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Cancer-related fatigue in a couples’ context

Müller, Fabiola

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.

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Publication date: 2018

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Müller, F. (2018). Cancer-related fatigue in a couples’ context: The role of daily cognitions and partner behaviors. University of Groningen.

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Supporting information

Summary in English

Summary in Dutch

About the author

Acknowledgments

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Figure S1. Graphs of models with alternative numbers of trajectories for (a) fatigue, (b) concrete

goal disturbance and (c) abstract goal disturbance from 1 month to 18 months post-diagnosis.

Note. As described in the Statistical analysis section of the article, four criteria were applied in

order to choose the models that best represent the data.

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Table S1

Descriptives of within-person variables per assessment-time

    Reliability‡ Mean (SD) ICC1 RKF RC Sleep 2.5 (0.97) 0.44 0.97 0.69 Morning Fatigue 2.9 (2.73) 0.6 . . Catastrophizing† 0.31 (0.60) 0.57 0.996 0.77 Pos. affect 2.34 (0.76) 0.64 0.996 0.75 Neg. affect 0.28 (0.49) 0.64 0.996 0.73 Phys. activity† 1.9 (2.73) 0.44 . . Noon Fatigue 3.34 (2.79) 0.57 Catastrophizing† 0.36 (0.62) 0.63 Pos. affect 2.46 (0.73) 0.66 Neg. affect 0.26 (0.49) 0.65 Phys. activity† 5.83 (3.17) 0.42 Evening Fatigue 4.37 (2.93) 0.57 Catastrophizing† 0.39 (0.65) 0.63 Pos. affect 2.26 (0.71) 0.65 Neg. affect 0.28 (0.49) 0.66 Phys. activity†   6.07 (2.97)   0.43      

Note. SD, Standard Deviation; Pos. affect, Positive affect; Neg. affect, Negative affect; Phys.

ac-tivity, Physical activity; ICC1, Intraclass correlation † The items measuring catastrophizing and physical activity refer to the period prior to each assessment. The low mean of physical activity in the morning might be due to the timing of the morning assessment (approximately 1 hour after rising) which might have limited the likelihood of physical activity to occur. ‡ The reliability coefficients were calculated as proposed by Cranford et al. (2006) and Shrout and Lane (2012), collapsed for the 3 assessment times across the day. RKF reflects the reliability of the between-person diary averages. As the value is averaged across all (K = 42) assessments, high values of > 0.9 are common (Cranford et al., 2006; Shrout & Lane, 2012). The within-person reliability coefficient, RC, reflects whether there are reliable within-person differences in change over time.

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Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A Procedure for Evaluating Sensitivity to Within-Person Change: Can Mood Measures in Diary Studies Detect Change Reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 917–929. http://doi. org/10.1177/0146167206287721

Shrout, P. E., & Lane, S. P. (2012). Psychometrics. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook

of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

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Ta bl e S 2 W ith in -d ay m edi at ion m od el s    B ( SE ) † Av er ag e e ffe ct [ 95 % C I] § Pre dic to r → O ut co m e Me di at or a pat h b pat h c’ pat h ab co v. ‡ To ta l e ffe ct Ind ire ct eff ec t C at as tr op hi zi ng ( t) → Fa tig ue (t ) Po s. a ffe ct ( t) -0 .2 5 ( 0. 04 )*** -1 .4 6 (0 .14 )* ** 0. 64 (0 .11 )* ** 0. 01 1. 02 [0 .7 7 1. 27 ] 0. 37 [ 0. 20 - 0 .5 5] N eg . a ffe ct ( t) 0. 25 (0 .0 3) *** 1. 27 (0 .17 )* ** 0. 67 (0 .12 )* ** 0. 02 1. 02 [0 .7 9 1. 25 ] 0. 35 [ 0. 20 - 0 .5 0] Ph ys . a ct iv ity ( t) -0 .31 (0 .14 )* 0. 03 (0. 02 ) 1. 02 (0 .11 )* ** 0. 01 Fa tig ue ( t-1 ) → C at a-st ro ph iz in g (t ) Po s. a ffe ct ( t-1 ) -0 .0 9 ( 0. 00 8) *** -0. 01 (0. 02 ) 0. 02 (0 .0 05 )* * 0. 001 N eg . a ffec t ¶ (t-1) 0. 04 (0 .0 06 )*** 0.1 8 (0 .0 5) ** * 0. 01 (0 .0 04 )*** -0 .000 2 0. 02 [ 0. 01 - 0 .0 3] 0. 00 8 [ 0. 00 1 - 0 .0 14 ] Ph ys . a ct iv ity ( t) -0 .10 (0 .0 3) ** -0. 00 5 ( 0. 00 3) 0. 02 (0. 00 6) ** 0. 000 2 N ot e. S E, S ta nd ar d E rr or ; P os . a ffe ct , P os iti ve a ffe ct ; N eg . a ffe ct , N eg at iv e a ffe ct ; P hy s. a ct iv ity , P hy sic al a ct iv ity ; C I, C on fid en ce I nt er va l. † E st im at es a nd s ta nd ar d e rr or s o f t he fi xe d e ffe ct s. ‡ C ov ar ia nc e b et w ee n t he r an do m e ffe ct s o f t he a pat h a nd b pat h. § A ve ra ge ( fixe d) t ot al a nd in di re ct e ffe ct s a nd t he ir 9 5% C on fid en ce I nt er va ls. ¶ Th e d ire ct e ffe ct ( c’ p at h) n ee de d t o b e fi xe d i n o rd er t o r ea ch mo de l c on ve rg en ce . * p < . 05 ; ** p < . 01 ; * ** p < .0 01

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Ta bl e S 1 As so cia tio ns o f p ar tn er r es po ns es w ith f at ig ue i nt er fe re nc e a nd r ela tio ns hi p s at isf ac tio n a nd t he m od er at in g e ffe ct o f f at ig ue s ev er ity , p ar tn er p er sp ec tiv e Fa tig ue In ter fer en ce Re lat io ns hi p S at isf ac tio n B 95% C I p SD a B 95% C I p SD a Le ve l 1 : W ith in -p er so n e ffe ct s Int er ce pt 0. 66 0. 56 – 0 .76 <. 001 0. 50 9. 00 8. 79 – 9 .2 2 <. 001 1. 20 D ia ry d ay ( 1-14 ) b -0 .0 05 -0 .0 1 – 0 .0 02 .15 7 . -0 .01 -0 .0 2 – -0. 00 2 .0 16 . So lic ito us F at ig ue -B eh av io r 0. 05 -0 .0 04 – 0 .10 .0 69 . -0. 04 -0 .11 – 0 .0 3 .2 35 0. 23 Pu ni sh in g F at ig ue -B eh av io r 0. 03 -0 .0 3 – 0 .0 9 .3 07 . -0 .14 -0. 23 – -0. 06 .0 01 0. 69 Fa ci lit at iv e W el l-B eh av io r -0 .0 02 -0 .0 5 – 0 .0 5 .9 31 . 0. 07 0. 01 – 0 .14 .02 3 0. 27 N eg at iv e W el l-B eh av io r 0. 07 0. 02 – 0 .12 .0 11 . -0 .01 -0 .0 7 – 0 .0 6 .81 8 0. 22 Fa tig ue Sev er ity 0. 04 0. 03 – 0 .0 6 <. 001 . 0. 005 -0 .0 1 – 0 .0 2 .62 0 0. 02 Pu ni sh in g F at ig ue -B eh av io r x F at ig ue . . . . 0. 01 -0 .0 3 – 0 .0 5 .6 14 . Fa ci lit at iv e W el l-B eh av io r x F at ig ue 0. 00 4 -0 .03 – 0 .03 .8 05 . . . . . N eg at iv e W el l-B eh av io r x F at ig ue 0. 01 -0 .0 1 – 0 .0 4 .2 55 . . . . . Fa tig ue In ter fer en ce (t -1 ) -0 .02 -0 .0 8 – 0 .0 4 .52 9 . . . . . Re lat io ns hi p S at isf ac tio n ( t), m rn g . . . . 0.1 3 0. 09 – 0 .18 <. 001 .

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Fa tig ue In ter fer en ce Re lat io ns hi p S at isf ac tio n B 95% C I p SD a B 95% C I p SD a Le ve l 2: B et w een -p er so n e ffe ct s So lic ito us F at ig ue -B eh av io r 0. 03 -0 .2 0 – 0 .2 5 .82 0 . 0. 02 -0 .4 8 – 0 .5 2 .9 43 . Pu ni sh in g F at ig ue -B eh av io r -0 .13 -0 .3 9 – 0 .13 .31 5 . -0 .8 3 -1 .3 9 – -0. 27 .0 05 . Fa ci lit at iv e W el l-B eh av io r -0 .15 -0 .3 7 – 0 .0 8 .21 5 . 0. 10 -0 .4 1 – 0 .6 1 .69 7 . N eg at iv e W el l-B eh av io r 0. 27 0. 03 – 0 .5 0 .0 27 . -0. 34 -0 .8 6 – 0 .17 .19 4 . Fa tig ue Sev er ity 0. 10 0. 05 – 0 .16 <. 001 . 0. 05 -0 .0 7 – 0 .17 .38 8 . n p at ie nt s/ n d ia ry a ss es sme nt s 10 1/ 11 59 c 101 /1 22 3 No te . Pa rt ne r r es po ns es a nd f at ig ue s ev er ity a s r ep or te d b y t he p ar tn er . m rn g, mo rn in g; C I, C on fid en ce i nt er va l. a St and ar d d ev iat io n f or ra nd om eff ec ts . Eff ec ts o f t he mo de l p re di ct in g F at ig ue I nt er fe re nc e n ee de d t o b e fi xe d t o r ea ch mo de l c on ve rg en ce . b Fo llo w in g t he r ec om me nd at io n o f B ol ge r a nd L au -re nc ea u ( 20 13 ), w e r es ca le d t he ‘ di ar y d ay ’ v ar ia bl e i n a w ay t ha t 0 r ep re se nt s t he m id dl e o f t he 1 4-da y d ia ry p er io d. c G iv en t ha t t he mo de l c on tr ol s f or Fa tig ue I nt er fe re nc e a s a ss es se d o n t he p re vi ou s e ve ni ng ( t-1 ), t he fi rs t a ss es sme nt -d ay w as e xc lu de d r es ul tin g i n a s m al le r n um be r o f d ia ry a ss es sme nt s av ai la bl e f or t hi s a na ly sis . Ta bl e S 1 ( co nt in ue d)

A

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Figure S1. Plots depicting slopes with their confidence bands (red [curved] lines) and regions of

significance (blue [dotted] lines) for the three significant interaction-effects. (a) The level of fatigue severity (< -2.9 and > -0.8) at which its interaction with negative responses towards well-behavior reaches significance in predicting fatigue interference. (b) The level of fatigue severity (< -3.7 and > -0.2) at which its interaction with facilitative responses towards well-behavior reaches significance in predicting fatigue interference. (c) The level of fatigue severity (> -0.9) at which its interaction with punishing responses towards fatigue-behavior reaches significance in predicting relationship satisfaction.

Note. The lower boundaries of the interaction-effect of (a) negative responses towards well-behavior

and (b) facilitative responses towards well-behavior with fatigue severity are not described in the main-text as less than 1% of all fatigue severity assessments fall below these boundaries.

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(c)

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S3. Item list, translated from Dutch to English

1. Morning assessment

a. Fatigue severity: How fatigued do you feel right now? (0. Not at all fatigued

– 10. As fatigued as I could be), patient

b. Relationship satisfaction: How satisfied are you with your relationship right

now? (0. Not at all satisfied – 10. Extremely satisfied), patient

2. Noon assessment

a. Fatigue severity: How fatigued do you feel right now? (0. Not at all fatigued

– 10. As fatigued as I could be), patient

3. Evening assessment a. Fatigue severity: - How fatigued do you feel right now? (0. Not at all fatigued – 10. As fatigued as I could be), patient - How fatigued did your partner feel today, according to you? (0. Not at all fatigued – 10. As fatigued as he/she could be), partner

b. Partner responses: How did your partner respond to you today? My

part-ner..., patient; How did you respond to your partner today? I…, partner; (0. Not at all – 4. Very much)

I. Solicitous responses towards fatigue-behavior

- …asked me how he/she can help, patient - …told me to rest, patient - …took over my chore (e.g., in the household, cooking), patient - …asked what I can do to help, partner - …told my partner to rest, partner - …took over my partner’s chore (e.g., in the household, cooking), partner

A

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II. Punishing responses towards fatigue-behavior - …got irritated with me, patient - …ignored me, patient - …expressed his/her frustration at me, patient - …got irritated with my partner, partner - …ignored my partner, partner - …expressed my frustration at my partner, partner

III. Facilitative responses towards well-behavior

- …let me know I was doing well, patient - …encouraged me to do something, patient - …was happy about how I was spending my time, patient - …let my partner know that he/she was doing well, partner - …encouraged my partner to do something, partner - …was happy about how my partner was spending his/her time, partner

IV. Negative responses towards well-behavior

- …seemed to worry about how I was spending my time, patient - …told me to ‘slow down’, patient - …warned me that I might wear myself out if I did too much, patient - …was worried about how my partner was spending his/her time, partner - …told my partner to ‘slow down’, partner - …warned my partner that he/she might wear him-/herself out if he/ she did too much, partner

c. Fatigue interference: Today, my fatigue interfered with my…, (0. Not at all

– 4. Extremely)

- …physical activities (e.g., biking, vacuum cleaning, lifting objects, sports, hiking), patient

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- …mental activities (e.g., reading, solving a crossword puzzle, working), patient - Today, I have moved an appointment or revised a plan because I was feeling fatigued. (0. Strongly disagree – 4. Strongly agree), patient - Today, I have avoided activities to prevent my fatigue of getting worse. (0. Strongly disagree – 4. Strongly agree), patient - I have enjoyed the day. (0. Not at all – 4. Extremely), patient (rescaled prior to creating subscale)

d. Relationship Satisfaction: How satisfied are you with your relationship right

now? (0. Not at all satisfied – 10. Extremely satisfied), patient

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Summary in English

Due to the aging population and advances in screening and treatment modalities, a growing group of individuals is affected by cancer and its long-term adverse outcomes. Cancer-related fatigue is among the most prevalent and distressing symptoms in cancer patients and can persist for years after treatment has been completed in a substantial group of patients. Evidence suggests that mainly psy-chosocial factors explain the perpetuation of fatigue after completion of cancer treatment. In order to relieve the fatigue burden in the growing group of cancer patients, there is a pressing need to identify and understand the working mecha-nisms of these psychosocial perpetuating factors of fatigue and also to identify coping strategies that help patients, as well as their partners, to adapt well to the fatigue experience.

The studies described in the current thesis are dedicated to increase our understanding of how daily cognitions and partner behaviors can impact patients’ symptom outcomes as well as the relationship in couples coping with post-treat-ment fatigue. The introductory chapter 1 provides a short overview of the scale of the fatigue problem and introduces central concepts and models that laid the groundwork for the present thesis. The introduction also presents four questions that guided the empirical chapters (Chapters 2-6), which are re-assessed in the general discussion (Chapter 7).

Chapter 2 is dedicated to determine the development of fatigue and goal distur-bances from shortly after diagnosis until 18 months later in a sample of colorectal cancer patients. Goal disturbance measures the degree in which cancer interferes with patients’ personal goals (e.g., spending time with grandchildren). Based on evidence-based guidelines for the interpretation of fatigue scores, four groups of patients with clinically different severity and development of fatigue were identi-fied. One quarter of the patients reported severe levels of fatigue that persisted until 18 months post-diagnosis. Another half of the patients experienced moderate yet gradually improving fatigue from diagnosis onwards. Two small groups appeared, of which one showed severe levels of fatigue at diagnosis and recovered quickly, while another group of patients did not experience any clinically relevant fatigue during the 18 months following diagnosis. Importantly, persistent severe levels of fatigue co-occurred longitudinally with goal disturbances. Hence, fatigue and goal

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disturbance appear to be persistent burdens in a large group of patients. Interven-tions aiming to relieve goal disturbances might foster the general well-being of patients with persistent fatigue complaints.

In chapter 3, baseline data of a large, broadly representative cohort of Dutch middle-aged and older individuals were analyzed to investigate their mental health and role functioning as a function of chronic morbidity, relationship status and living arrangement. The results showed that, irrespective of an individual’s health status, having a partner was associated with better mental health if partners shared their home. Chronic morbidity was negatively associated with an individual’s functioning (i.e., the ability to perform daily life activities). That is, individuals with single and especially multiple chronic morbidity had impaired role function-ing. The adverse effects of multimorbidity on individuals’ role functioning were mitigated in individuals who had a partner, but only, if they shared their home. Individuals with multiple chronic morbidity who were partnered but not living with their partner and those who were non-partnered had impaired role func-tioning. These findings indicate that multimorbidity has adverse effects on the role functioning of middle-aged and older individuals and that sharing a home appears to be a prerequisite for the beneficial effect of being partnered in those suffering from multimorbidity. This suggests that there are important daily partner behaviors at play that explain the impact of living together on adjusting to chronic morbidity. Given the ongoing aging of the population, specifically targeting those individuals at greatest risk for poor functioning could relieve the increasing pres-sure on the health care system.

The findings of chapter 2 and 3 laid the groundwork for the following chapters by stressing the clinical relevance of the fatigue problem and suggesting that daily partner behaviors are an important context to study adverse disease outcomes. Chapter 4 to 6 systematically assess daily perpetuating factors of patients’ fatigue and predictors of couples’ relationship satisfaction from an intrapersonal and in-terpersonal perspective. These chapters built upon data collected with a dyadic diary method among colorectal cancer survivors and their partners.

Chapter 4 adopts an intrapersonal perspective to investigate the reciprocal relationship between patients’ catastrophizing thoughts about their fatigue (e.g., ‘I cannot bear the fatigue any longer’) and increases in fatigue severity as well as

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mediators of these relationships. The results indicate that high levels of patient catastrophizing were related to increases in fatigue severity within the day. In turn, but to a lesser extent, fatigue severity predicted increases in catastrophizing. High levels of negative affect mediated the reciprocal relationship between fatigue and catastrophizing. Low positive affect only mediated the effect of catastrophizing on increases in fatigue and self-reported physical activity mediated neither of these relationships. The evidence for this reciprocal relationship implies a vicious cycle between negative cognitions and fatigue in daily life that might explain the perpetuation of fatigue after treatment completion. Cognitive behavior therapy targeted to prevent daily increases in catastrophizing and related increases in negative affect has the potential to help patients overcome the vicious cycle of catastrophizing and fatigue.

Chapter 5 adopts an interpersonal perspective to investigate the associa-tions of daily partner responses towards patients’ fatigue-behavior (e.g., resting) and well-behavior (e.g., maintaining activity) with the degree to which fatigue disturbs patients’ daily life (i.e., fatigue interference) and their relationship satis-faction. The moderating effect of daily fatigue severity in these associations was also examined. The results demonstrated that some partner responses impact patients’ daily fatigue interference as well as relationship satisfaction. To be spe-cific, solicitous responses towards fatigue-behavior (e.g., taking over chores) and negative responses towards well-behavior (e.g., expressing concern) were associated with increases in fatigue interference, while facilitative responses towards well-behavior (e.g., encouraging activity) were associated with a decrease in fatigue interference. The latter two associations were intensified on days patients reported relative high fatigue. Solicitous responses towards fatigue-behavior and facilitative responses towards well-behavior were also associated with increases in relationship satisfaction. Punishing responses towards fatigue-behavior (e.g., expressing frus-tration), while unrelated to fatigue interference, were associated with a decrease in relationship satisfaction, especially on days patients reported higher fatigue. Models using partner reports mainly confirmed the main-effects of the patient-model but failed to reproduce the moderating effect of fatigue. In short, solicitous responses had divergent effects for patient’s adjustment as they were associated with increases in patient’s relationship satisfaction at the expense of worse fatigue interference. Only facilitative responses towards patients’ well-behavior appeared

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to be adaptive for patients’ fatigue interference as well as relationship satisfaction. Interventions should target both partners of the couple and guide them to engage in partner behaviors that are adaptive for patients’ fatigue interference as well as relationship satisfaction. Hence, partners should be encouraged to facilitate patients’ well-behavior and couples should be guided to communicate about the patients’ current symptom severity to help partners attune their responses to the patients’ current need for support.

Chapter 6 links an intra- and interpersonal perspective by investigating the effects of both partners’ daily catastrophizing via their co-rumination (i.e., discussions focusing on the negative aspects of fatigue) on patients’ fatigue severity and both partners’ relationship satisfaction. The dyadic data analyses confirmed that spouses’ catastrophizing thoughts about patients’ fatigue translate into worse fatigue severity via the couples’ co-ruminative conversations. This finding dem-onstrates that cognitions and partner behaviors are intertwined and stresses that spouse cognitions can also contribute to patients’ adverse fatigue outcomes. The expected adaptive effect of co-rumination for the couples’ relationship was not confirmed, implying that co-rumination has only negative effects for patients’ adjustment to fatigue. Targeting catastrophizing thoughts in patients and their spouses might prevent daily increases in patients’ fatigue severity by preventing couples’ co-ruminative conversations about fatigue.

The final chapter 7 integrates the findings of the empirical chapters in light of the four guiding questions presented in chapter 1. Further, our findings are placed into the broader context of the literature on dyadic coping with cancer before methodological considerations as well as challenges and promises of the diary method applied to dyadic research are discussed. Lastly, the clinical implica-tions of our findings are examined.

To conclude, the empirical chapters presented in this thesis demonstrated the relevance of studying post-treatment fatigue and indicated the importance of an individual’s relationship status and living arrangement in mitigating the adverse effects of chronic conditions. By adopting an intra- and interpersonal perspec-tive and applying a dyadic diary design in post-treatment cancer patients and their partners, cognitions and partner behaviors were investigated that impact patients’ fatigue outcomes as well as the couples’ relationship. Briefly,

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phizing thoughts about fatigue exert a maladaptive effect on fatigue severity via an intrapersonal vicious cycle of patients’ cognitions, fatigue and negative affect and via a dyadic pathway of couples’ co-rumination to which also spouse cata-strophizing contributes. Daily partner responses towards patients’ fatigue- and well-behavior have dual effects on patients’ fatigue interference and relationship satisfaction, especially on days patients experience high levels of fatigue. Only partners’ facilitative responses towards patients’ well-behavior are adaptive for their fatigue interference and relationship satisfaction. Dyadic interventions de-livered into couples’ daily live should monitor their coping strategies and timely stimulate adaptive cognitions and partner behaviors.

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Most important insights this thesis adds:

• Cancer-related fatigue is a persistent burden that co-occurs with the disturbance of patients’ personal goals. This stresses the need to improve treatments to relieve the fatigue burden. • Living together is a prerequisite for the benefit of having a partner suggesting that daily

partner behaviors contribute to the adjustment of patients with chronic morbidity. • Fluctuations in daily cognitions and behaviors of cancer patients and, importantly, also

their partners impact patients’ adjustment to fatigue:

• Patients’ catastrophizing and fatigue, mediated by negative affect, are mutually rein-forcing in daily life. This reciprocal relationship might contribute to the perpetuation of fatigue after cancer treatment.

• Partners’ catastrophizing appears to perpetuate patients’ fatigue through couples’ daily co-rumination. This finding stresses the relevance of partners’ cognitions and couples’ communications in the perpetuation of fatigue.

• Partner responses appear to impact patients’ fatigue interference as well as their rela-tionship satisfaction, highlighting the importance to identify partner behaviors that are adaptive for both outcomes.

• Facilitative responses towards well-behavior appear to be adaptive for patients’ fatigue interference and relationship satisfaction, making these responses potent to foster the couples’ adjustment to living with persistent fatigue.

Clinical implications:

• Treatment aimed at relieving fatigue needs to be directed at patients and their partners and intervene on their cognitive and behavioral processes in daily life.

• Successful treatment of fatigue should go beyond symptom adjustment and include the strengthening of the couples’ relationship.

• Current cognitive behavioral treatment needs to be extended to target daily catastrophizing in patients as well as their partners.

• A decrease in couples’ catastrophizing has the potential to prevent co-rumination and to enable the use of communication patterns that are adaptive for fatigue.

• Both partners of the couple need to be educated on the dual effects of daily partner responses on fatigue outcomes and their relationship.

• Both partners should learn to communicate about the patients’ current fatigue severity to enable partners to attune their responses to the patients’ current support needs.

• Partners should be encouraged and learn strategies to support patients’ well-behavior, par-ticularly when patients suffer from high levels of fatigue.

• Given that both partners contribute to patients’ adjustment and that quick daily processes seem to impact fatigue and relationship outcomes, the application of a dyadic diary in-tervention seems to be a suitable format for treatment to improve couples’ adjustment to cancer-related fatigue.

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Summary in Dutch: Samenvatting

Door de vergrijzing van de bevolking en een verbeterde opsporing en behande-ling van kanker zijn er steeds meer mensen die leven met kanker en de langeter-mijngevolgen ervan. Vermoeidheid is een van de meest voorkomende symptomen die patiënten met kanker ervaren. Deze vermoeidheid heeft een zeer negatieve invloed op het leven van patiënten en kan ook nog jaren na afronding van de behandeling voortduren. Onderzoek wijst uit dat deze voortdurende vermoeid-heid niet verklaard kan worden door de kanker en de behandeling, maar wel door psychosociale factoren. Om de groter wordende groep van mensen die met kanker-gerelateerde vermoeidheid te maken hebben beter te kunnen helpen, is het belangrijk meer inzicht te krijgen in hoe deze psychosociale factoren vermoeid-heid in stand houden en ook in hoe wij paren kunnen steunen om beter met de vermoeidheid in het dagelijks leven om te gaan.

De hoofdstukken in dit proefschrift zijn erop gericht inzicht te krijgen in hoe dagelijkse gedachten over vermoeidheid en gedragingen van beide partners invloed hebben op vermoeidheid van patiënten en hoe tevreden paren zijn met hun relatie. Hoofdstuk 1 geeft een kort overzicht van de mate waarin vermoeidheid voorkomt en introduceert de centrale concepten en modellen waarop dit proefschrift is ge-baseerd. Daarnaast worden in hoofdstuk 1 de vier vragen uiteengezet die leidend waren voor het onderzoek dat beschreven wordt in de empirische hoofdstukken (hoofdstukken 2-6). De antwoorden op deze vier vragen worden besproken in de algemene discussie (hoofdstuk 7).

Hoofdstuk 2 was gericht op het bestuderen van het verloop van vermoeidheid en doelverstoring vanaf diagnose tot 18 maanden later bij een groep darmkan-kerpatiënten. Doelverstoring is de mate waarin kanker persoonlijke doelen van de patiënt, zoals tijd met kleinkinderen doorbrengen, verstoort. Er konden vier groepen kankerpatiënten worden onderscheiden die klinisch relevante verschillen in hun vermoeidheid lieten zien. Een kwart van de patiënten rapporteerde een ern-stige mate van vermoeidheid die voortduurde tot 18 maanden na de diagnose. De helft van de patiënten ervoer matige, langzaam verbeterende vermoeidheid vanaf de diagnose. Daarnaast konden nog twee kleine groepen worden onderscheiden, waarvan de ene groep ernstige vermoeidheid vlak na diagnose rapporteerde en vervolgens snel herstelde, en de andere groep geen klinisch revelante mate van

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vermoeidheid ervoer in de 18 maanden na diagnose. Een ernstige mate van ver-moeidheid lijkt parallel te lopen aan de verstoring van persoonlijke doelen. Ver-moeidheid en verstoring van doelen blijken bij een grote groep kankerpatiënten een aanhoudend probleem te zijn en lijken zich gelijktijdig door de tijd heen te ontwikkelen. Behandelingen die erop gericht zijn doelverstoringen tegen te gaan, zouden het welzijn van kankerpatiënten met ernstige en aanhoudende vermoeid-heid kunnen bevorderen.

In hoofdstuk 3 werden gegevens geanalyseerd van een grote, representatieve groep Nederlanders van middelbare en oudere leeftijd. Het doel was om te onder-zoeken hoe de mentale gezondheid en de mate waarin men dagelijkse bezigheden kan uitvoeren (rolfunctioneren) varieerde op basis van gezondheidsstatus (d.w.z. het wel/niet hebben van één of meerdere chronische ziektes), relatiestatus (d.w.z. het wel/niet hebben van een partner) en woonsituatie (d.w.z. het wel/niet samen-wonen met andere mensen). Personen met een partner rapporteerden een betere mentale gezondheid (zoals minder somberheid), ongeacht hun gezondheidsstatus, maar alleen als ze ook met hun partner samenwoonden. Personen met één en vooral met meerdere chronische ziektes rapporteerden een verminderd rolfuncti-oneren. Echter, de samenhang tussen het hebben van meerdere chronische ziektes en een verminderd rolfunctioneren was minder sterk bij degenen die een partner hebben, wederom alleen als zij ook met hun partner samenwoonden. Bij perso-nen met meerdere chronische ziektes die een partner hebben maar niet met hun partner samenwoonden, en bij alleenstaanden, was sprake van een verminderd rolfunctioneren. Deze resultaten wijzen erop dat personen van middelbare en oudere leeftijd met meerdere chronische ziektes een verminderd rolfunctioneren ervaren en dat samenwonen een vereiste lijkt te zijn voor het positieve effect van het hebben van een partner. Blijkbaar zijn er dagelijkse partner interacties en steun nodig om het welzijn van patiënten het meest optimaal te houden. Gezien de toenemende vergrijzing van de bevolking, zou de toenemende druk op het gezondheidssysteem kunnen afnemen door extra zorg specifiek te richten op die mensen die het meeste risico lopen op verminderd functioneren.

De bevindingen in hoofdstuk 2 en 3 lieten zien dat vermoeidheid een klinisch relevant probleem is en dat dagelijks contact met partners een belangrijke rol speelt bij het omgaan met ziekte. Hoofdstukken 4 tot en met 6 bouwen op deze

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bevindingen voort. Deze hoofdstukken waren gericht op intrapersoonlijke (bijv. gedachten over vermoeidheid) en interpersoonlijke factoren (bijv. reacties van de partner op gedrag van de patiënt) die vermoeidheid na kanker in stand kunnen houden en tegelijk van invloed kunnen zijn op de kwaliteit van de relatie. Deze hoofdstukken zijn gebaseerd op gegevens die verzameld zijn met de dyadische dagboekmethode (herhaalde vragenlijstmetingen gedurende de dag) bij darm-kankerpatiënten en hun partners.

Hoofdstuk 4 hanteert een intrapersoonlijk perspectief om de wederkerige relatie tussen catastroferende gedachten van patiënten over hun vermoeidheid (bijv. ‘Ik kan de vermoeidheid niet langer verdragen’) en de toename van hun vermoeidheid te bestuderen, evenals mogelijke mediërende factoren daarbij. De aanname dat gedachten en vermoeidheid een vicieuze cirkel kunnen vormen bleek ondersteund door de dagboekdata. Op dagen dat patiënten meer catastroferende gedachten rapporteerden zagen we een toename in vermoeidheid. Omgekeerd, maar in minder sterke mate, voorspelde een ernstigere vermoeidheid ook een toe-name van catastroferende gedachten. Deze wederkerige relatie tussen catastroferen en vermoeidheid vond plaats binnen enkele uren. Een erg negatieve stemming medieerde de wederzijdse relatie tussen vermoeidheid en catastroferen. Weinig positieve stemming medieerde alleen het effect van catastroferen op de toename van vermoeidheid en zelf-gerapporteerde fysieke activiteit medieerde geen van deze relaties. Deze bevindingen wijzen erop dat er in het dagelijks leven een vici-euze cirkel bestaat tussen negatieve gedachten en vermoeidheid die zou kunnen verklaren hoe vermoeidheid na afronding van de behandeling van kanker in stand wordt gehouden. Cognitieve gedragstherapie gericht op het verminderen van da-gelijks catastroferen en negatieve stemming, zou patiënten kunnen helpen om de vicieuze cirkel tussen catastroferen en vermoeidheid te doorbreken.

Hoofdstuk 5 hanteert een interpersoonlijk perspectief. Er werd onderzocht of reacties van de partner op vermoeidheidsgedrag (bijv. rusten) en op actief gedrag (bijv. actief blijven ondanks de vermoeidheid) van de patiënt samenhingen met verstoringen van het dagelijks leven en de relatietevredenheid van de patiënt. In de analyses werd ook het modererende effect van de mate van vermoeidheid on-derzocht. Sommige reacties van de partner bleken samen te hangen met zowel de mate waarin vermoeidheid het dagelijks leven verstoort als de relatietevredenheid van de patiënt. Patiënten ervoeren meer verstoringen in het dagelijks leven als hun

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partners veel bezorgde reacties op vermoeidheidsgedrag (bijv. overnemen van klusjes) en negatieve reacties op actief gedrag (bijv. bezorgdheid uiten) vertoonden. Patiënten bleken juist minder verstoring te ervaren als hun partners hun actieve gedrag gingen ondersteunen (bijv. aanmoedigen tot activiteit). De invloed van zowel negatieve als ondersteunende partner reacties op actief gedrag was sterker op dagen waarop de patiënt meer moe was dan anders. Bezorgde reacties van de partner op vermoeidheidsgedrag en ondersteunende reacties van de partner op actief gedrag hingen ook samen met een toename van de relatietevredenheid van de patiënt. Bestraffende reacties van de partner op vermoeidheidsgedrag (bijv. frustraties uiten) hingen niet samen met verstoring van het dagelijks leven door vermoeidheid, maar wel met een afname van de relatietevredenheid, met name op dagen waarop patiënten veel vermoeidheid ervoeren. Analyses waarbij het perspec-tief van de partners werd onderzocht, bevestigden in grote lijnen de hoofdeffecten die zijn gevonden vanuit het perspectief van de patiënt, maar konden het mode-rerende effect van vermoeidheid niet aantonen. Kortom, bezorgde reacties van de partner hadden uiteenlopende effecten op de aanpassing van patiënten aan hun vermoeidheid, in de zin dat ze gerelateerd waren aan zowel hogere relatietevreden-heid bij de patiënt, maar ook aan meer verstoring door vermoeidrelatietevreden-heid. Alleen het ondersteunen van actief gedrag van de patiënt bleek adaptief, zowel in termen van minder verstoring door vermoeidheid als meer relatietevredenheid van de patiënt. Behandelingen gericht op het verbeteren van vermoeidheid na kanker zouden zich op beide partners moeten richten en zouden hen moeten helpen om gedra-gingen aan te leren die adaptief zijn voor zowel de verstoring door vermoeidheid als relatietevredenheid. Daarom zouden partners gestimuleerd moeten worden om het actieve gedrag van de patiënten te faciliteren. Voorts zouden paren steun moeten krijgen om over de momentele mate van vermoeidheid van de patiënt te communiceren zodat partners hun reacties beter kunnen afstemmen op de huidige behoefte aan steun bij de patiënt.

Hoofdstuk 6 koppelt het intrapersoonlijke en interpersoonlijke perspectief door te onderzoeken hoe dagelijkse catastroferende gedachten over vermoeidheid van zowel patiënten als hun partners van invloed kunnen zijn op vermoeidheid van de patiënt en de relatietevredenheid van beide partners. Hierbij werd de mo-gelijk verklarende rol van co-rumineren onderzocht, dat wil zeggen, gesprekken van partners over vermoeidheid met een zeer negatieve focus en lading. De

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adische gegevensanalyse bevestigde dat niet alleen patiënten catastroferende ge-dachten hebben over hun vermoeidheid, maar hun partners ook. Catastroferende gedachten van de partner kunnen leiden tot co-rumineren over de vermoeidheid, wat vervolgens weer leidt tot een toename van de vermoeidheid van de patiënt. Deze bevinding laat zien dat gedachten en gedragingen van de partner met elkaar samenhangen en dat ook de gedachten van de partner een ongunstige invloed kunnen hebben op de vermoeidheid van de patiënt. Het verwachte positieve effect van co-rumineren op de relatietevredenheid van beide partners kon niet worden bevestigd, hetgeen impliceert dat co-rumineren alleen maar een negatief effect lijkt te hebben op de aanpassing van patiënten aan hun vermoeidheid. Behandelingen die zich richten op het verminderen van catastroferende gedachten van zowel de patiënt als de partner, zouden co-rumineren kunnen voorkomen en daardoor de vermoeidheid van de patiënt kunnen doen afnemen.

Het laatste hoofdstuk (hoofdstuk 7) integreert de bevindingen van de em-pirische hoofdstukken aan de hand van de vier in hoofdstuk 1 geïntroduceerde vragen. Verder worden de resultaten besproken in de bredere context van onder-zoek over hoe paren samen omgaan met kanker. Daarna worden methodologische overwegingen en uitdagingen van de dagboekmethode die wordt toegepast bij onderzoek naar paren, bediscussieerd. Ten slotte worden de klinische implicaties van de resultaten toegelicht.

Samenvattend, de empirische hoofdstukken in dit proefschrift ondersteunen de relevantie van het bestuderen van vermoeidheid na kanker en wijzen erop dat re-latiestatus en woonsituatie een belangrijke rol kunnen spelen bij het omgaan met chronische ziektes. Vanuit een intrapersoonlijk en interpersoonlijk perspectief en met een dyadische dagboekmethode, toegepast op kankerpatiënten en hun partners, werden gedachten en gedragingen bestudeerd die de vermoeidheid van de patiënt en de relatie van het paar beïnvloeden. In het kort, catastroferende ge-dachten over vermoeidheid versterken de vermoeidheid van de patiënt. Dit gebeurt zowel via een intrapersoonlijke vicieuze cirkel van catastroferen, vermoeidheid en negatieve stemming bij de patiënt, als via een interpersoonlijk pad van co-ruminerende gesprekken waar ook de negatieve gedachten van de partner aan bijdragen. Dagelijkse reacties van de partner op het vermoeidheids- en actieve gedrag van de patiënt hebben een effect op zowel de verstoring door vermoeidheid

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en de relatietevredenheid, met name op dagen waarop de patiënt zeer vermoeid is. Alleen reacties van de partner die actief gedrag ondersteunen lijken gunstig: deze hangen samen met minder verstoring door vermoeidheid en hogere relatie-tevredenheid van de patiënt. Behandelingen die vermoeidheid na kanker proberen te verminderen zouden zich moeten richten op zowel de patiënt als de partner en de manier waarop zij met vermoeidheid in het dagelijks leven omgaan. Deze behandelingen zou hen moeten leren om adaptieve gedachten, partner reacties en communicatie toe te passen.

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Meest relevante bevindingen van dit proefschrift:

• Kanker-gerelateerde vermoeidheid is een voortdurend symptoom dat gepaard gaat met verstoring van persoonlijke doelen van de patiënten. Het is daarom nodig om betere be-handelingen tegen vermoeidheid te ontwikkelen.

• Het samenwonen met de partner lijkt een voorwaarde te zijn om beter met een ziekte om te kunnen gaan, niet enkel het hebben van een partnerrelatie. Dit wijst erop dat dagelijkse partnergedragingen bijdragen aan hoe patiënten omgaan met chronische ziekte.

• Dagelijkse variaties van gedachten en gedragingen van patiënten en ook van hun partners hebben invloed op de aanpassing aan vermoeidheid van de patiënt:

• Dagelijkse catastroferende gedachten van de patiënten en hun vermoeidheid hebben een wederzijds versterkende invloed op elkaar. Negatieve stemming speelt hierin een mediërende rol.

• Ook catastroferende gedachten van partners lijken bij te dragen aan voortdurende vermoeidheid van de patiënten, namelijk via dagelijks co-rumineren van de paren. Deze resultaten wijzen op de belangrijke rol van partner gedachten en gesprekken van paren in het in stand houden van vermoeidheid.

• Reacties van partners lijken zowel van invloed te zijn op dagelijkse verstoringen door vermoeidheid als ook de relatietevredenheid van de patiënten. Het lijkt dus belangrijk om partnergedragingen te identificeren die voor beide uitkomstmaten adaptief zijn. • Het ondersteunen van actief gedrag lijkt adaptief te zijn voor zowel dagelijkse

ver-storingen als ook de relatietevredenheid. Daardoor zijn deze ondersteunende reacties geschikt om de aanpassing van paren aan vermoeidheid te bevorderen.

Klinische toepassingen:

• Behandelingen tegen vermoeidheid moeten zich richten op zowel de patiënten en diens partners als hun gedachten en gedragingen in het dagelijks leven aanpakken.

• Behandelingen voor vermoeidheid moeten niet alleen steun bieden in het omgaan met vermoeidheid maar ook helpen de relatie van paren te bevorderen.

• Huidige cognitieve gedragstherapie moet uitgebreid worden om zowel dagelijkse catastro-ferende gedachten van patiënten als ook van diens partners te verminderen.

• Door catastroferende gedachten van beide partners te verminderen zou co-rumineren kunnen worden voorkomen en adaptieve gesprekken over vermoeidheid worden bevorderd. • Beide partners zouden voorlichting moeten krijgen over de effecten die partner reacties

kunnen hebben op zowel verstoringen van het dagelijks leven als relatietevredenheid. • Beide partners moeten leren om dusdanig over de momentele sterkte van vermoeidheid

van de patiënt te praten zodat de partner het steungedrag kan aanpassen aan de behoefte van de patiënt.

• Partners moeten hulp krijgen en strategieën leren om het actief gedrag van de patiënten te bevorderen, met name op dagen dat patiënten veel vermoeidheid ervaren.

• Beide partners lijken invloed te hebben op hoe de patiënt omgaat met vermoeidheid en dage-lijkse processen lijken een rol te spelen voor vermoeidheid en relatietevredenheid. Daarom lijken behandelingen gericht op paren die zich richten op deze dagelijkse processen geschikt om paren te ondersteunen om met vermoeidheid na kanker om te gaan.

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About the author

Fabiola Müller was born on 26 December 1987 in Steinfurt, Germany. She obtained her Bach-elor’s degree in Communication Studies and her Master’s degree in Health Psychology, cum laude, from the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. In 2013, she started conduct-ing her PhD research at the University of

Gron-ingen on cancer-related fatigue, which resulted

in this PhD thesis. During her PhD research, Fa-biola was awarded a travel grant from the Dutch

René Vogels Stichting and the Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, to

visit the University of British Columbia, Canada.

Within this four months period, she worked with experts in the field of dyadic coping and diary research.

Fabiola was also a coordinating researcher at the department of Psychia-try of the University Medical Center Groningen for seven months, investigating daily temporal patterns of depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning and sleep disturbances in elderly patients with early dementia. Throughout her academic training, Fabiola taught courses to Bachelor students in Statistics, Methodology, SPSS, Health Psychology and Communication Skills and she supervised students at the Bachelor and Master level. Further, she is a member of the Society for

Am-bulatory Assessment and the Association for Researchers in Psychology and Health

and was ad-hoc reviewer for Psycho-Oncology. Fabiola published several papers in high-impact journals and presented her research at (inter-)national conferences. Fabiola will continue her work on the well-being of cancer patients as a research fellow at the Quality of Life Office at the University of Sydney, Australia.

Contact information:

Fabiola.M.Muller@gmail.com www.linkedin.com/in/FabiolaMuller

www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabiola_Mueller

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Acknowledgments

The work in the past four years has not only resulted in this PhD thesis, but has also been an excellent opportunity for me to grow as a person. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of those who contributed to and provided invaluable support for completing this thesis and who stimulated my personal development. Importantly, I want to acknowledge and convey my deep gratitude to the couples who participated in this research. I thank every patient and partner for sharing their experience in coping with cancer-related fatigue with us. Their kindness, patience and dedication made me commit myself fully to this research, being de-termined to contribute to improved treatment of fatigue for cancer patients and their partners in the near future.

It is with great pleasure that I thank my promotor Professor dr. Mariët Hage-doorn and my supervisor dr. Marrit Tuinman. Mariët, I am profoundly grateful for your kind and patient guidance in the past years. You have taught me not only about dyadic coping but also have fostered and inspired my development as a re-searcher. I especially admire your sharp eye for details without losing sight of the big picture, especially the clinical relevance of research. Marrit, thank you for your kind and caring support. I benefitted tremendously from your critical feedback and your pragmatic approach to address difficult research questions. Thank you both for giving me the opportunity to work with you on this valuable project and your thoughtful feedback on my ideas and drafts. I am especially grateful that you both supported my wish to visit the University of British Columbia to work on our diary data. Relatedly, I sincerely thank the René Vogels Stichting for supporting this research visit, which has been vital for the progress of this project. I am also very grateful to the Dutch Cancer Society for supporting this PhD project and for acknowledging the importance of research on the well-being of cancer patients and their close ones.

Grateful thanks are due to Ans Smink for her support in recruiting the participants and collecting the data for our study. I also want to extend my grati-tude to the medical staff at the Martini Hospital, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Nij Smellinghe and the University Medical Center Groningen for supporting our recruitment. Thank you for a successful and enjoyable collaboration.

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Next, I would like to warmly thank all my co-authors. Especially, I want to convey my sincere gratitude to Professor dr. Anita DeLongis and Ellen Stephen-son. Anita, from the very beginning of this project, you have provided invalu-able support and advice. I am especially grateful for your guidance on designing and implementing the diary method. Thank you very much for welcoming me at your lab at the University of British Columbia and for sharing your expertise on dyadic coping with me. Most of all, thank you for supporting my career. Ellen, I am impressed by your highly advanced statistical and analytical skills that are ac-companied by extensive expertise in dyadic coping theory and processes. Thank you for your patience in introducing me to R and multilevel modelling and for most carefully responding to all my questions. Your contribution to this project is invaluable. I want to thank both of you for your devotion to our research and your ongoing support during data analyses, writing and submitting manuscripts. My time at your lab and in beautiful Vancouver is a memory I will always hold dear. I am also highly grateful for having had the opportunity to work with Prof. dr. Jean-Philippe Laurenceau and Emily Soriano. J-P, thank you for sharing your expertise with me and most generously devoting your time to contemplating and explaining all the details of our data analyses. Thank you for your flexibility, responsiveness and, most of all, for a gratifying and valuable collaboration. You truly deepened my understanding of and ignite my curiosity for the analyses of daily data collected in dyads. Emily, I admire your great expertise and versatility. I am highly grateful for the numerous hours you spent on drafting, discussing and reviewing Mplus in- and output. Thank you both for your enthusiasm about our research, introducing me to the world of Mplus and our enjoyable and invaluable Skype talks. I consider myself very fortunate having had the opportunity to work with you and I sincerely hope our collaboration will continue in the near future.

I am very fortunate that I could conduct this PhD research alongside many wonderful colleagues at the department of Health Sciences. My dear colleagues and fellow PhD candidates, especially Adriana, Alicia, Angélica, Anne, Lelo, Loek, Noopur and Tyas, thank you for your emotional and professional support in the past years. Most of all, I want to thank you for many memorable experiences inside and outside the department. I would especially like to thank Truus van Ittersum for her support throughout my PhD and for creating a pleasant work environment. Annemieke Brouwers and Carin Buijvoets, thank you both for carefully attending

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to my questions and our talks. Roy Stewart and Josué Almansa, thank you for your statistical support and for your interest in me as a researcher and a person.

I want to direct my most genuine and sincere thanks to my fellow PhD candidates Mónica Lobato Concha and Somayyeh Mohammadi, in whom I found true friends. Mónica and Somayyeh, I am most grateful that you have been at my side from the very beginning of my PhD project and that we could share all the experiences of doing a PhD together. Somayyeh, I admire your ambition, courage and independence. You have been my role-model of a successful PhD candidate I aimed to live up to. Mónica, your kind and warm personality are heartwarming and inspiring. I am in awe of your confidence and self-assurance that carry you through life. Thank you both for your friendship and many wonderful memories such as our international dinners, Dutch/Spanish classes and our trip to Hamburg. There are many people who have already supported me prior to commencing my PhD research. I want to express my deep gratitude to my siblings, Christoph, Chris-tina, Marietta, Vanessa, Philip and Tobias and, most importantly, my parents Frank and Friederike for their ongoing support, recognizing the importance of education and stimulating me to reach for high aims. I would also like to warmly thank the Kruit family, Klaas, Jansje and Jessica, for receiving me with open arms and making me feel welcome in their family.

My deepest and most heartfelt gratitude belongs to my paranymphs, Mari-etta Müller and Remco Kruit. MariMari-etta, thank you for your continued support during my PhD and moving into the future. It is through you that I had the confi-dence to pursue a PhD. Your support contributed greatly to my professional and, in particular, my personal development. It is your example that encourages me to go my own way. Thank you for our talks and chats and every thoughtful advice given. Most importantly, thank you for believing in me, especially in times when I do not. Remco, my cornerstone, my rock and my closest companion on the way towards my PhD. I am utmost grateful for your compassionate, kind and gener-ous demeanor and for the calm manner with which you stood beside me in the past years. You brought me back on track and helped me look forward at the time I needed it the most. Most of all, I wish to thank you for supporting my dreams, accepting my shortcomings and helping me to discover and trust in my strengths. Your ongoing faith in me is both a safety net and the drive that carries me forward.

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Research Institute SHARE

This thesis is published within the Research Institute SHARE (Science in Healthy Ageing and healthcaRE) of the University Medical Center Groningen / University of Groningen.

Further information regarding the institute and its research can be obtained from our internet site: http://www.share.umcg.nl/

More recent theses can be found in the list below. ((co-) supervisors are between brackets)

2018 Pang C

Computational methods for data discovery, harmonization and integration; using lexical and semantic matching with an application to biobanking phenotypes

(prof MA Swertz, prof JL Hillege)

Arifin B

Distress and health-related quality of life in Indonesian Type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients

(prof MJ Postma, dr PJM Krabbe, dr J Atthobari)

Zakiyah N

Women’s health from a global economic perspective

(prof MJ Postma, dr ADI van Asselt)

Metting, EI

Development of patient centered management of asthma and COPD in primary care

(prof T van der Molen, prof R Sanderman, dr JWH Kocks)

Scheffers WJ

Body experience in patients with mental disorders

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Suhoyo Y

Feedback during clerkships: the role of culture

(prof JBM Kuks, prof J Cohen-Schotanus, dr J Schönrock-Adema)

Kikkert LHJ

Gait characteristics as indicators of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients

(prof T Hortobagyi, dr CJ Lamoth, dr N Vuillerme)

Veen HC van der

Articulation issues in total hip arthroplasty

(prof SK Bulstra, dr JJAM van Raay, dr IHF Reininga, dr I van den Akker-Scheek)

Elsenburg LK

Adverse life events and overweight in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood

(prof AC Liefbroer, dr N Smidt)

Becking K

Inflammatory matters; exploring the underlying pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar disorder

(prof RA Schoevers, dr BCM Haarman)

‘t Hoen EFM

Practical applications of the flexibilities of the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights; lessons beyond HIV for access to new essential medicines

(prof HV Hogerzeil, prof BCA Toebes)

For more 2018 and earlier theses visit our website.

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