IenW - Final roadmap 5G in Mobility.pdf

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Ways forward in

The Netherlands on the road to 5G capabilities

for smarter road mobility

Dutch roadmap v1.04

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management

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Current programs and knowledge to build upon

• Talking Traffic (most use cases and use groups)

• Talking Logistics (including Connected Transport Corridors and zero emission city logistics)

• Data Task force: availability of vehicle produced data and information for SRTI and future other purposes

• Digitization in public authorities

• Vehicle generated HD map production

• Concorda and Socrates projects (EU)

2 Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management 18 July 2019

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Application domains Policy

challenges

Context of the 4G to 5G transition in road mobility

Road operator

•Traffic management

•Infrastructure management

•Asset management

Cities

•MaaS & AV shuttles

•Zero emission city logistics

•Vulnerable road user

•Intersection safety

Automotive

•Traffic light interaction

•SRTI

•Maximum speed info

•Emergency service

•HD Maps for AV

•Remote vehicle control

Transport &

Logistics

•Autonomous Container Chassis

•Zero emission city logistics

•Collaborative supply chain and warehouse

Traffic Safety

•Emergency brake light

•Vulnerable road user

•Intersection safety

•Coop. perception

•Coop. manoeuvre

Cellular

Connectivity

Data

Digital governments

•Traffic Lights Exchange & Data top 15

•Data protection & cyber security

Digital companies

•Data sharing & data services

•Data protection & cyber security

4G 5G

Road Safety Urbanization Livability & Sustainability Efficiency

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Data plane: Dutch Data Delta (parallel track of I&W)

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Policy in The Netherlands regarding connectivity in

mobility (Oct. 2018, letter to House of Representatives)

a. Main focus is increased and optimal use of existing cellular means and services

b. V2X offers increased throughput and reliability in relation to existing connections and sensors

c. V2I is possible in The Netherlands using V2N, hence we now do not invest in the deployment of an alternative.

d. However, the further development of V2V and V2P for enhanced road safety is in our interest.

e. Offer the market and consumers sufficient freedom of choice regarding technology and applications.

f. Government supports and validates: efficiency, neutrality, interoperability and safety.

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I&W connectivity strategy for V2I / I2V explained

• Investment decision: which public infrastructure design and deployment provides the best policy-related return on investment?

• Talking Traffic: high Return on Investment – Based on LTE connectivity and cloud services.

– National coverage, millions of users, >800 Intelligent Traffic Lights by Q4 2019 – Latency or reliability was never an issue

– Similar long-range C-ITS deployment programs ongoing in other countries

• Based on this positive experience:

– No additional investments in roadside short-range communication planned. Note: re-evaluation of this position is possible in the future, but will require clear indications from application deployment activities that this is needed.

– ‘it’s the data, stupid!’

– This makes the evolution of 4G to 5G an important opportunity for us.

C-ITS service

4G, 5G, …

Long-range V2I / I2V Wired

IP network

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Operational condition: GDPR / cyber security

• Basic principle: every smart mobility use case (C-ITS or other) has to adhere to the GDPR

– User consent (always needed, no legislation coming to mandate C-ITS to avoid this) – Data minimalization principle

– Contractual data processing agreements when forwarding user data to third parties – Compliance audits/verification

– …

• All actors involved in long range communication implementations should arrange for appropriate contractual agreements to guarantee compliance with the actual user consent.

• Short range communication forms (ITS-G5 and PC5 sidelink) might need to overhaul certain mechanisms (e.g. CAM facility) in order to comply with the GDPR

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5G consultation process

Consultation published 12/2018

• Use cases

• Network technology

• Business case

• Deployment

Results published 5/2019

• www.dutchmobility innovations.com

Roadmap ready 8/2019

• Ways forward in The Netherlands on the road to 5G capabilities for smarter road mobility

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Consultation results – beyond the hype Use cases & technology

Evolving mobile network

NB-IoT &

LTE-M

Instant Uplink Access

Mobile Edge Computing

Network Slicing New Radio

(massive MIMO, mmWaves,

NOMA, …) sidelink PC5

(LTE-V2X

& 5G NR V2X)

Cloud-RAN

• 5G is more a step by step evolution

• Distinction between 4G and 5G use cases is artificial

• Use case specification is key

• 5G deployment will happen gradually

• New Radio deployment: first cities, then highways

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Consultation results – beyond the hype Use cases & technology (2)

10

• Main added values of 5G for road use (and corresponding examples) – Latency: e.g. traffic signal, …

– Throughput: e.g. video streaming from vehicles, … – Flexibility: e.g. real time traffic intensity, …

– Reliability: e.g. system operations, …

– Resilience: e.g. all day, every day, all locations, … – Customization possibilities: e.g. individual needs – Short-range communication: e.g. safety, …

• Relevant or even crucial for a wide range of traffic, transport, mobility use cases and stakeholders

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Consultation results – beyond the hype Business case & deployment

• By 2022 100% of new cars will likely be equipped with long-range Internet connectivity capabilities

• CAPEX and OPEX dependent on stacked business

• Source of revenue is expected to be car owners

• Nationwide deployment by 2023 of all 5G technology including NR and related functionality too optimistic.

• Necessary to distinguish between different types of 5G capabilities in the roadmap, with different timelines and different needs/value.

• Main influencers of those timelines: MNO’s, automotive OEM’s, road operators, regulators, transport & logistics

• Suitable government roles: initiator, market regulator, financial aggregator (legislation, tax regulation, public investments), facilitating road operator, influencing fleet owner, coordinator of cities.

• Field trials are needed and should be use-case driven. Appropriate scale to be determined.

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Opportunities

• 5G capabilities can provide:

– Improved reliability

• Connect intelligent traffic lights wirelessly to the cloud

• Guarantee connectivity with the cloud for critical C-ITS vehicles (e.g. emergency services) – Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)

• Asset management using wireless sensors and actuators – Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC)

• Emergency brake light

• Intersection safety

• Vulnerable road user safety (power consumption also critical) – Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)

• Telepresence

– Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) + Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC)

• Cooperative perception

• Cooperative manoeuvre

• Remote vehicle control

• HD maps (creation and distribution)

12 –

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I&W view on general 5G deployment in relation to road mobility usage

• Mobility, traffic, transport, logistics can be major beneficiaries from 5G deployment

• It can accelerate 5G deployment and create societal benefits

• Build on current knowledge, data intensive services and public-private cooperation's and evolve But:

- It can not be the sole accelerator

- It can not cover the entire 5G business case

- It can not assume the commercial risks of MNO’s and technology partners in telecommunications, automotive, IT & traffic sectors

- Full 5G deployment (all tools, all frequencies, all areas) is also dependent on other factors and stakeholders

- It does need other sectors (healthcare, agriculture, consumers and so forth) to be part of the deployment and stacked business case

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Enhance: improved reliability & mMTC (massive Machine Type Communication)

• Wireless intelligent traffic lights

• Critical C-ITS vehicles (e.g. emergency vehicles)

• Asset management

Extend: URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication)

• Emergency brake light

• Intersection safety

• Vulnerable road user safety (→ low-power)

Prepare: eMBB + URLLC

• Cooperative perception and cooperative manoeuvre

• Remote vehicle control

• HD Maps (creation and distribution)

Alternative mobility: eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband)

• Telepresence

Common actions in all tracks: Use case definition; (network) requirements assessment; network solution and deployment design; data sourcing;

use case implementation, deployment and validation; empirical network requirement quantification and network performance evaluation; stimulate acceptance and adoption; best practice definition, update of regulatory framework, etc.

Roadmap

Actions independent of the tracks: Use case prioritization; short-range V2X technology exploration (added value mode 3 & 4, technical hurdles mode 3, business models and service responsibilities, co-existence challenge); cross-operator and cross-country slice dedicated to mobility

applications; exploration of feasibility and possible positive impact on CAPEX and OPEX of novel public-private collaboration models

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Common actions in all tracks

• Use case definition: detailed description on the functional level of the use case

• Network requirements assessment: transferring the use case definition into requirements regarding latency, throughput, flexibility, reliability, resilience, customization possibilities

• Network solution and deployment design: decide on the needed 5G capabilities to meet the network requirements, and decide on appropriate scale and location for pilot or (pre-)deployment.

• Data sourcing: organizing all the needed raw data sources and data/information services to be able to realize the use case. This can contain sources and services both in the public and the private sector.

• Use case implementation, deployment and validation: implementing the final use case, deploying it on the scale agreed in the deployment design action, and validating that deployment. That validation can cover both technical (functionality, performance, etc.), organizational, business-related and impact-related aspects.

• Empirical network requirement quantification: determining what the tipping point is in network performance between a use case not functioning correctly because of the network, and when it does function correctly. This based on actual measurements/experimentation with the actual use case in real life and on actual infrastructure where it is known to work well, but with artificially and gradually introduced latency/bandwidth restrictions/… . This is an important output to help MNO’s dimension their network deployments, and hence determine their business case.

• Network performance evaluation: determining if different network configurations (with some or all of the deployed 5G capabilities are turned on or off) can meet the network performance requirements that were empirically quantified. This can help MNO’s decide on the cost-benefit ratio of every 5G capability.

• Stimulate acceptance and adoption. Acceptance can target all the identified stakeholders (so more then just the end users). Adoption can be stimulated through market regulation, legislation, tax regulation, public

investments, road operation investment decisions and fleet purchase investment decision.

• Best practice definition: this action covers the lessons learned from all the previous actions. It covers all these different aspects, and is an important output for all stakeholders.

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Actions independent of the tracks

• Use case prioritization: organize a dialogue between mobile operators, automotive manufacturers, road operators and policy makers in order to prioritize these use cases.

• Short-range V2X technology exploration:

• Explore (through hands-on experience) the added value of cellular short-range mode 4 V2X communication compared to long-range V2X communication using geo-messaging services.

• Facilitate/participate in research of the values and technical hurdles of mode 3 V2X.

• Translate these insights into short-range V2X business models and service responsibilities.

• Identify strategies to cope with the short-range co-existence challenge, with attention for existing activities in this domain (e.g. ETSI), and validate them in real life.

• Explore (through hands-on experience) the feasibility and added value of a cross-operator (and perhaps cross-country) slice dedicated to mobility applications.

• Explore (through analysis and/or hands-on experience) the feasibility and possible positive impact on CAPEX and OPEX of public-private collaboration models that not solely rely on public co-investment. Instead, these explored models should aim to facilitate roll-out by

optimizing local circumstances such as site construction permit procedures, relaxation of limits on antenna heights, usage of public infrastructure by mobile network operators where possible and valuable (optical fiber, power, land, real-estate and constructions such as lighting poles, traffic lights, road gantries), etc.

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Points of attention,

based on previous experience

• The technology is fascinating but dependent on acceptance, use in volume and scale. This requires both attention for both factory installed capabilities of new vehicles, and

aftermarket installed capabilities of existing vehicles.

• Use and value is in the data and all data related details: connectivity is a supporting instrument

• Organizational readiness and commercial viability are key

• New value does not mean a direct and equal distribution of costs & benefits in hard cash in new value chains

• Managing unknowns & risks need as much attention as dreaming and capturing of new opportunities

• Maintenance and management after initial development will need attention from the start and from all parties involved

• Professional road users and their stakeholders need to be targeted & involved and have the greatest adoption ability and appetite for new commercial services

• Public involvement in the mobility sector needs careful and precise tailoring.

• It’s just work, not magic

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Stakeholders to be included

in the realization of this roadmap

V ehicle

•Automotive OEM’s

•Motorcycle OEM’s

•E-bike OEM’s

•Tier 1/2/3 suppliers

•Engineering service providers

•Member organisations:

5GAA, AECC, CONEBI, EATA, …

Tel ecom

•Equipment manufacturers

•Mobile Network Operators

IT S

•ITS service providers

•Manufacturers of connected roadside equipment

(intelligent traffic light controllers, intelligent traffic camera’s, etc.)

•Aftermarket connected vehicle equipment suppl.

•Consumer application providers

In habit ants

•Interest groups regarding cyclists, pedestrians, (professional) drivers, etc.

•Car importers

•Lease companies &

fleet owners

•Logistics &

Transport sector

•Public

transportation &

taxi sectors

•Emergency sector

•Academia

•Political parties

Gov ern ment

•National policy makers in EU &

beyond

•European Commission

•Regional NL policy makers (MIRT regions)

•Local NL policy makers

(municipalities)

•National NL road authority (RWS)

•Local & regional NL road authorities (municipalities)

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Role of the government

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate

→ Generic 5G domain

• Safeguard market conditions & competition (ACM)

• Harmonize local conditions, procedures and costs for infrastructure rollout

• Provide spectrum

• Facilitate knowledge exchange between different 5G pilots

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management

→ Accelerating readiness and utilization of 5G capabilities for road use

• Facilitate and coordinate the realization of this roadmap

• Safeguard the operational conditions

• Stimulate acceptance and adoption

• Produce relevant data sets from public sources

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Appendix

Introduction to 5G

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Glossary

• Technical tutorial 5G:

– IUA : Instant Uplink Access

– NB-IoT: Narrowband IoT (Internet of Things) – LTE-M: LTE (Long Term Evolution) for Machines – QoS: Quality of Service

– Network slicing

– NFV: Network Function Virtualization

– MEC: Multi-acces Edge Computing (formerly Mobile Edge Computing) – Uu: Internet uplink

– PC5: sidelink to other mobile devices (& differences mode 3 & 4) – NR: New Radio

• Other acronyms

– MNO: Mobile Network Operator

– OTT: Over the top (service provider) – eNodeB: LTE base station

– gNodeB: 5G base station

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IUA: Instant Uplink Access

• Today: Scheduling Based Access. When sending data, the end user device has to request the

network first if it may transmit. This request – grant exchange takes time.

• Tomorrow: Instant Uplink Access. The end user is given the grant to transmit in advance. Once it has data to transmit, it can use that grant to

immediately transmit. Only requires software

upgrade. Benefit: lower latency when sending data.

Illustration: https://www.ericsson.com/research-blog/lte-latency-reductions-preparing-5g/

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Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) & LTE for Machines (LTE-M)

• Both are Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology standards

• Both where frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE Advanced Pro), in June 2016

• NB-IOT has lowest bandwidth, highest latency and longest battery life

• LTE-M optimized for higher bandwidth and mobile connections, including voice

• Both are part of the 5G family, and are being deployed today

Illustration:

https://accent-systems.com/blog/differences-nb-iot-lte-m/

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Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) & LTE for Machines (LTE-M)

Illustration: https://www.gsma.com/iot/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GSMA-5G-Mobile-IoT.pdf

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Quality of Service (QoS)

QoS Flow QoS Flow ID

(QFI) QoS Profile QoS

Parameters

5G QoS Identifier

(5QI)

CharacteristicsQoS

Resource type (GBR, non

GBR)

Priority Level

Packet Delay Budget

Packet Error Rate

Averaging window for

GBR

Maximum data burst Allocation and

Retention Priority (ARP)

Flow Bit Rate

Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate

(GFBR) Maximum Flow

Bit Rate (MFBR)

Aggregate Bit Rate

Session-AMBR

UE-AMBR Maximum

Packet Loss Rate Reflective QoS

Attribute (RQA)

Notification Control

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QoS: 5QI to QoS characteristics mapping

5QI

Value Resource

Type Default

Priority Level Packet Delay

Budget Packet Error

Rate Default Maximum Data

Burst Volume Default

Averaging Window

Example Services

1

GBR 20 100 ms 10^-2 N/A 2000 ms Conversational Voice

2 40 150 ms 10^-3 N/A 2000 ms Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

3 30 50 ms 10^-3 N/A 2000 ms Real Time Gaming, V2X messages

Electricity distribution – medium voltage, Process automation - monitoring

4 50 300 ms 10^-6 N/A 2000 ms Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)

65 7 75 ms 10^-2 N/A 2000 ms Mission Critical user plane Push To Talk voice (e.g., MCPTT)

66 20 100 ms 10^-2 N/A 2000 ms Non-Mission-Critical user plane Push To Talk voice

67 15 100 ms 10^-3 N/A 2000 ms Mission Critical Video user plane

75 25 50 ms 10^-2 N/A 2000 ms V2X messages

5

Non-GBR 10 100 ms 10^-6 N/A N/A IMS Signalling

6 60 300 ms 10^-6 N/A N/A Video (Buffered Streaming)

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)

7 70 100 ms 10^-3 N/A N/A Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive Gaming

8 80 300 ms 10^-6 N/A N/A Video (Buffered Streaming)

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive

9 90 video, etc.)

69 5 60 ms 10^-6 N/A N/A Mission Critical delay sensitive signalling (e.g., MC-PTT

signalling)

70 55 200 ms 10^-6 N/A N/A Mission Critical Data (e.g. example services are the same as

QCI 6/8/9)

79 65 50 ms 10^-2 N/A N/A V2X messages

Source: 3GPP TS 23.501 Table 5.7.4-1 (only partially copied)

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Network slicing

• Cloud computing: virtualization of servers

– Before cloud: server = dedicated physical machine

– Cloud: server = dedicated virtual machine deployed on a pool of shared physical machines – Benefit: very easy and affordable to setup a new server that meets your demands. When your

demands change, you change easily change the characteristics of your server (scaling up or down).

• Network Slicing: virtualization of the network

– Before slicing: network = set of dedicated physical devices (radio access network, core network) – Slicing: network = set of virtual devices deployed on a pool of shared physical devices

(radio access network, core network)

– Benefit: the parameter settings of a network determine how it will perform (focus more on

bandwidth, latency, reliability, …). Different ecosystems can have different conflicting demands. By creating a virtual mobile network for that ecosystem (= a network slice), every ecosystem can be served appropriately, without providing additional physical infrastructure.

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Network slicing

Illustration:

https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/ngmn/content/images/news/ngmn_news/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf

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NFV: Network Function Virtualization

• A technique to enable network slicing.

– Before NFV: the core network contains multiple servers, responsible for different functions of the core network (roaming, billing, security, etc.). Every server is a dedicated physical machine

– NFV: those servers that perform the network functions become virtual machines on a new cloud infrastructure of the core network.

– Benefit: becomes easy to create a new virtual instance of a network function.

Therefore it becomes easy to create a new virtual core network, as part of a new network slice.

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MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing (formerly Mobile Edge Computing)

• Today: cloud infrastructure is physically deployed at a datacenter that can be located anywhere.

– Typically a few datacenters serve a large geographical area. E.g.: Amazon serves the Western Europe region with 4 datacenters in Frankfurt, Ireland, London and Paris.

Illustration:

https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/

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MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing (formerly Mobile Edge Computing)

• Today: cloud infrastructure is physically deployed at a datacenter that can be located anywhere.

– Such datacenters have no formal relationship with the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) or Internet Service Provider of the end user. Services deployed on these

datacenters can be consumed by anyone with an Internet connection. They are called over the top (OTT) services (e.g. Netflix, iTunes, etc.)

– The physical data path between end user device and OTT service can be quite long: end user device → radio access network → Internet router A → Internet router B →

… → Internet router Z → datacenter → service. Every step in that path introduces some extra latency

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MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing (formerly Mobile Edge Computing)

• MEC: cloud infrastructure is physically deployed at the edge of the cellular network (and more general: at the edge of any network)

– The physical data path between end user device and service deployed on MEC

infrastructure (sometimes called local breakout) becomes much shorter: user device → radio access network → MEC infrastructure → service (and back). Benefit: lower latency

Illustration:

https://www.saguna.net/blog/mobile-cdn-extending-the-reach-of-content-delivery-networks/

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MEC: Multi-access Edge Computing (formerly Mobile Edge Computing)

• MEC characteristics

– Physical infrastructure needs to be geographically dispersed: from large central datacenter to plethora of small server setups across the country.

– MEC facilities are part of the mobile network itself. An end user can only benefit from MEC if the service provider has established a formal relationship with the MNO of the end user, by deploying its service on the MEC facility of that MNO.

– For cost optimizations, MNO’s can make use of the same third party MEC infrastructure provider that they all connect to their own core network.

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Uu: Internet uplink

• The LTE radio interface between the UE (= User Equipment, device such as smartphone, connected car, etc.) and the eNodeB (= LTE base station)

• Abbreviation of E-UTRAN Uu

• Allows data transfer between the eNodeBs and the UEs, basically providing the Internet uplink to end-user devices.

Illustration:

http://danabayanaka.blogspot.com/2015/11/lte-air-interface-general-principles.html

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PC5: sidelink to other mobile devices

• Provides direct short range communication between vehicles

• Also known as LTE-V, an evolution of LTE Direct (which provides device-to-device communication)

• Can make use of same 5.9 GHz band as ITS-G5 (3 channels of 10 MHz).

• When used at the same location and the same specific channel as ITS-G5, both technologies will disturb each other. Causes:

– Other way of representing data as radio waves (physical layer)

– Other way of deciding which device is allowed to transmit when to avoid interfering each others transmissions.

Illustration:

http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1798-v2x_r14

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PC5: mode 3 & mode 4

Mode 3 Mode 4

Illustration:

http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1798-v2x_r14

• In LTE and 5G, a schedule determines which end user device is allowed to transmit when on which

channel.

• This avoids that multiple devices transmit on the same channel at the same time, since that would disturb both transmissions (like with a walkie-talkie)

• When communicating with the base station on the Uu interface, the base station determines the schedule.

• When communicating with another end user device on the PC5 interface, the mode defines who will determine the schedule:

– Mode 3: base station determines the schedule

→ V2V only possible within network coverage

– Mode 4: end user devices themselves define the schedule → no network coverage needed for V2V communication

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NR: New Radio

• The global standard for a unified, more capable 5G wireless air interface. Makes use of several new or improved radio techniques to achieve that improved performance:

Illustration:

https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/2016/09/5g-new-radio-nr-architecture-options.html

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NR: New Radio

• Can operate on multiple frequency bands

– 700 MHz : longest range, lowest throughput

– 3.5 GHz (aka small cells): medium range, high throughput.

• Most relevant band for NR.

• Requires the addition of many base stations compared to the current LTE deployment.

– Uplink / downlink decoupling can help:

» in downlink beamforming and massive MIMO can be done by base station → can realize coverage with 3.5 GHz cells using 1800 MHz network cell sites

» in uplink the end user device cannot perform beamforming and massive MIMO (device too small), and hence has a smaller range on 3.5 GHz then today on 1800 MHz. Hence the size of cell is limited by the uplink limitation

» Splitting uplink/downlink, organizing uplink in 1800 MHz and downlink in 3.5 GHz allows high download speeds without site densification.

• In The Netherlands, no testing allowed above line Amsterdam-Coevorden, because of the military satellite station in Burum which operates on 3.5 Ghz

– 26 GHz : short range, very high throughput.

Illustration:

https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/07/12/upcoming-fcc-vote-will-pave-path-5g-advancements-mobilize-mmwave

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Bringing it all together

eNB → LTE radio gNB → New Radio

MEC Electronic

horizon

UE UE Internet

Cloud (OTT) Electronic

horizon

PC5

Uu (faster uplink with IUA)

PC5 Mode 4 Scheduling

PC5 Mode 3 scheduling

Core network (NFV components)

Slice for connected cars

Slice for factory of the future

Slice for enhanced mobile broadband Slice for …

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Appendix

Dutch key figures regarding mobility

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Core numbers Mobility 2018 – KiM (final draft)

• Mobility of persons in 2017

– 8.2 million cars in The Netherlands

– 188.5 billion kilometers travelled by persons →

• Of which 71.1 billion kilometers on highways

• Mobility of goods in 2017

– 1 948.4 million tons of goods transported

• Of which 617.5 million from/to sea harbors

• Road safety in 2016 (2017 numbers not yet final) – 629 casualties on roads

– 21 400 severely injured on roads

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Core numbers Mobility 2018 – KiM (final draft)

• Emissions in 2017

– 29.7 billion kilo CO₂ – 70.3 million kilo No_x

– 4.2 million kilo PM₁₀ (particles < 10 micrometer)

• Expected trends

– Congestion increase

• by 2019: 7.0 %

• by 2023: up to 35%

– Increase of transported goods (weight)

• Annual increase: 1.5% domestic, 1.2% international

• Increase by 2023: 10% domestic, 8% international

More info from “The Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis (KiM)”:

https://english.kimnet.nl/

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Vehicle statistics – Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS)

Car sales 2017

Total new cars in 2017: 414 000 (+8% vs. 2016) Motor vehicles 2017

Amount of cars: 8.4 million (+1.8% vs. 2016)

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Vehicle statistics – Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS)

Average car kilometers per vehicle age in 2016 47% of cars < 3 years old is a company car Average amount of car kilometers driven in 2016 (avg. 13 200 km/year)

88% of cars are privately owned

79% of total car kilometers driven by privately owned cars Private car avg. 11 800 km/year, company car avg. 24 000 km/year

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Vehicle statistics – Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS)

Top-10 locations on Dutch highways met highest traffic intensity, 2017

>110 000 vehicles/working day in average.

Note: theoretical max. capacity of one lane is +- 2200 vehicles / hour Note: vehicle density in jammed traffic: +- 100-155 vehicles / lane / km Average traffic intensity on highways (2 262 vehicles / hour)

+- status quo since 2015

Measured with inductive loops on 20 000 locations

More info from CBS

https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatschappij/verkeer-en- vervoer/transport-en-mobiliteit

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Appendix

5G and C-ITS in The Netherlands

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Current Talking Traffic use cases

In-vehicle signage

• Max. speed (static & dynamic)

• Overtaking prohibited

• Dynamic lanes open/closed

Speed advise

• Traffic flow

• Weather conditions

• Road conditions

• Lane configuration

Road hazard warning

• Traffic jam ahead

• Emergency vehicle nearby

• Road inspector nearby

• Incident ahead

• Event ahead

• Object on the road

• Vehicle on hard shoulder

• Bridge opened

Road works warning

• Static – planned

• Static – unplanned

• Dynamic (mowing, …)

Parking

• Static data (location, opening hours, cost, physical limitations)

• Dynamic data: currently available places

Intelligent Traffic Lights

• Signal Phase & Timing

• Signal Phase optimization using floating car data

• Priority requests (emergency services, public transport, trucks)

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Potential value of 5G on the current TT use cases → reliability

In-vehicle signage

• Max. speed (static & dynamic)

• Overtaking prohibited

• Dynamic lanes open/closed

Speed advise

• Traffic flow

• Weather conditions

• Road conditions

• Lane configuration

Road hazard warning

• Traffic jam ahead

• Emergency vehicle nearby

• Road inspector nearby

• Incident ahead

• Event ahead

• Object on the road

• Vehicle on hard shoulder

• Bridge opened

Road works warning

• Static – planned

• Static – unplanned

• Dynamic (mowing, …)

Parking

• Static data (location, opening hours, cost, physical limitations)

• Dynamic data: currently available places

Intelligent Traffic Lights

• Signal Phase & Timing

• Signal Phase optimization using floating car data

• Priority requests (emergency services, public transport, trucks)

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Lessons learned with Talking Traffic

• It works! Latency was never an issue. The majority of day 1 & 1.5 C-ITS use cases is supported today by TT, using cloud services and LTE network connectivity.

• It is cost-effective (infrastructure & end-user side, e.g. nationwide MSI/MSI coverage with limited TCO public side, communication network is multi-purpose, …)

• It can manage privacy, security and liability using proven ICT techniques

• It can be quickly deployed/scaled up in terms of coverage & reach

• It can be quickly adopted by consumers (devices in place (98% potential reach), high acceptance of RTTI services)

• It has proven business models (MNO and RTTI markets)

• It is easily extendible in terms of use cases

• It does not require an organizational big-bang on the public side