University of Groningen
Tuning the electronic properties of metal surfaces and graphene by molecular patterning Li, Jun
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Publication date: 2018
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Li, J. (2018). Tuning the electronic properties of metal surfaces and graphene by molecular patterning. University of Groningen.
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Tuning the electronic properties of
metal surfaces and graphene by
molecular patterning
Tuning the electronic properties of metal surfaces and graphene by molecular patterning
Jun LI PhD Thesis
University of Groningen
The work presented in this thesis was performed in the Surfaces and Thin Films Group (part of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials) of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
The work presented in this thesis was financially supported by the European Research Council (ERC).
Cover designed by Jun Li and Hongyu Wang Printed by ipskamp Printing
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials PhD-thesis series 2018-02 ISSN: 1570-1530
ISBN (printed version): 978-94-034-0341-0 ISBN (electronic version): 978-94-034-0340-3
Tuning the electronic properties of
metal surfaces and graphene by
molecular patterning
PhD thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken
and in accordance with
the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on
Monday 8 January 2018 at 11.00 hours by
Jun Li
born on 29 June 1986
in Heilongjiang, China
Supervisors Prof. M. A. Stöhr Prof. P. Rudolf Assessment committee Prof. P. M. Koenraad Prof. S. De Feyter Prof. G. Palasantzas
谨以此书献给我亲爱的母亲,父亲和挚爱的娘子
To my parents and my wife
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
... 1References ... 7
Chapter 2 Molecules on metal surfaces and graphene: an
overview
... 92.1 Molecular self-assembly on surfaces ... 10
2.1.1 Basic principles of two-dimensional self-assembling process .... 10
2.1.2 Molecule-molecule interactions ... 12
2.2 Tuning the electronic structure of surfaces by adsorbing artificial nanostructures ... 20
2.2.1 Introduction ... 20
2.2.2 Basic principle of quantum confinement ... 22
2.2.3 Tuning the electronic structure of surfaces by molecular patterning ... 23
2.2.4 Molecular patterning – a possible way to tune the electronic structure of graphene ... 28
References ... 34
Chapter 3 Experimental techniques
... 433.1 Scanning tunneling microscopy ... 44
3.1.1 Basic setup of STM ... 44
3.1.2 The quantum tunneling effect ... 46
3.1.3 Theories of STM ... 48
3.1.4 Scanning tunneling spectroscopy ... 51
3.2.1 Photoelectric effect ... 52
3.2.2 The photoemission process ... 54
3.2.3 Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy ... 57
3.3 Low-energy electron diffraction ... 59
References ... 62
Chapter 4 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoic Acid on Cu(111) and
Graphene/Cu(111): A Comparative STM Study ... 65
4.1 Introduction ... 66
4.2 Results and discussion ... 67
4.3 Summary and conclusion ... 75
4.4 Experimental methods ... 76
References ... 78
Chapter 5
A porous molecular network on Au(111): confining
the surface state as well as the surface potential of the
reconstructed surface ... 83
5.1 Introduction ... 84
5.2 Results and discussion ... 85
5.3 Summary and conclusion ... 96
5.4 Experimental methods ... 97
References ... 99
Chapter 6 Para-hexaphenyl-dicarbonitrile on Au(111): a
combined STM and ARPES study ... 103
6.2 Results and discussion ... 105
6.3 Summary and conclusion ... 110
6.4 Experimental methods ... 111
References ... 112
Chapter 7 Low-dimensional metal-organic coordination
structures on graphene ... 117
7.1 Introduction ... 118
7.2 Results and discussion ... 120
7.3 Summary and conclusion ... 128
7.4 Experimental methods ... 128
References ... 130
