t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d to t h e U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n fo r t h e D e g r e e of M a s t e r of P h i l o s o p h y
by
S u u i m o n T h a m t a u a t
S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s
F e b r u a r y 1978
/jusiN ( t w s m )
w i v
ProQ uest N um ber: 10731145
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a n o t e will in d ic a te the d e le t io n .
uest
P ro Q u est 10731145
Published by ProQ uest LLC(2017). C o p y rig h t of the Dissertation is held by the Author.
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T h i s t h e s i s p r e s e n t s an o u t l i n e of th e p h o n e t i c s an d p h o n o l o g y of th e S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t of T h a i . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n has b e e n p a i d to t h e t o n a l s y s t e m u h i c h is th e p r i n c i p l e w a y in u h i c h th e d i a l e c t d i f f e r s f r o m S t a n d a r d T h a i .
An i n t r o d u c t i o n g i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l b a c k g r o u n d u h e r e t h e d i a l e c t is s p o k e n a n d t h e l i n g u i s t i c b a c k g r o u n d of th e i n f o r m a n t (the u r i t e r ) . T h e s c o p e of the t h e s i s is a l s o i n c l u d e d .
C h a p t e r 2 d e a l s u i t h t h e c o n s o n a n t p h o n e m e s of t h i s d i a l e c t a n d g i v e s the p h o n e t i c r e a l i z a t i o n s of e a c h p h o n e m e a c c o r d i n g to c o n t e x t . P a l a t o g r a m s are u s e d to i l l u s t r a t e a n d s u p p o r t t h e p h o n e t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s .
T h e v o u e l p h o n e m e s a n d t h e i r r e a l i z a t i o n s are g i v e n in C h a p t e r 3. An a t t e m p t is m a d e to d e s c r i b e t h e q u a l i t i e s of t h e s e v o u e l s u i t h r e f e r e n c e to the C a r d i n a l V/ouel S y s t e m of D a n i e l J o ne s .
C h a p t e r s 4 a n d 5 d e a l u i t h t h e t o n a l s y s t e m . C h a p t e r 4 is c o n c e r n e d u i t h t h e p h o n e t i c r e a l i z a t i o n s of th e t o n e s as t h e y o c c u r in i s o l a t e d m o n o s y l l a b i c u o r d s . T o n o g r a m s a re u s e d to i l l u s t r a t e th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p i t c h e s of the tone. P r o f e s s o r Y.R. C h a o ' s T o n e - l e t t e r S y s t e m is a l s o a d a p t e d to i l l u s t r a t e t h e v a r y i n g p h o n e t i c r e a l i z a t i o n s of the t o n e s or 't o n e t i c v a r i a n t s ' . C h a p t e r 5 is an e x t e n s i o n of t h i s s t u d y to l o n g e r u t t e r a n c e s of t o o s y l l a b l e s , p a y i n g s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n to the t o n a l b e h a v i o u r of c o m p o u n d n o u n s a n d n o u n p h r a s e s .
T h e c o r r e l a t i o n a n d r e s t r i c t i o n s of the t o n e s u i t h r e s p e c t to s y l l a b i c s t r u c t u r e are se t o u t a n d d i s c u s s e d in C h a p t e r 6 . A t o n e m i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of th e i r r e d u c i b l e m i n i m u m n u m b e r of t o n a l c o n t r a s t s is o f f e r e d . C h a p t e r 6 b r i n g s t h e s t u d y to a c o n c l u s i o n .
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
I oue a g r e a t d e b t to my s u p e r v i s o r , P r o f e s s o r E u g e n i e O.A. H e n d e r s o n , w i t h o u t her t h i s t h e s i s w o u l d not h a v e c o m e i n t o e x i s t e n c e . Sh e K i n d l y h e l p e d a n d g u i d e d me t h r o u g h a l l my d i f f i c u l t i e s ; p a t i e n t l y c o r r e c t i n g my m i s t a k e s . I w o u l d l i k e to t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to e x p r e s s my e n d u r i n g g r a t i t u d e an d d e e p e s t t h a n k s to her.
I am p a r t i c u l a r l y i n d e b t e d to my d e a r p a r e n t s w h o s u p p o r t e d my s t u d y in t he U n i t e d K i n g d o m , a n d e n c o u r a g e d me in e v e r y w a y w i t h t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d g r e a t
p a t i e n c e .
My g r a t e f u l n e s s an d t h a n k s are due to Mr A.LI. S t o n e , the C h i e f T e c h n i c i a n of t h e S c h o o l , w h o o r g a n i z e d the
e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k s a n d p h o t o g r a p h i c p r e s e n t a t i o n of the r e s u l t s for me.
M a n y t h a n k s to t h e S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s S c h o l a r s h i p s C o m m i t t e e w h o g e n e r o u s l y p r o v i d e d me u i t h an A d d i t i o n a l A w a r d for th e c o s t of p h o t o g r a p h s in my- t h e s i s .
My t h a n k s ar e a l s o due to t he M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n of T h a i l a n d f o r my s t u d y l e a v e .
F i n a l l y , I s h o u l d l i k e to t h a n k S u z a n n e T a i t wh o t y p e d my t h e s i s n e a t l y a n d c a r e f u l l y .
S . 0 . A . S .
U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n
F e b r u a r y , 1978 S. T h a m t a w a t
T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
P a g e
A b s t r a c t I
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s Ii
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1
G e o g r a p h i c a l a n d L i n g u i s t i c B a c k g r o u n d 1
Th e (Nap of T h a i l a n d 2
S c o p e of t he T h e s i s 4
2. T H E C O N S O N A N T S Y S T E M 5
A r t i c u l a t i o n L a b e l s 6
D e s c r i p t i o n of the C o n s o n a n t P h o n e m e s w i t h
E x a m p l e s 8
3. T H E V O U E L S Y S T E M 27
S h o r t a n d L on g V o w e l P h o n e m e s 27
S h o r t a n d L o n g D i p h t h o n g s 32
D i p h t h o n g s m o v i n g t o w a r d s a c e n t r a l v o w e l 33 D i p h t h o n g s m o v i n g t o w a r d s a c l o s e v o w e l 36
T r i p h t h o n g s 39
4. T H E T O N A L S Y S T E M - I: Th e T o n e s of M o n o s y l l a b i c
U o r d s U t t e r e d in I s o l a t i o n 41
5. T H E T O N A L S Y S T E M - II: T h e P i t c h B e h a v i o u r of
Tw o S y l l a b l e S e q u e n c e s 53 V a r i a t i o n in S y l l a b l e D u r a t i o n 53 T o n e t i c V a r i a n t s of T o n e s 1 an d 3 53 C o m p o u n d N o u n s a n d P h r a s e s C o m p a r e d 60
V a r i a n t s of t he O t h e r T o n e s 73
S u m m a r y 81
f u r t h e r E x a m p l e s of C o m p o u n d N o u n s w h e r e the
C o m p o u n d i n g V a r i a n t s of T o n e 1 is f o u n d 83 f u r t h e r E x a m p l e s of C o m p o u n d N o u n s w h e r e the
C o m p o u n d i n g V a r i a n t of T o n e 3 is f o u n d 84 f u r t h e r E x a m p l e s of C o m p o u n d N o u n s in u h i c h
th e f i r s t S y l l a b l e s Hav e T o n e s 2, 4, 5, 6 , an d
7: 85
P a g e
a) T o n e 2 in th e f i r s t p l a c e 85
b) T o n e 4 in th e f i r s t p l a c e 86
c) T o n e 5 in th e f i r s t p l a c e 87
d) T o n e 6 in th e f i r s t p l a c e 87
e) T o n e 7 in the f i r s t p l a c e 89
6 . T O N E H I C I N T E R P R E T A T I O N OF THE T O N E S 90 C o r r e l a t i o n of T o n e s u i t h S y l l a b i c
S t r u c t u r e of N o n o s y l l a b l e s 90
R e s t r i c t i o n s A s s o c i a t e d u i t h I n i t i a l
C o n s o n a n t s 91
R e s t r i c t i o n s A s s o c i a t e d u i t h S y l l a b l e
E n d i n g a n d u i t h the N a t u r e of F i n a l C o n s o n a n t s 91 R e s t r i c t i o n s A s s o c i a t e d u i t h liouel L e n g t h 92
T o n e s a n d T o n e m e s 93
S m o o t h S y l l a b l e s 93
C h e c K e d S y l l a b l e s 94
7. C O N C L U S I O N 104
APPE.NDIX: N o t e s on t h e F r / k j a e r - O e n s e n P i t c h m e t e r
a n d the P a l a t o g r a m s 107
I N D E X OF I L L U S T R A T I O N : P a l a t o g r a m s
/t , t h / 10
/ d , n , k/ 13
/ c , c h / 1 8
/ s / 21
/ j/ 23
/ l , r / 25
S o n o g r a m
/ i s , i : a / 34
T o n o g r a m s
1 1
1 & 2 T o n e 1 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s / p h a : ,uc:n / 43
2 2
3 & 4 T o n e 2 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s / p h a k ,ha:t / 45
P aq e
3 3
5 & 6 T o n e 3 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s /pa: , pha: / 46
/ 4 4 /
7 & 8 T o n e 4 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s / p h a : i , ma: / 48 9 & 10 T o n e 5 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s / p h a K , f o K / 49
6 6
11 & 12 T o n e
6
on m o n o s y l l a b l e s / p h a : , k s:
/ 517 7
13 & 14 T o n e 7 on m o n o s y l l a b l e s '/pa:K , ? a : p / 52
15 T u o - s y l i a b l e s e n t e n c e 54
16a & b, 17 P l a n o s y l l a b l e s a nd c o m p o u n d c o m p a r e d 55 18 - 20 n o n o s y l l a b l e a n d c o m p o u n d s c o m p a r e d 57 21 & 22 C o m p o u n d s u i t h T o n e 1 in f i r s t p l a c e 58 23 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 1 in f i r s t p l a c e 59 2 4 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e an d c o m p o u n d n o u n
c o m p a r e d 61
2 5 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e a n d c o m p o u n d n o u n
c o m p a r e d 62
26 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e a nd c o m p o u n d n o u n
c o m p a r e d 63
2 7 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e an d c o m p o u n d n o u n
c o m p a r e d 64
2 8 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e a n d p h r a s e
c o m p a r e d 66
29 T u o - s y l l a b l e p h r a s e c o m p a r e d u i t h T o n . 15 67 3 0 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e a n d p h r a s e
c o m p a r e d 68
31 & 32 T h r e e - s y l l a b l e s e q u e n c e s 70 33 & 34 T h r e e - s y l l a b l e s e q u e n c e s 71 35 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 2 in f i r s t p l a c e 74 36 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 4 in f i r s t p l a c e 74 37 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 5 in f i r s t p l a c e 75 38 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 6 in f i r s t p l a c e 75 39 C o m p o u n d u i t h T o n e 7 in f i r s t p l a c e 76 4 0 a F o u r - s y l l a b l e n o u n p h r a s e 78
40b, F o u r - s y l l a b l e s e n t e n c e 79
4 1 a & b T u o - s y l l a b l e c o m p o u n d a n d s e n t e n c e
c o m p a r e d 80
B I B L I O G R A P H Y 109
1
C H A P T E R 1
I N T R O D U C T I O N
G e o g r a p h i c a l a n d L i n g u i s t i c B a c K g r o u n d
S u r a t t h a n i , uith- a p o p u l a t i o n of a b o u t 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , is one of the p r o v i n c e s i n th e s o u t h e r n p a r t of T h a i l a n d an d is f l a n K e d on t he E a s t by the G u l f of T h a i l a n d . (See th e ma p on p a g e 2.) T h a i l a n d is d i v i d e d i n t o p r o v i n c e s , t he
p r o v i n c e s i n t o A m p h o e s , a n d the A m p h o e s i n t o T a m b o n s . E a c h p r o v i n c e has a c a p i t a l A m p h o e c a l l e d ' A m p h o e flueang' f o l l o u e d by t h e n a m e of t h e p r o v i n c e ; ’A m p h o e flueang S u r a t t h a n i ’ is t h e c a p i t a l A m p h o e of S u r a t t h a n i , a n d ' A m p h o e flueang N a K o r - n s r i t h a m m a r a t ' is th e c a p i t a l A m p h o e of N a K o r n s r i t h a m m a r a t , etc. S u r a t t h a n i is c o m p o s e d of 14 A m p h o e s u i t h 10 4 T a m b o n s .
P e o p l e f r o m A m p h o e to A m p h o e ma y s p e a K S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t u i t h a d i f f e r e n t a c c e n t . By ' a c c e n t ' I m e a n d i f f e r e n c e s in th e p r o n u n c i a t i o n e s p e i c a l l y of th e t o n e s . E v e n t h o u g h t h e r e m a y in s o m e A m p h o e s be v a r i a t i o n b o t h in th e n u m b e r of t o n e s a n d in t h e i r p r o n u n c i a t i o n as c o m p a r e d u i t h A m p h o e flueang, the a c c e n t s are m u t u a l l y i n t e l l i g i b l e .
T h i s t h e s i s p r e s e n t s a s y n c h r o n i c s t u d y of the p h o n e t i c s a n d p h o n o l o g y of t h e S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t . It c o v e r s o n l y
A m p h o e flueang, or ' B a n d o n ' , the ol d n a m e u h i c h is s t i l l in c o l l o q u i a l u&e at the p r e s e n t day. T h i s t h e s i s , in u h i c h my f u n c t i o n u a s t h a t of my o u n i n f o r m a n t , m a y be c o n s i d e r e d as t h e s t u d y of an i d i o l e c t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t s p o K e n in B a n d o n ( A m p h o e Elueang)„
fly f a m i l y ar e s e t t l e d in B a n d o n ( A m p h o e flueang). fly p a r e n t s a r e S u r a t t h a n i p e o p l e u ho s p e a K S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t
1F u r t h e r d e t a i l on o t h e r T h a i d i a l e c t s see Di m El. B r o u n , ' F r o m A n c i e n t T h a i to Modern- T h a i D i a l e c t s ’ , 1965.
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u i t h a B a n d o n a c c e n t . My m o t h e r uas b o r n a n d e d u c a t e d in B a n d o n , but my father- ua s b o r n in T a m b a n C h a n g o e , A m p h o e K a n c h a n a d i t . He ua s b r o u g h t up in a f a m i l y t h a t u s e d S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t u i t h a K a n c h a n a d i t a c c e n t . He c a m e to s t u d y in a s e c o n d a r y school, in B a n d o n a n d u o r K e d t h e r e a f t e r u a r d s . B a n d o n a c c e n t has a f f e c t e d his p r o n u n c i a t i o n e v e r s i n c e . U h e n he s p e a K S to his c h i l d r e n or to o t h e r s o u t h e r n p e o p l e e x c e p t th e p e o p l e f r o m his n a t i v e v i l l a g e , he a l u a y s u s e s B a n d o n a c c e n t .
I uas b o r n in A m p h o e T h a c h a n g , but u a s b r o u g h t up in B a n d o n f r o m a v er y e a r l y age. Th e S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t u i t h the B a n d o n a c c e n t u a s th e l a n g u a g e u s e d at h o m e , a m o n g
s c h o o l f r i e n d s , a n d o t h e r s o u t h e r n p e o p l e , a l t h o u g h ’S t a n d a r d T h a i ’ u a s t a u g h t at s c h o o l . My f a t h e r , b e c a u s e of his
c a r e e r as a f o r e s t r y c l e r K , has to m o v e f r o m A m p h o e to A m p h o e in S u r a t t h a n i . A f t e r my e l e m e n t a r y e d u c a t i o n in B a n d o n , I f o l l o u e d my p a r e n t s to l i v e in A m p h o e B a n n a s a n u h e r e I s t u d i e d in a s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l fo r t h r e e y e a r s .
T h e r e , my B a n d o n a c c e n t uas q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m th e B a n n a s a n a c c e n t . I retrained t he B a n d o n a c c e n t b e c a u s e it uas the
a c c e n t of a c a p i t a l A m p h o e a n d so uas c o n s i d e r e d to be m o r e r e f i n e d t h a n t h e B a n n a s a n a c c e n t . D u r i n g v a c a t i o n s , my b r o t h e r , s i s t e r s an d I o f t e n u e n t b a c K to B a n d o n . A f t e r u a r d s , I ua s s e n t to B a n g K O K to s t u d y in a h i g h s c h o o l for a f u r t h e r t uo y e a r s u h i c h uas t h e n f o l l o u e d by f o u r y e a r s ’ u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n .
B e f o r e c o m i n g to L o n d o n , I u o r K e d in A m p h o e M u e a n g N a K o r n s r i t h a m m a r a t p r o v i n c e f o r tuo y e a r s . T h e r e I
c o m m u n i c a t e d v i a my S u r a t t h a n i d i a l e c t ; b o t h in v o c a b u l a r y a n d a c c e n t .
I h a v e c h e c K e d my p r o n u n c i a t i o n u i t h th e r e c o r d e d t a p e s , t h a t my p a r e n t s s e n t " f r o m h o m e , of a c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n my m o t h e r a n d my b r o t h e r . My p r o n u n c i a t i o n may be c o n s i d e r e d to be t y p i c a l e d u c a t e d S u r a t t h a n i p r o n u n c i a t i o n f r o m B a n d o n ( A m p h o e M u e a n g ) .
d i a l e c t s e t s ou t a d e s c r i p t i o n of t he c o n s o n a n t s , v o u e l s a n d t o n e s , a n d p a y s p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n to v a r i a t i o n s b e t u e e n th e t o n a l b e h a v i o u r of m o n o s y l l a b i c u o r d s in
i s o l a t i o n a n d of t u o s y l l a b l e s e q u e n c e s of d i f f e r e n t K i n d s . An e x p l a n a t i o n is m a d e d e s c r i p t i v e l y f r o m a p h o n e t i c b a s i s a n d a b s t r a c t e d o n t o p h o n e m i c l e v e l . S e l e c t e d p a l a t o g r a m s a n d t o n o g r a m s u e r e m a d e in the P h o n e t i c s L a b o r a t o r y , u i t h t he h e l p of Mr A.U. S t o n e , the C h i e f T e c h n i c i a n of th e S c h o o l , u n d e r P r o f e s s o r E u g e n i e S.A. H e n d e r s o n ’s s u p e r v i s i o n . P a l a t o g r a m an d T o n o g r a m g r i d s f or u s e u i t h th e i l l u s t r a t i o n s in th e t e x t are at th e b a c K of th e t h e s i s . No d e t a i l e d a t t e m p t has b e e n m a d e to e x p l a i n t h e r e s u l t s in t e r m s of a c o u s t i c p h o n e t i c s .
P a l a t o g r a m s are u s e d in C h a p t e r 2 to i l l u s t r a t e the a r t i c u l a t i o n of c o n s o n a n t s a n d in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e t he P l a c e of A r t i c u l a t i o n a n d M a n n e r of A r t i c u l a t i o n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y . S o n o g r a m s in C h a p t e r 3 u e r e m a d e to c o m p a r e a n d c h e c K t h e l e n g t h of th e d i p h t h o n g s , / i s / a n d / L i d / r e s p e c t i v e l y , u h i c h are n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d in S t a n d a r d T ha i . T o n o g r a m s in C h a p t e r s 4 a nd 5 are s h o u n to i l l u s t r a t e th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p i t c h b e h a v i o u r of th e t o n e s . S i n c e t he t o n o g r a m s in t h e s e t u o c h a p t e r s u e r e m a d e at d i f f e r e n t t i m e s a n d u i t h d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g s of the p i t c h m e t e r , it has b e e n n e c e s s a r y to m ak e t u o s e p a r a t e T o n o g r a m g r i d s , one for use u i t h th e i l l u s t r a t i o n s in C h a p t e r 4, t h e o t h e r fo r t h o s e in C h a p t e r 5.
5
C H A P T E R 2
T H E C O N S O N A N T S Y S T E M
In th e c o u r s e of my i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e c o n s o n a n t s in my ou n p r o n u n c i a t i o n c e r t a i n a r t i c u l a t i o n s u e r e e x a m i n e d u i t h t h e a i d of a f a l s e p a l a t e m a d e by Mr. A.U.
S t o n e . O v e r a p e r i o d of n e a r l y t u o y e a r s , p a l a t o g r a m s u e r e m a d e at r e g u l a r u e e K l y i n t e r v a l s u n t i l it uas
p o s s i b l e to r e c o g n i z e r e g u l a r l y r e c u r r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a l a t o g r a m s for t h e u t t e r a n c e s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e s e u e r e b o t h of u o r d s u t t e r e d in i s o l a t i o n an d of s h o r t s e n t e n c e s c o n t a i n i n g t he ’t a r g e t ' s o u n d s , u h i c h it u a s h o p e d u o u l d c a p t u r e a m o r e ’n a t u r a l ’ c o l l o q u i a l s t y l e of p r o n u n c i a t i o n t h a n m i g h t be th e c a s e u i t h u t t e r a n c e s of i n d i v i d u a l u o r d s . T h e p h o t o g r a p h s of p a l a t o g r a m s u s e d to i l l u s t r a t e t h i s t h e s i s u e r e m a d e t o u a r d s t h e end of my i n v e s t i g a t i o n , u h e n it u a s p o s s i b l e to i d e n t i f y t h e m as ' t y p i c a l ' of
the u t t e r a n c e s c o n c e r n e d . It b e c a m e a p p a r e n t q u i t e e a r l y on t h a t a r t i c u l a t i o n s u h i c h u i t h o u t t he e v i d e n c e of t he p a l a t o g r a m s I m i g h t h a v e c l a s s e d t o g e t h e r as ’a l v e o l a r ' s h o u q u i t e a u i d e r a n g e of v a r i a t i o n , u i t h c e r t a i n r e g u lar d i f f e r e n c e s b e t u e e n t h e m ; as for e x a m p l e b e t u e e n i n i t i a l a n d f i n a l _t!s, a n d b e t u e e n _s's as c o n t r a s t e d u i t h jt's, etc. U i t h o u t the e v i d e n c e of X ’r a y s to s h o u t h e p r e c i s e s h a p e an d m o v e m e n t of th e t o n g u e it is o f t e n d i f f i c u l t to r e l a t e t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s to t h e a r t i c u l a t o r y p r o c e s s e s t h e y i l l u s t r a t e , an d my s u g g e s t i o n s m u s t h e r e be taicen as t e n t a t i v e onl y . I h av e a l s o f o u n d a n e e d for m o r e a r t i c u l a t o r y l a b e l s t h a n are c o n v e n t i o n a l l y u s e d u i t h i n t h e I . P . A . s y s t e m , in o r d e r to c o r r e l a t e
d i f f e r e n c e s in the p a l a t o g r a m s u i t h d i f f e r e n t l a b e l s . T he l a b e l s I h a v e u s e d a r e e x p l a i n e d b e l o u . T h e d e s c r i p t i o n of r e f e r e n c e to ’z o n e s ’ on a g r i d . o f my p a l a t e ( c o n t a i n e d in an e n v e l o p e at t h e b a c x of th e t h e s i s ) f o l l o u s t h a t
A r t i c u l a t i o n L a b e l s
1 . D e n t i - a l v e o l a r :
2. A l v e o l o - d e n t a l :
r e f e r s to an a r t i c u l a t i o n r e g u l a r l y s h o u i n g a w i d e u i p e e x t e n d i n g f r o m e i t h e r z o n e 1 or z o n e 2 to z o n e s 3 or 4 a n d b e y o n d . (See Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5 an d 6 on p a g e s 10 a n d 13.)
r e f e r s to an a r t i c u l a t i o n r e g u l a r l y s h o w i n g a n a r r o w w i p e c o n c e n t r a t e d u p o n z o n e 3, o c c a s i o n a l l y t he w i p e e x t e n d s f o r w a r d to z o n e 2 or s l i g h t l y to z o n e 1, but n e v e r b e h i n d z o n e 3.
(See Figs. 12, 13, a n d 14 on p a g e 2 1
.)
3* A l v e o l a r : r e f e r s to an a r t i c u l a t i o n r e g u l a r l y s h o w i n g a n a r r o w w i p e or a l i g h t t o u c h in z o n e 4, a l w a y s e x t e n d i n g f o r w a r d to z o n e 3 0 (See F i g s . 2, 7, 18, a n d 19 on p a g e s 10, 13 a n d 25.)
4. P o s t - a l v e o l a r : r e f e r s to an a r t i c u l a t i o n r e g u l a r l y s h o u i n g a u i p e in z o n e 4 a n d s o m e t i m e s e x t e n d i n g s l i g h t l y f u r t h e r b a c k (see Figs. 15, 1 5 a a n d 17 on p a g e 2 3 ) , or a l i g h t t o u c h in z o n e 4 e x t e n d i n g s l i g h t l y f o r w a r d to z o n e 3 (see Fig. 20 on p a g e 25.)
5. A l v e o l o - p a l a t a l : r e f e r s to an a r t i c u l a t i o n r e g u l a r l y s h o u i n g a w i d e w i p e e x t e n d i n g
1
F o r t h e t e c h n i q u e of p a l a t o g r a p h y s e e D.R. F i r t h , 1U o r d - p a l a t a g r a m s a n d a r t i c u l a t i o n 1 , B S O A S , XI I , 3 a n d 4, 1 94 8 , 8 5 7 - 6 4 , a n d D.R. F i r t h a n d H . D . F . A d a m , ’I m p r o v e d t e c h n i q u e s in p a l a t o g r a p h y a n d K y m o g r a p h y 1 , B S O A S , X I I I , 3, 1950, 7 7 1 - 4 .
7
f r o m z o n e 3 to z o n e s 4 a n d 5 and o c c a s i o n a l l y u i t h a r e a s of
c o n t a c t b e h i n d t h e s e in z o n e s 6 a n d 7. (See Fig s . 9, 10, 11 a n d 16 on p a g e s 18 a n d 23.)
In a d d i t i o n to p r o b l e m s of t e r m i n o l o g y a n d a n a l y s i s r e l a t i n g to P l a c e of A r t i c u l a t i o n , p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g to M a n n e r of A r t i c u l a t i o n u e r e a l s o e n c o u n t e r e d . A f u r t h e r u n e x p e c t e d f i n d i n g r e s u l t i n g f r o m th e p a l a t o g r a m s u as t h e f a c t t h a t t h e m o s t c o m m o n fu i p e T f o r my [s] s o u n d s h o u e d c o m p l e t e c o n t a c t a c r o s s th e p a l a t e i.e. th e K i n d of p i c t u r e one u o u l d e x p e c t of a s t o p of s o m e s o r t
r a t h e r t h a n a f r i c a t i v e . As is e x p l a i n e d on p a g e 20 (see F i g s . 12, 13 a n d 14 on p ag e 21), it a p p e a r s t h a t th e e s c a p e of a i r for my [s] is l a t e r a l r a t h e r t h a n
c e n t r a l . My s u p e r v i s o r ha d no t o b s e r v e d t h i s u i t h o t h e r T h a i s p e a k e r s , but the s t o p - l i k e p i c t u r e is a r e m i n d e r of th e r a t h e r t e n s e c h a r a c t e r of t he [s] of m a n y T h a i s p e a k e r s . [On e T h a i p h o n e t i c i a n of my a c q u a i n t a n c e t r a n s c r i b e s h er oun [s] as [ts], an d r e g a r d s it as a u e a k a f f r i c a t e ] . T h i s p o t e n t i a l ’t e n s e n e s s ' of [s] may p e r h a p s be l i n k e d u i t h the f a c t t h a t p a l a t o g r a m s of [j]
a l s o v e r y f r e q u e n t l y s h o u a v e r y e x t e n s i v e u i p e r i g h t a c r o s s t h e p a l a t e , u h i c h a l s o p o s e s p r o b l e m s of a n a l y s i s a n d d e s c r i p t i o n . T h e s o u n d is s o m e t i m e s ' -'*• -\
r a t h e r [ j~] l i k e ; at o t h e r t i m e s l i k e [ j]. On o t h e r o c c a s i o n s , it s i m p l y s o u n d s l i k e a r a t h e r t e n s e [j].
T h e s e p e r c e p t u a l i m p r e s s i o n s c o r r e s p o n d u i t h u h a t is h e a r d in t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of o t h e r T h a i s p e a k e r s . It is s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e m a y be an a r t i c u l a t o r y t e n d e n c y a m o n g T h a i s to m a k e a f a i r l y f i r m p a l a t e c o n t a c t p r i o r to t h e a c t u a l s t a r t of p h o n a t i o n for a v o i c e d f r i c a t i v e . Mr s E.M. U h i t l e y , u h o ua s a s k e d , as a p r o f e s s i o n a l
p h o n e t i c i a n u i t h no p r e v i o u s k n o u l e d g e of T h a i , to
l i s t e n a n d m a k e ’i m p a r t i a l 1 j u d g m e n t s of my [j] s o u n d s , h as s u g g e s t e d the t e r m ' p r e t e n s i n g 1 f o r t h e p h e n o m e n o n , a n d t h a t is t h e t e r m I h a v e a d o p t e d in t h i s t h e s i s .
f o l l o w s :
/ p / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s u n a s p i r a t e d b i l a b i a l p l o s i v e . It o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s , a n d b e f o r e f o l l o w i n g / l / an d / r / as c l u s t e r s , a n d in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n a f t e r v o w e l s . In s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n it is a l w a y s u n e x p l o d e d a n d g l o t t a l i z e d , i.e. p r o n o u n c e d u i t h s i m u l t a n e o u s g l o t t a l c l o s u r e [7 p “* ], b o t h in i s o l a t e d a n d in c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s , but in s y l l a b l e -
i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n it t e n d s to be g l o t t a l i z e d [?p]
o n l y in an i s o l a t i v e s t y l e of u t t e r a n c e , i.e. as in p r o n o u n c i n g u o r d s in i s o l a t i o n .
E x a m p l e s :
/ p i : 3/ 'ye a r 1
/ p e :^)6/ 9 p o w d e r ' / p i o : p 7/ 'to s o o t h e ’
/ p l a : 3/ ' f i s h 1
/ p r i ^ u 3 / ' sour *
/ p r a :p / 'to s u b d u e 1
/ p h / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e d b i l a b i a l p l o s i v e . It o c c u r s o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s , a nd b e f o r e f o l l o w i n g / l / a n d / r / as c l u s t e r s w h i c h ar e i n t e r p r e t e d phonemi' c a l l y as / p h i / a n d / p h r / (see u n d e r / l / a n d / r / a b o u t c l u s t e r s on p a g e 24 ),
E x a m p l e s :
/ p h e : n / fp l a n ! / p h i t ^ / ' w r o n g ’
/ p h u : 6 / 'male*
/ p h l u : 3/ ' b e t e l leaf'
/ p h l a t 3 / / p h r ^ i m 4 / / p h r a :? 7/
Is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l
E x a m p l e s :
/ b a : 3 / / b i n 3 / / b a : 6 / / b a :n 6/
/ b o :k7 / / b a t 7/
'to f a l l down' 8 r e a d y '
* mornc'
b i l a b i a l p l o s i v e . It o c c u r s p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o u e l s .
's h o u l d e r s 1 'to fly' ' m a d 1 'h o u s e ' 'to tell' 1 c a r d 1
is r e a l i z e d in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n as a v o i c e l e s s u n a s p i r a t e d d e n t i ~ a l v e o l a r (see F i g s 0 1 a n d 3 on p a g e 10), a n d in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n as an a l v e o l a r p l o s i v e (see Fig. 2 on p a g e 10).
It o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o u e l s , a n d b e f o r e f o l l o w i n g / r / as a c l u s t e r , a n d in
s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n a f t e r v o u e l s . In s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n it is a l w a y s u n e x p l o d e d a n d g l o t t a l i z e d [ ? f ] , b ot h in i s o l a t i o n or in c o n n e c t e d
u t t e r a n c e s , but in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n it t e n d s to be g l o t t a l i z e d [?t] in i s o l a t i v e s t y l e ; b ut n ot a l w a y s in c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ t i : 3/ 'to beat'
/ t u : 6/ 'c u p b o a r d / t a t 7/ 'to c u t ' / x h o t 6/ 1 b e n t 1 / t r a :3/ 8 s e a l 1 / t r
o
:k 7/ 'lane *3 1 3 6 2
1. ma: ha: ta: 2. pha: hot
’I came to visit Grandfather.’ 'The clothes were shrunk;.*
3 3 7 7 3 3 1
3- ma: ta:m pho : L|.. pho : m a : tham mai
'I came to look for Father.’ 'Why did F a t h e r come here ? ’
11
T h e c l u s t e r / t r / , for s o m e s p e a k e r s , is in f r e e v a r i a t i o n u i t h / k r / , / t / , or / p i / . F o r e x a m p l e , the
3 3
u o r d 'seal' m a y be p r o n o u n c e d e i t h e r [tra: ] or [krai ];
3 3
t h e u o r d ' s t r a i g h t 1 m a y be p r o n o u n c e d [tro|j J ^ [kro^] J '■‘- [ t o 9 ]; a n d th e u o r d 'to p r e p a r e , to g e t r e a d y ' may be p r o n o u n c e d [ t r i : o m ^ ] ^ [ k r i : s m ^ ] ^ [ p l i : 5 m ^ ] . In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l u a y s p r o n o u n c e [tr] no t [kr], or [t], or [pi] in s u c h u o r d s .
F r o m t h e r e s u l t s of th e e x p e r i m e n t s u i t h t h e f a l s e p a l a t e in c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s (see Fig s . 1, a n d 3), it r e g u l a r l y a p p e a r e d t h a t i n i t i a l [t] s h o u e d a u i p e
e x t e n d i n g f r o m th e f r o n t t e e t h to t h e b a c k of t h e a l v e o l a r r i d g e ( 1d e n t i - a l v e o l a r ' ). T h e u i p e ua s d a r k e r in the
a l v e o l a r r e g i o n s u g g e s t i n g t h a t c o n t a c t h e r e u a s f i r m e r . It is a s s u m e d t h a t t h e f i r m e r a l v e o l a r c o n t a c t is l a m i n a l , u i t h t he t i p in l i g h t e r c o n t a c t u i t h th e f r o n t t e et h .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y by t h e t i m e I c a m e to p h o t o g r a p h t y p i c a l p a l a t o g r a m s f o r t h e t h e s i s t h e f a l s e p a l a t e h a d u o r k e d r a t h e r l o o s e so t h a t u i t h th e f i r m e r t e n s e r c o n t a c t m a d e u h e n p r o n o u n c i n g a n d b e g i n n i n g u i t h a [t] in i s o l a t i o n , the p a l a t e t e n d e d to m o v e an d d r o p b e f o r e t h e c o n t a c t ua s r e l e a s e d . H e n c e , t h e p h o t o g r a p h s at F i g s . 1 a n d 3 a re of s h o r t f a i r l y r a p i d c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s , in u h i c h t h e [t]
c o n t a c t u a s n o t t e n s e e n o u g h to d i s l o d g e t h e p a l a t e 0 Th e d e n t i - a l v e o l a r c o n t a c t of t h e s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l [t] in Fig s . 1 a n d 3 is, h o u e v e r , s t i l l c l e a r l y v i s i b l e . In s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n th e u i p e u a s r e g u l a r l y m u c h n a r r o u e r , a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d in t h e a l v e o l a r r e g i o n . (See Fig. 2.).
/ t h / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e d d e n t i - a l v e o l a r p l o s i v e (see Fig. 4 on p a g e 1 0 ) . It o c c u r s o nl y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o u e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ t h i : / 've r y c l o s e 1 / t h o : t ^ / 'to t a k e o f f / t h e : / 'to t h r o u auay'
/d/
/ t h e :V 1 r e a l 1
/ t h u p 5/ fto hit'
/ t h a :6/ 'to w a i t 1
/ t h i s u 3/ T to t r a v e l '
is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d d e n t i - a l v e o l a r pli (see Fig. 5 on p a g e 13), It o c c u r s o n l y . i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ d i : 3/ ' g o o d '
/ d a ] 3/ ' l o u d '
/ d a :i ^ / 1 t h r e a d '
/ d u a i ^ / 1 t o o 1
/ d u :k7/ 1 b o n e *
/ d o :t 7 / 'to j u m p ’
/k/ is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s u n a s p i r a t e d v e l a r
p l o s i v e . T h e p l a c e of a r t i c u l a t i o n v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , i.e. t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n b e f o r e a f r o n t v o w e l as in [xi: ]
1 h a w m u c h , h o w m a n y ’ (see Fig. 8 on p a g e 1 3 ) is m o r e f o r w a r d as c o m p a r e d w i t h a b a c K v o w e l as in
[ko: ] ' c l u m p 1 w h i c h d i d not s h o w a w i p e on my
f a l s e p a l a t e . T h e s e v a r i o u s s o u n d s ar e i n t e r p r e t e d as t h e a l l o p h o n e s of th e s a m e p h o n e m e /k / .
/k/ o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s , a n d b e f o r e f o l l o w i n g / l / , / r / , a n d / w / as c l u s t e r s , a n d in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n a f t e r v o w e l s . In s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n , it is a l w a y s u n e x p l o d e d a n d g l o t t a l i z e d [ Tk*1] b o t h in i s o l a t i v e a n d c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s ; but in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n it t e n d s to be g l o t t a l i z e d [ ?k] in i s o l a t i v e s t y l e but n o t a l w a y s in c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s .
13
7 3 3 7 , 3 . 1 U
5. ph.o: m a : du: me: b. ma: na: na:
'Father came to see Mother,’ 'I came to visit Aunty.’
b 3
8 . k i : b a i
How many leaves are there ?' 7 . k h w a n
's m o k e ’
/ k e : 6 / 'to c o r r e c t ’
/ k a k 2/ ’to d e t a i n ’
/ k l a i " Y ’far'
/ k r : : 6 / ’r a t t a n b a l l ’ / k w a :t 2/ ’to s w e e p ’
F o r s o m e s p e a k e r s t h e o c c u r r e n c e of / k / a f t e r a l o n g v o w e l is in f r e e v a r i a t i o n u i t h / ? / . O t h e r s p e a k e r s do no t h a v e / k / in s u c h c o n t e x t 5 j t h e y w i l l u se / ? / i n s t e a d In my ou n p r o n u n c i a t i o n , h o w e v e r , in s u c h w o r d s , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [ ? K n ] no t [?], e.g. s o m e p e o p l e s a y [ h e :?*;"1 ] ^ [ h e : ? 2 ] ’be t o r n o f f ' , [ p a : ? k ’’2 ] '"■" [ p a : ? 2 ] ’m o u t h 1 ;
o t h e r s s a y [ h e : ? 2 ], [ p a : ? 2 ]; but I sa y [he:?*:"12], [ p a : ? ^ 2 ] But w h e n p h o n e m e / k / o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n
a f t e r s h o r t v o w e l s , b o t h t y p e s of s p e a k e r s w i l l use [?k“] ,
2 7
e.g. [ h a ? K _1 ], ’b r o k e n ’ , [ k a ? k "1 ] 'to d e t a i n ’ , etc.
In th e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of s o m e s p e a k e r s [k l ] may
be in free, v a r i a t i o n w i t h [k] in s o m e w a r d s as in [ k l 9:|3 ] [ k ?: >]^ ] ’d r u m ’ , [ k l u s i ^ ] ^ [ k u s i ^ ] ’b a n a n a ’ . In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [kl] no t [k] in s u c h u o r d s .
/ k h / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e d v e l a r p l o s i v e . T h e p l a c e of a r t i c u l a t i o n a l s o v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to t he i n f l u e n c e of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , s i m i l a r to t h e p h o n e m e /k/.
/ k h / o c c u r s o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s , a n d b e f o r e f o l l o w i n g / l / , / r / , a n d / w / as c l u s t e r s .
E x a m p l e s :
■i
/ k h i : / ’to ride'
/ k h a t 2 / ’to p o l i s h ’
1 5
/ k h l o: / / k h r a :n ^ / / k h r o k 3 / / k h u a m ^ / / k h u a : ^ /
'si d e by s i d e 1 1 l a z y '
1 m o r t a r '
'to t u r n u p s i d e down' 'to t h r o w '
In t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of s o m e s p e a k e r s [ k h u ] m a y be in f r e e v a r i a t i o n w i t h [ f ] as in [ k h w a : ^ ] ^ [ f a : ^ ] 'to g r a s p ' , a n d a n u m b e r of o t h e r w o r d s , e.g. [ k h w a i n " * ] ^ [ f a : n ^ ] ' h a m m e r ' , [ k h w i t 2 ] ^ [ f i t 2 ] 'to g o r e ' , [ k h w a n 3 ]
3 3 3
^ [ f a n ] ' s m o k e ' , a n d [ k h w a : i ] ^ [ f a : i ] ' b u f f a l o ' . In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [ k h w ] n o t [f]
in s u c h w o r d s .
/ ? / is r e a l i z e d as a g l o t t a l p l o s i v e . It o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o u e l s , an d in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n a f t e r l o n g v o w e l s on the h i g h l e v e l a n d l o w r i s i n g t o n e s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ ? a : y
/ ? a u / /?a:r)5 /
/ h o : ? 2/
/ k r a : ? 7/
' y o u n g e r b r o t h e r or s i s t e r of o n e ' s m o t h e r ' 'to t a k e '
'to r e f e r to' ' g i a n t reed'
'to f l o a t t h r o u g h t h e air' 'h a w k s b i l l 1
W h e n t he p h o n e m e / ? / o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n e.g. / p a : ? / 'to p a t c h ' , [?] ma y be d e l e t e d in c o n n e c t e d u t t e r a n c e s .
/ m / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d b i l a b i a l n a s a l . It o c c u r s b o t h in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l a n d s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ m i : 1/
/ m o : k 2 / / m e : ^ / / m e t 5 / / m a :m ^ / / t h a m 5 / /ro m 7 /
T b e a r 1
•fog'
• i n s e c t 1 ' s e e d '
• s p l e e n T T c a v e ' 1 u m b r e l l a •
/ n / is r e a l i z e d in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n as a
v o i c e d d e n t i - a l v e o l a r n a s a l (see Fig. 6 on p a g e 13 ) In s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n - i t r e g u l a r l y s h o w s an a l v e o l a r w i p e (see Fig. 7 on p a g e 13 ). / n / o c c u r s b o t h in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l a n d s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i ons b e f o r e a n d a f t e r v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ n i : 1/
/ n a : t 2/
/ n o : n 5/
/ n e n V
/ n o K 5 / /nuij)5 / / j a : n 7 /
'to e s c a p e ' ' s i z e ' 'to s l e e p ' 'to e m p h a s i z e ' 'bird'
'to s t e a m ' 'v i n e '
is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d v e l a r n a s a l . T h e p l a c e of a r t i c u l a t i o n v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , s i m i l a r to t h e p h o n e m e s /k/ an d /kEi/. /»j / o c c u r s b o t h in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l a n d s y l l a b l e - f i n a l p o s i t i o n s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r v o w e l s .
Examples:
/^ a : i / 'to t u r n t h e f a c e up' 2
/ yo: k / ' g r e y h a i r '
17
/tjo *j / 3 ' c o n f u s e d '
/ 4 /
/ y i u / ' C h i n e s e d r a m a '
tr
/ j a t / 'to f o r c e up' / d u : s ^ / ' c o c o n u t b e e t l e '
7
/>ja : i / ' ea s y '
S o m e s p e a K e r s do not h a v e a s o u n d in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n . An [h] s o u n d is u s e d h e r e i n s t e a d ,
3 3
e.g. fo r my / *)D:m / ' r i p e ' , / 9 0 3 / ' c o n f u s e d ' , t h e y p r o n o u n c e [ h 2 : m 3 ], [ h o ^ 3 ]. I i n t e r p r e t t h i s as a
d i f f e r e n c e of p h o n e m i c s t r u c tu re , i.e. that such s p e aK er s u se an / h / p h o n e m e in t h e s e u o r d s .
/ c / is u s u a l l y r e a l i z e d as u h a t is h e r e l a b e l l e d a v o i c e l e s s u n a s p i r a t e d a l v e o l o - p a l a t a l a f f r i c a t e
(see F ig s . 9 a n d 10 on p a g e 18 ). P a l a t o g r a m s r e g u l a r l y s h o u a m o r e or l e s s f i r m b r o a d b a n d of c o n t a c t e x t e n d i n g f r o m z o n e 3 b a c x to z o n e 5.
T h e r e a r e a l s o f r e q u e n t l y s i g n s of a l i g h t e r c o n t a c t in z o n e s 6 or 7, f r o m u h i c h it a p p e a r s t h a t the m a i n bod y of t h e t o n g u e b e h i n d the b l a d e is r a i s e d
s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h t o u a r d s th e h a r d p a l a t e to m a x e c o n t a c t ; e s p e c i a l l y u h e r e my p a l a t e s h o u s a s l i g h t r a i s e d 'hump' in t h e c e n t r e of z o n e 7. To th e ear, my p r o n u n c i a t i o n of [c] is o f t e n v e r y c l o s e to
t h a t of a t r u e p a l a t a l p l o s i v e , but t h e p a l a t o g r a m s r e g u l a r l y s h o u a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c o n t a c t in the z o n e s 3, 4, a n d 5, u h i c h s u p p o r t s t h e l a b e l 'alveolo- p a l a t a l ' r a t h e r t h a n p a l a t a l .
/ c / o ccurs only in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n before v o u e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ c a ;
V
' s e r g e a n t ' (Fig. 9) / c o :d / 'to b o o K '/ c i : 6/ 'to ticKle'
y ^ ^
10. pho: ca ma: ha: n . mra^ phom chal mailc
ather will come to visit you.’ ’My hands are getting very numb
19
/c^:') / 6 ’to s t a r e a t 1
/c d:k / ’g l a s s '
/ c e :k / ’to g i v e ’
/ c h / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s a s p i r a t e d a l v e o l a - p a l a t a l a f f r i c a t e , s h o w i n g m u c h t h e s a m e a r e a s of c o n t a c t in p a l a t o g r a m s as / c / (see Fig. 11 on p a g e 18 ) D It
o c c u r s o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
o ir ’to d i s c l o s e ’
/ c h i :k ^ / ’to t e a r ’
/ c h a :3/ ’n u m b ’
/ c h i : 4/ ’to p o i n t a t ’
/ c h e t 5 / ’to w i p e ’
/ c h o: 6 / 'to c h e a t ’
/ chui: ^/ 1 n a m e '
/ f / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s l a b i o - d e n t a l f r i c a t i v e . It o c c u r s o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s ;
/ f o n V ’r a i n *
/ f a :t ^ / ’a s t r i n g e n t ’
/ f a i ^ / ’f i r e ’
/ f o :^ 4/ ’to a c c u s e '
/ f ? k V ’s w o l l e n ’
/ f a :i 6 / ’c o t t o n ’
/ f a : t * V 'to s l a p ’
In the p r o n u n c i a t i o n of s om e s p e a k e r s [f] m a y be
3 3
in f r e e v a r i a t i o n w i t h [ k h w ] as in [fai ] ^ [ k h w a i ] 'l
’f i r e ’ , a n d a n u m b e r of o t h e r w o r d s , e Qg. [fa: ] ’w a l l ’,
3 4-
[fan ] ’t o o t h 1 , a n d [fa: ] Ts K y ’ , e t c 0 In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I alw a y s p r o n o u n c e [f] not [Khu] in such words.
/ s / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e l e s s a l v e o l o - d e n t a l f r i c a t i v e (see F i g s . 12, 13, a nd 14 on p a g e 21). It is
i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t Fig. 14 s h o w s t h e K i n d of
’w i p e * t h a t m i g h t o r d i n a r i l y be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s t o p r a t h e r t h a n a f r i c a t i v e , but t he s o u n d p e r c e i v e d w a s c l e a r l y a f r i c a t i v e . In an i n f o r m a l e x p e r i m e n t to d i s c o v e r w h e r e th e a i r w a s e s c a p i n g , my s u p e r v i s o r pu t a l i g h t e d m a t c h in f r o n t of my m o u t h a n d to t h e r i g h t s i d e , but t h e f l a m e d i d no t f l i c K e r . It w a s n o t u n t i l sh e p u t th e l i g h t e d m a t c h in f r o n t of t h e l e f t s i d e of my m o u t h t h a t f l i c x e r i n g of t he f l a m e w a s v i s i b l e . T h i s c o n f i r m s t h a t the e s c a p e of a i r for my [s] is l a t e r a l , as is a l s o i n d i c a t e d by t h e p a l a t o g r a m s in F i g s . 12 an d 1 3 0 T h e s o u n d o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n
¥ b e f o r e v o w e l s o n l y D
E x a m p l e s :
/ s i :^/ ’c o l o u r ’ / s i p ^ / ’ ten ’ /s:>:3/ ’f i d d l e ’
/sw.:4/ 1 to b u y ’
/ s a K 3/ ’to w a s h ’ / 6 /
/so: / 1 chain 1
/ s s :k7/ ’to i n t e r f e r e ’
For s o m e s p e a K e r s t h e i r [s] is s l i g h t l y r e t r o f l e x [§] in t h e i r p r o n u n c i a t i o n , a n d s o m e t i m e s t h e y p r o n o u n c e t h i s [^] s o u n d in f r e e v a r i a t i o n w i t h [s], I i n t e r p r e t t h e s e [s] an d [g] s o u n d s , fo r t h e s e s p e a K e r s , as the a l l o p h o n e s of t h e p h o n e m e /s / . In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [s] n o t [g].
/ j / is r e a l i z e d as a p r e - t e n s e d (see p a g e 7 ) v o i c e d
^ U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e p a i n t o g r a m s on p a g e ti a n d e l s e w h e r e h&ve i n a d v e r t e n t l y b e e n r e p r o d u c e d 50 as t o mafce i t a p p e a r t h a t t h e escape o f & i r w s l5 on t h e n i j j h t r & t h e r ilnsLrt t h e l e f t sl'cl'e'.
21
1 3. sa rja:
’A proper name 'Sanga''
lh . [s]
'An illustration of the sound [ s j 1
p o s t - a l v e o l a r (see Fig s . 15, 15a, a n d 17 on p a g e 23 ) ? or a l v e o l o - p a l a t a l f r i c a t i v e (see Fig. 16 on
p a g e 23 ). T h e c o n t i n u o u s c o n t a c t in z o n e 4 s e e n v e r y c l e a r l y in Fig s . 15, 15a, a n d 17, is a s c r i b e d to t h e 1p r e - t e n s i n g 1 d e s c r i b e d on p a g e 7 , a n d is n o t t a k e n as an i n d i c a t i o n of a p l o s i v e a r t i c u l a t i o n ; t h o u g h s o m e t i m e s a b r i e f p l o s i v e is p e r c e i v e d b e f o r e t h e f o l l o w i n g f r i c t i o n . T h e e x t e n s i v e w i p e s in z o n e s 5, 6 , a n d 7 in Fig. 16, a n d a w i p e in z o n e 7 in Fig. 17 are t a K e n as i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e r a i s i n g of th e m a i n b o d y of t h e t o n g u e t o w a r d s t h e h a r d p a l a t e . Fly p a l a t e has a r a i s e d ’hum p ' in the
c e n t r e of z o n e 7, a n d t h i s is o f t e n b r u s h e d by the t o n g u e in a r t i c u l a t i o n s of t h i s s o u n d .
/ j/ o c c u r s o n l y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s . ^
E x a m p l e s :
/ j a : V
' m e d i c i n e '/ j o :k 2 / 'to kid'
/ j a : u 3 / 'l o n g '
/ J 3 : i 4 / 'd r o o p i n g '
/ j ? K 5 / 'to lift'
/ j u i]6 / 1 bus y '
/ j a : k 7 / 'd i f f i c u l t
/ h / is r e a l i z e d in m o s t c o n t e x t s as a v o i c e l e s s g l o t t a l f r i c a t i v e . It o c c u r s o nl y in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l
p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ h o : i V 'sheel'
/ h o t / 'to s h r i n k '
'I
N o t e t h e f a c t t h a t / j / is n o t t a k e n as f i n a l e l e m e n t of d i p h t h o n g s as in m a n y p h o n e m i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of Tha i .
23
Father flattered Mother,
1 3 3
16 . ja : 17 • mui: ja :u
’medicine' ’My hands are long,'
/ h a : 3 / 'to l a u g h l o u d l y '
/ h a : 4 / 'swear wor d '
/huit3 / ' f u r r y '
/ h i u 6 / 'to c a r r y '
/ h a : 7/ ' p a r t i c l e in a s e n t e n c e
In c o n n e c t e d s p e e c h , / h / b e t w e e n v o i c e d s o u n d s m a y be r e a l i z e d as [fi],
/ I / is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d a l v e o l a r l a t e r a l (see Figs.
18 a n d 19 on p a g e 25). It o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s , a n d is c o m b i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g /p/, / p h / , /k/, a n d / k h / as c l u s t e r s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ l a i 1/ ' to f l o w 1
/l e k2/ 'iron'
/ l o : D 7 / ' to r a f t l o g s down' / p l i u 3 / ' to be b l o w n 1
/ p h l a t 3 / ' to fal l '
/kIs :9 6/ ' to do s p i t e ful l y ' / K h l o : *)4 / 1 to l a s s o w i t h a r o p e
In S t a n d a r d T h a i t h e r e is o f t e n an a l l o p h o n e [l]
in / p h i / a n d / x h l / c l u s t e r s , but in my aw n p r o n u n c i a t i o n I h a v e a v o i c e d a l l o p h o n e in t h e s e c o n t e x t s .
/ r / is u s u a l l y r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d p o s t - a l v e o l a r f l a p (see Fig. 20 on p a g e 25 ). It o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s a n d is c o m b i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g / p / , / p h / , /k/, an d / x h / as c l u s t e r s . T h e r e is a f r i c a t i v e or a f r i c t i o n l e s s c o n t i n u a n t a l l o p h o n e [i] (see Fig. 21 on p a g e 25 ), f o u n d in th e s e q u e n c e s [ p h x ] , [ichx] w h i c h a r e i n t e r p r e t e d as r e a l i z a t i o n of p h o n e m i c / p h r / a n d / K h r / .
7 3 U 3
18. pho: ma: le:u 19. pla:
’Father has already come.’ 'fish'
20. ru: 21. phra:
’h o l e ’ ’coconut*
S t a n d a r d T h a i s o m e t i m e s has a v o i c e l e s s a l l o p h o n e [a ] in s u c h s e q u e n c e s , but in my ou n p r o n u n c i a t i o n
o
I h a v e a v o i c e d a l l o p h o n e .
E x a m p l e s :
/r i V / r i t 2/
/ r u : 4/
/ p r a : r j 3 /
/phrs>K5/
/k r 0 : / / K h r a :7/
' d e l i c i o u s 1 1 m a n n e r ' 'to K n o w ’ 's t u p a 1
'the s h e l l of the c o c o n u t '
' r a t t a n ball' 'to a b d u c t '
In the p r o n u n c i a t i o n of some s p e a K e r s [r] may be in
3 3
f r e e v a r i a t i o n w i t h [l] as in [ r u s i ] ~ [ l u a i ] 'rich' , [ r a x ^ ] ^ [ l a x ^ ] 'to l o v e ' , etc. In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [r] no t [l].
M is r e a l i z e d as a v o i c e d l a b i o - v e l a r a p p r o x i m a n t . It 1
•>
o c c u r s in s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n b e f o r e v o w e l s a n d is c o m b i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g /k/ a n d / x h / as c l u s t e r s .
E x a m p l e s :
/ua: 131/ ' m o r n i n g ' / w i t 2/ ' to s c o o p ' / w i x 5/ 'c i n e m a ' / K w a :j^/ 'w i d e '
/ x w e :k7/ 'to push others aside /xhwa:i / 'b u f f a l o '
/ x h w a :4/ ' to grasp a t '
N o t e t h a t / w / is n o t t a x e n as f i n a l e l e m e n t of d i p h t h o n g s as in m a n y p h o n e m i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of T h a i .
27
C H A P T E R 3
TH E I/DUEL SY5TEF1
T he S u r a t t h a n i v o w e l s y s t e m has d i s t i n c t i v e l e n g t h . T h e q u a l i t i e s of the s h o r t an d l o n g v o w e l s a r e n o t g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t . T h e p h o n e m e s y s t e m c o m p r i s e s n i n e s h o r t and n i n e l o n g v o w e l p h o n e m e s , e i g h t s h o r t d i p h t h o n g p h o n e m e s , ten l o n g o n e s , a n d t h r e e t r i p h t h o n g p h o n e m e s , as f o l l o w s .
S h o r t a n d L o n g V/ouel P h o n e m e s
/ i / is r e a l i z e d as a c l o s e , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , s h o r t v/ouel; s l i g h t l y m o r e o p e n an d r e t r a c t e d t h a n
1 r -i
C a r d i n a l V o w e l ^ f i J . F r o m n o u on t h e C a r d i n a l V o w e l s w i l l be a b b r e v i a t e d to CV.
E x a m p l e s :
/ x h i t 2/
/ c i p 7/
/ l i n 4 / / x h i t 5/
/ i : / is r e a l i z e d as a c l o s e , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , l o n g v o w e l ; s l i g h t l y m o r e o p e n and r e t r a c t e d t h a n CV^
[i].
E x a m p l e s :
2
/ « h i : t / 'to d r a w a lin e '
/ c i : p 7/ 'to roll' (the b e t e l
l e a f ) 'to n u d g e 1 'to s i p 1 ' t o n g u e 1 'to t h i m c '
1
C a r d i n a l V o w e l s y s t e m s e e D a n i e l J o n e s , 'an O u t l i n e of E n g l i s h P h o n e t i c s ' , n i n t h e d i t i o n , p. 3 1 - 3 9 .
/ s i ; ^ / T c o l o u r 1
/ n i : 6/ 'debt'
/ e / is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , s h o r t v o u e l ; m o r e o p e n an d m o r e r e t r a c t e d t h a n [e].
E x a m p l e s :
/xhen"*/ ’to puli'
/ ? e n / 'sineu'
/ t e m ' V ’f u l l ’
/ u e n V ' e x c e p t 1
/ e : / is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , l o n g v o u e l ; m o r e o p e n a n d m o r e r e t r a c t e d t h a n C U ^ [e ]>
E x a m p l e s :
/ K h e :n / 1 r o b i n ' / ? e : n / ' r e c l i n i n g ' / t e :? ^/ 'to K i c K ' /iche:^/ ' c r o c o d i l e '
/ e / is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - o p e n , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , s h o r t v o ue l . In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n t h e q u a l i t y of thi s v o u e l a p p e a r s to be s o m e u h a t u n s t a b l e , the d e g r e e of o p e n n e s s v a r y i n g b e t u e e n a v o u e l r a t h e r c l o s e r t h a n CV/^ [e] s n d one which is s l i g h t l y n o r c open tha-n
H e vfflwle l e i . I t is a l s o s l i g h i l y c e n i r ^ l i z e d .
E x a m p l e s :
/ d e t * V . * to p l u c K '
/ l e k^/ 'i r o n '
/ je P " V 'to s e u '
/ l e n 6 / 'to play'
29
/e :/
/ a /
/ a : /
is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - o p e n to o p e n , f r o n t , u n r o u n d e d , l o n g v o u e l ; i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e p o s i t i o n for C V 3 [e] a n d C \j^ [a]; l i K e the E n g l i s h RP ( E n g l i s h R e c e i v e d P r o n u n c i a t i o n ) v o u e l [ar] as p r o n o u n c e d by m a n y s p e a K e r s .
E x a m p l e s :
CV. [a].
E x a m p l e s :
CU4 [a].
E x a m p l e s :
/ d e :t 7/ 1 s u n s h i n e T / l e :k2/ 1 cr u s he d ’
/ t h e :4 / 1 r e a l 1
A e :3 / 1 o l d 0
as an o p e n , [a] a n d CV,_
u n r o u n d e d , s h o r [a ] , but r a t h e r
/ p a n 3/ Tto d i v i d e 1
/ f a t 2/ ’to u i n n o u ’
/ ? a p 7/ ' s t u f f y ’
/ m a t 3/ ’to t i e ’
as an o p e n , [a] a n d CV^
u n r o u n d e d , l o n g [ a ] , but r a t h e r
/ p a : n 3/ 1 b i r t h m a r k ’ / f a : t 2 / ’a s t r i n g e n t 1
0-'""CL
CO ’to b a t h e ’
/ m a : 4 / ’ h o r s e 1 / p a : ? 7/ ’to p a t c h 1
/ V is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - o p e n , b a c K , r o u n d e d , s h o r t v o u e l ; c l o s e to CU g [9 ] in q u a l i t y .
/□/
/o:/
E x a m p l e s :
y
/ p o K / ' c o u e r 1
/tchop'V ’to b i t e ’
/ K h o n ^ / 'to s e a r c h ’
/ t h o p ^ / ’to f o l d double.’
is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - o p e n , bac K , r o u n d e d , lon g v o u e l ; c l o s e to Cli^ [o] in q u a l i t y .
E x a m p l e s :
y
/p
o
: k / ’to p e e l ’/Kh
o :p^/ ’ e d g e ’ / x h ^ m V ’h a m m e r ’ / t h o : / 'to u e a v e ’is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , b a c « , r o u n d e d , s h o r t v o u e l ; r a t h e r m o r e o p e n t h a n C l [ o ] .
E x a m p l e s :
/ d o / 1 j u n g l e ' / s o m / r p r o p e r ’ / x h o m / ’b i t t e r ’ / x r o n / ’to s n o r e ’
is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , b a c x , r o u n d e d , l o n g v o u e l ; r a t h e r m o r e o p e n t h a n C l [ o ] .
E x a m p l e s :
2
/do:') / ’p r o t r u d e d ’ / s o :m / 'g i n s e n g ' / l o :k^ / ’e a r t h 1
/ s o :^/ 'c h a i n ’
31
/v / is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , b a c K , u n r o u n d e d , s h o r t v o u e l ; r e l a t i v e l y m o r e o p e n t h a n / o : / a n d s o m e u h a t a d v a n c e d .
E x a m p l e s :
/ t h y p / / 3 * n 3 /
T to m a x e a m o v e ' ' s i l v e r '
/ V i / is r e a l i z e d as a h a l f - c l o s e , b a c k , u n r o u n d e d , lon g v o u e l ; r e l a t i v e l y m o r e op e n t h a n / o : / a n d s o m e u h a t a d v a n c e d .
E x a m p l e s :
/ p h y : t /
/ k h l y :rrr/
/ l v :t 2/
/by:3/
fto d r i v e o f f by l o u d s h o u t i n g T
1 h a l f - s l e e p '
’s t r a y e d o f f 1
’n u m b e r 1
/ u / is r e a l i z e d as a c l o s e , bac k , r o u n d e d , s h o r t vouel;- m o r e o p e n a n d a d v a n c e d t h a n C M R [u].
E x a m p l e s :
/ k h u t / / ? u t 7 / / k h u k 3/
/mu*]6 /
’to d i g ' 1 to p l u g '
’ p r i s o n ’
’m o s q u i t o - n e t '
/ u : / is r e a l i z e d as a c l o s e , b a c k , r o u n d e d , l o n g v o u e l ; m o r e o p e n a n d a d v a n c e d t h a n C V R [u ].
E x a m p l e s :
/ k h u :t / / ? u : t 7 / / s u : n V
’ to s c r a p e ’ 1 c a m e l ’ 'lost'
/ K h u : ^ / 'to bend'
In the p r o n u n c i a t i o n of some s pe aK er s, [u : ] may be
in
50mc wtfrds 4 4in free vari.ation^uith [_o : J as in
[vu:
[ro: j 'to Know', and in some other w ords e.g. [ K h u : 2 ] 'pairs', [thu:K ]' c o r r e c t ' , etc. In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n , I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [u:] not [o:] in such words.
/ill/ is r e a l i z e d as a close, bacK, u n r o u n d e d , sh o r t vowel; more open and a d va nc ed than Cl/^g [ui].
E x a m p l e s :
/fUiK2/ 'to train'
/juit / 'to grasp'
/ m u m / 'dizzy'
/duiK2/ 'late'
/
ml:/
is r e a l i z e d as a close, bacK, u n r o u n d e d , long vowel; more open and a d v a n c e d than [ ujl] .E x a m p l e s :
o
/fui:t / ' o b s t r u c t e d ' /jui:t / 'to s t r e t c h '
/mui:^/ 'hand*
/ 4 /
/sui: / 'to buy'
In th e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of s o m e s p e a K e r s , [ux: ] ma y be in f r e e v a r i a t i o n w i t h [y:] as in [ s u t : ^ ] ^ [sjr:^] 'to buy'.
In my p r o n u n c i a t i o n I a l w a y s p r o n o u n c e [ui: ] n o t [y:] in t h i s w o r d .
S h o r t a n d L o n g D i p h t h o n g s
T h e S u r a t t h a n i s h o r t a n d l o n g d i p h t h o n g s ca n be
d i v i d e d i n t o d i p h t h o n g s m o v i n g t o w a r d s a c e n t r a l v o u e l an d t h o s e m o v i n g t o w a r d s a c l o s e v o w e l .
