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Ruiken aan de tijd
Verbeek, C.L.
2020
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citation for published version (APA)
Verbeek, C. L. (2020). Ruiken aan de tijd: De olfactorische dimensie van het futurisme (1909 - 1942).
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Summary
Until recently the history of art has been treated primarily as a visual affair, which has particularly influenced curatorial strategies in art museums. The umbrella project “In Search of Lost Scents” – a collaboration between the fragrance industry (IFF Hilversum) and various heritage institutions (including the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam) and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam – has taken up the challenge to dispel this narrow perspective. An important part of this project is the ‘(re-)odorisation’ of museums, art academies and universities. In the past years, heritage scents have been brought to the attention and under the noses of a large and diverse audience by means of guided tours, exhibitions, workshops and symposia. Some of the observed effects of smell in these contexts: scent promotes inclusivity; scent is a conversation starter; smelling makes visitors feel more closely connected to the past and to artefacts.
The manuscript “Smelling Time - the Olfactory Dimension of Futurism (1909-1942)” forms the theoretical backbone of this endeavor. Yet even in this written part, smell is more than just a subject: this study is a plea to treat smelling as a methodological tool and a historical source in its own right.
“Smelling Time - the Olfactory Dimension of Futurism (1909-1942)”
In his first manifesto (1909) the leader of the Futurists F.T. Marinetti wrote something particularly meaningful: “il fiuto, il fiuto solo basta alle belve”. Freely translated, it reads: “The scent, nothing but the scent. That’s all an animal needs!". At the time, this statement unmistakably reflected the rebellious nature of Futurism and emphasized the overall
message of the Futurist movement: to create a violent break with the past. By elevating the sense of smell, Marinetti arguably challenged the traditional sensory hierarchy in the realm of philosophy and aesthetics, which privileged above all the sense of sight.
My study reveals that scents and the sense of smell were deeply embedded in virtually all known artistic and political fields of interest and activities of the Futurists. Until the end of the movement in the 1940s, members of the movement not only wrote countless poems and manifestos about scents and the sense of smell; they also ‘aromatized’ a dance, a theatre play, cinematic performances, and possibly toys and other objects.
In this, their goals were varied, including the reinforcement of their political ideals, the opposition of the visually oriented bourgeoisie, the expression of modernity, the enlivening of Total Works of Art, and the establishment of their identity as Futurists – or as a group of ‘disciples of the future’. The Futurists clearly copied ideas and techniques from the
Symbolists, but they did expand their olfactory palette with certain accepted forms of 'stench' (such as war smells and manure) and with synthetic odors that the industry had produced (such as ozone and man-made molecules).
What is remarkable is the extremely flexible and creative way in which the Futurists expressed scent and olfactory phenomena and practices. For example, they invented a number of neologisms such as "aeroprofumi" (modern scents) and "profumatoio a tastiera" (scent keyboard).
The fact that this study could provide so many insights into the role of smell in a particular period, has to do with the unique character of this time frame. The Futurists
witnessed a remarkable paradigm shift. The age-old miasma theory (the idea that not germs but stench was responsible for disease outbreaks) was dismissed, approximately at the moment that the vibrational paradigm (the idea that smell was a vibratory phenomenon) came into existence (although these did not replace one another). The Surrealists, for example, were further removed from these theories, and the significance of bad smells played a less prominent role for them. The Futurists perceived the smells of transformation that were the result of expanding metropoles, new machines, and means of transportation with their associated exhaust gases – all with their very own noses. Their description and relationship to these new scents proves that this period was characterized by re-odorisation rather than de-odorisation. This is important for nuancing the idea of modernity, as it is often wrongly associated with increasing inodorateness.
The Futurists were not just passive (nose-)witnesses of olfactory changes, but also caused a shift in the sensory hierarchy itself. The emphasis on smell and the other lower senses (touch and taste) can be seen as a general tendency within avant-garde movements such as Symbolism, Dadaism and Surrealism. No other group of artists however, used scent so purposefully, creatively and regularly in their art, literature, and political actions. The Futurists did not so much try to elevate scent as an autonomous form of art, but to integrate art with everyday life by (also) addressing the senses of smell.
This research does not only enrich art and smell history by adding an olfactory dimension. Since the Futurists followed scientific developments closely, and worked in a very
multidisciplinary manner, this study might also prove relevant for linguistics and the histories of science, music, literature, theater, perfume and film. Finally, by putting theory into practice at the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam and other heritage institutions, this project has also contributed in a very concrete manner to the young field of sensory museology and olfactory heritage practices.
