-05-2014 Ronselaar voor jihad uitgezet 02-06-2014 Gevaar jihadi’s wordt tastbaar 01-07-2014 Pak islamitische terroristen aan, nu! 12-08-2014 IS is wreed, maar hoe wreed precies?

01-09-2014 Vier Huizenaren verdacht met aansluiting bij IS 03-10-2014 Aanpak IS is trappen in een wespennest 04-11-2014 Onze vriend is in handen van IS 03-12-2014 Rol vrouwen bij jihad onderschat

In 2014, the Volkskrant described terrorism as a cruel danger that became tangible. The overtone is mostly negative. Likewise, the newspaper published several headlines in which the narrative of terrorism can be explained as the ‘innocent self’ who is fighting against terrorism as the ‘threatening other’. For example, in the following headlines there is a clear description of the fight against terrorism: ‘Haags jihadmeisje niet naar Syrië door ingrijpen politie’66,

‘Arrestaties Syrië-ronselaars België’67 and ‘Pak islamitische terroristen aan, nu!’.68

Moreover, as in other newspapers, the Volkskrant described terrorists as ‘radicalised Muslims’ and jihadists. Therefore, in this particular headline the Volkskrant did not connect Muslims or the Islam in general with terrorism. The Volkskrant linked only ‘radicalised Muslims’ with terrorism in the headline: ‘Radicalised Muslims are fighting in Syria’. However, contrary to the February headline, in the June headline the Volkskrant did combine the words ‘islamitische’69 and ‘terroristen’.70 So, like the other newspapers the Volkskrant also might

suggest that there is an association between terrorism and the Islam. When this association is made in the minds of the reading public, it is likely to have increased fear of terrorism, Muslims and the Islam.

66 Jihad girl from the Hague did not go to Syria because the police stopped her. 67 Arrest of Syria recruiters in Belgium.

68 Attack Islamic terrorists, now! 69 Islamic.

Table 4.2. Date Headlines relating to ‘terrorism’ in Volkskrant

Source 2015 + 2016 Headlines/Captions

Volkskrant 05-01-2015 Ouders jihadisten krijgen hulplijn

04-02-2015 Extremist steekt in Nice in op militairen

02-03-2015 MI5 worstelt met aanpak van nieuwe ‘Jihadi Johns’

04-04-2015 Ik had het mis: gewone moslims zijn wel bereid tot verandering 01-06-2015 Gematigde imams uit Marokko tegen radicalisering Nederland 15-07-2015 België stuurt haatimam naar Nederland

27-08-2015 Oude kalifaat was juist zeer tolerant 07-09-2015 Jihadproces wordt een lastige zaak

05-10-2015 Jihadsmeekbede biedt nauwelijks juridisch houvast 05-11-2015 Wij laten zien wat zich werkelijk afspeelt in het kalifaat 01-12-2015 IS is in niets strijdig met de islam

06-01-2016 Tirade van nieuwe ‘Jihadi John’ zaait verwarring en woede 01-02-2016 Zit het beste tegengif in de islam zelf?

23-03-2016 Dreigingsniveau

07-04-2016 IS ontdekt lucratieve mensensmokkel 03-05-2016 De standaardterrorist bestaat niet

14-06-2015 Een ‘hatecrime’ die is gesmeed in IS-ideologie 06-07-2015 Jihadi pleegt aanslag liever in ‘maand van verovering’ 03-08-2016 Terrorisme

01-09-2016 Veel meer dan alleen de stem van IS 31-10-2016 Nederland alert op komst haat-imam 04-11-2016 Strijd tegen terrorisme slaat door in België 06-12-2016 Radicale wijsneusjes de les lezen

In 2015 and 2016 the Volkskrant used many words to describe terrorists as the ‘other’. For example, by using the words ‘radical know-all’, ‘hatred imam’ and ‘no regular accepted terrorist’. The combination of these words suggests a negative tone describing terrorism, the Islam and Muslims. Moreover, like the other newspapers, the Volkskrant published headlines which presented a battle against terrorism: ‘tegen radicalisering’71, ‘tegengif’72, ‘Nederland

alert’73 and ‘strijd tegen terrorisme’.74 The main pattern in these headlines is that the

Netherlands should be aware of radicalisation and fight against terrorism. The Netherlands can be seen as the ‘innocent self group’ in narrative of terrorism.

71 Against radicalization.

72 Antitoxin.

73 The Netherlands is alert. 74 Battle against terrorism.

Furthermore, there are several headlines which contradicted the possible prejudices that were made before in newspapers about the link between Muslims, the Islam and terrorism. For example, by the following headlines: ‘Ik had het mis: gewone moslims zijn wel bereid tot verandering’75 and ‘Gematigde imams uit Marokko tegen radicalisering Nederland’.76 Both of

the headlines described that there is no link between Muslims in general and terrorism. Moreover, the second headline described how a moderate imam speaks out against radicalization of Muslims. So, these two headlines indicated that the Islam and Muslims are not to be associated with terrorism directly.

Table 4.4. Date Headlines relating to ‘terrorism’ in Volkskrant

Source 2017 Headlines/Captions

Volkskrant 18-01-2017 Vragen rond studie naar IS-bruiden

04-02-2017 Wil en kun je luisteren naar deze moslima?

04-03-2017 Het beeld en de werkelijkheid; de vol van Jacques Tichelaar en een mislukte Syrië reis

05-04-2017 Hoe oordeelt God over de zelfmoordterrorist? 06-05-2017 Islamles

03-06-2017 Wat de jihadisten Soufiane, Thijs en Jason bezielde 01-07-2017 Het kalifaat is dood, leve….?

07-08-2017 Faalt aanpak jihadi’s Amsterdam?

01-09-2017 Jimmy F. hielp bij arrestatie van een mogelijke terrorist 10-10-2017 Toneel tegen IS, helpt dat?

01-11-2017 Dreiging blijft, maar Frankrijk heft de noodtoestand op 04-12-2017 Syrische vluchtelingen verdacht van terrorisme

In 2017, like the years before, the Volkskrant described a narrative in which terrorism is the enemy or the ‘other’: ‘approach against jihadists’, ‘theatre against IS’ and ‘threat continues’. Moreover, the Volkskrant published the headline ‘Wat de jihadisten Soufiane, Thijs en Jason bezielde’.77 In this headline, (Dutch) first-names are described which may result to the concept

of terrorism being associated with something that is very near, personal and conventional. This particular description possibly makes the association with the threat of terrorism even more realistic and close. Furthermore, the selected headlines from the Volkskrant in 2017 do not describe connections between terrorism, Muslims and the Islam directly.

75 I was wrong, ‘normal’ Muslims are willing to change. Quote by Ayaan Hirsi Ali. 76 Moderate imam from Morocco speaks out against radicalisation in the Netherlands. 77 What inspired the jihadists Soufiane, Thijs and Jason?

4.2.5. Analysis newspapers: A (Telegraaf), B (Algemeen Dagblad), C (NRC Handelsblad)